Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 5, 2021, Pages.

3464 - 3470
Received 15 April 2021; Accepted 05 May 2021.

Design and Fabrication of Electricscooter

VeeramanikandanK1,HariHaraSudhanS2, HritikB3, KarthickP4,Kishore SM5
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering,
Coimbatore-641032, Tamilnadu,India
2,3,4,5
UG scholars,DepartmentofAutomobileEngineering,KarpagamCollegeofEngineering,Coimbatore-
641032, Tamil nadu,India

Abstract-
Withthemassivehobbyinelectricautomobiletechnology,allextraordinarykindsofMOTORSareshiftingto
wards green focus, such as the bike. As time progresses, theinvestigations on the motorbike evolved
to an even extra complexmodel as the model want for you to consist of the dynamics of
themotorbikeatexcessivepace.Relatively,fewworksoftheliteraturediscovered on an electric scooter
modelling. Therefore, this
paperambitionstodevelopanelectricscooterthatrepresentsamodelofscooterwitheachkinematicsanddyna
micsofthescooterincorporated in the model. The advanced model is then tested
forthevelocitytrackingandtherangetravelledtoevaluatetheperformance.
Keywords- Electricscooter,kinematicsand dynamicsofthescooter,motorbike

I. INTRODUCTION
An electrically driven scooter is a battery-powered vehiclethat is mostly intended for people with
limited mobility. It iscommonly used for those who have trouble walking or standingfor extended periods
of time. Scooters come in three
basicdesigns:thosedesignedforindooruse,thoseintendedforoutdooruse,andthosethatcan beusedboth
indoorsandoutdoors.Anelectricscooterdiffersfromamotorisedwheelchair in where the wheelchair is
usually built for indoorsuse and costs significantly more. An electric scooter can alsohave two, three,
or four wheels. It does not emit toxins since itrelies on rechargeable batteries. A traditional electric
scooterwillrequireapairofbatteries,whicharerenewable.Theamount of time an electric scooter will
operate on a singlecharge is highly dependent on the type and capacity of itsbattery. The most
commonplace batteries are advertised to lastfor around 8 hours and 20-30 miles before needing
charging.Somepeoplearehesitanttopurchaseanelectricscooterbecausetheybelieveitwouldbedifficulttous
e.Inreality,onceyou get the hang of it, the manipulate console makes it
prettyeasy.Electricscootersnowhavemorepowerfulbrakemechanisms,makingstoppingeasyandcomforta
ble.Thebrakecontinued to develop so that the rider could connect with thethrottleaseasilyaspossible.
A. ElectricVehicle
An electric vehicle (EV) is one which uses an electric motor togenerate power instead of an internal-
combustion engine thatconsumes a combination of gas and fuels. As a result,
alongwithcarpromisestobeaviablereplacementfortoday'stechnology vehicle, as well as a feasible
solution to the issuesofrisingpollution,globalwarming,depletionofnaturalresources, and so on. Despite
the fact that the concept of electriccarshasbeenhereforalongtime,ithassparkedagreatdealofinterest in the
last decade as a result of the growing carbonemissions and other effects on the environment of
gasoline-based automobiles.
B. VehicleTypes
Anytypeofvehiclemaytypicallybeequippedwithanelectric powertrain.
1) Plug-InElectricVehicle:Aplug-inelectricallypowered car (PEV) is a vehicle that can be
recharged from
anyexternalsourceofelectricity,suchaselectricaloutlets,andthatusestheenergycontainedinrechargeableba
tterypackstodriveorassistinspinningthewheels.

2) Hybrid Evs: A hybrid electric vehicle incorporatesa traditional (often fossil-fuel-powered)

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Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 5, 2021, Pages. 3464 - 3470
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powertrain with sometype of electrical propulsion. Since their launch in 1997, overeleven million
hybrid electric vehicles have been deliveredworldwide as of April 2016. Japan has the highest number
ofhybridmarketplacesintheworld.By2013,theelectricindustryaccountedformorethan30%ofallnewluxury
vehicledeliveriesandabout20%ofallnewpassengercarsales,includingkeicars.Norwaycameinsecondwith
ahybridmarket shareof6.9%ofnewvehiclepurchasesin2014,ledbytheNetherlandswith3.7percent.

3)
II. METHODOLOGY

Electric
Battery Controller
Motor

Fig.1Methodology

A motor is amechanicalsystem that converts electricenergy intomechanical force. "Every time a

contemporarycarrying conductor is put in a magnetic field, it practises amechanicalforce" saystheDC
motor'soperatingprinciple.
Ouroperationsofthebusinessaregenerallydefinedbyusingtheblocksasfollows:
i) Battery
ii) Controller
iii) ElectricMotor

A. Battery
Four sealed lead acid rechargeable batteries with a capacityof 12 volts and 7 ah are used, which can
then be linked inparallel. It generally stores the produced electrical power
andusesittopowerthemotor.Abatteryhasagoodterminalcalledcathode and a weak terminal called anode.
When connected toanoutsidecircuit,theterminalmarkedhighqualityhasahigherelectric ability capacity,
while the terminal marked poor has alowerelectricabilitypower.
Electronscanmigrateandprovideenergytoanoutsideunit.Batteriesthatarerechargeablecanberecharged
several times.
B. Controller
To perform its responsive, comparative, and
correctionfunctions,anElectronicControlleremployselectricalwarningsandautomatedalgorithms.Operat
ionalPrinciplesAnelectronicsensor(thermocouple,RTD,ortransmitter)mountedonthesizepositionsendsa
signaltothecontrolleronacontinuous basis. The electric motor's velocity can be
variedusingthiscontroller.
C. ElectricMotor
The strength of an electric motor in a vehicle, like that
ofmostvehicles,isestimatedinkilowatts(kW).AhundredkWisapproximately equal to 134 horsepower,
but electric
vehiclescanproducefulltorqueoveralargerangeofRPMs.Asaresult,theoutputofavehiclewitha100kWelect
ricmotoroutperformsthatofavehiclewitha100kWinternalcombustionengine,whichcanonlyprovideitsma
ximumtorque within a narrow range of engine speeds. During theprocess of converting electric energy
to mechanical energy,energy is lost. Approximately 90% of the battery's capacity
isconvertedtomechanicalstrength,withthepotential lossesinside the motor and drivetrain. Direct current
(DC) power isusuallyfedintoaDC/ACinverter,whichconvertsittoalternating current (AC) energy,
which is then connected to athree-phaseACmotor.DCvehiclesarewidelyfoundinelectrictrains, forklift
trucks, and a few electric cars. In a few cases,conventional motors are used first, followed by AC or

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DC.Variousmotormodelshavebeenintroducedinrecentproduction vehicles, such as induction

automobiles in TeslaMotors and eternal magnet devices in the Nissan Leaf andChevroletBolt.
III. EXPERIMENTALSETUP
A. BLDCElectricHubMotor
The wheel hub motor (also known as a in-wheel motor, hubmotor,wheel hub force, or wheel motor)
is an electric motorthatisintegratedintothehubofawheelandconcurrentlydrivesit.
An additionally known as a brushless DC electric motor(BLDC motor or a BL motor) and a
synchronous DC motor,symphonycarspoweredbymoderndirect(DC)powerfromaninverter or switching
power supply that produces power in theform of a modern alternation motor (AC). The
synchronouscars supply electricity in the form of a section of each enginethrough an electric closed
motor. The controller supplies theenginewindingpulsesofthedaythatregulatetheenginespeedand torque.
Brushless motors are made in the same way as
permanentmagnetsynchronousmotors(PMSMs),andthey'reoftenswitchedreluctancemotorsorinduction(
asynchronous)motors.
Excessiveenergy-to-weightratio,excessiverpm,electronic power, and low preservation are all
advantages ofbrushless motors over brushed motors. Brushless cars can beused in a variety of areas,
from computing peripherals (discdrives, printers), hand-held control devices, and
automobilesrangingfrommodelplanestoautomobiles.

Fig.2BLDCHubMotor

B. ElectronicThrottleController
Anelectricbike'svelocitycontrollerisanelectricalcircuitthat not only regulates the speed of an
electric motorbus butalso acts as a dynamic brake. The power from the battery
boxisusedbythiscontrollerunittooperatethe motor.
Electronic throttle control (ETC) is a vehicle
generationthatreplacesamechanicallinkagebyelectronicallylinkingtheacceleratorpedal tothe throttle.
AtypicalETCsystemconsistsofthreemaincomponents:
i) an acceleration pedal module (preferably with two ormoreindependentsensors),
ii) A throttle valve that can be opened and closed usingan electric motor (also known as an electric
driven orvirtualthrottlebody(ETB))
iii) Apowertrainorenginecontrolmodule(PCMorECM).
Thebenefitsofautomatedthrottlecontrolarewidelyoverlookedbymostdriversbecausetheaimistokeept
hecar'selectricteachtraitssmoothlyconsistentregardlessoftriumphingcircumstances,suchasaltitude,engin
etemperature,and accent loads. Electronic throttle control is now
operatingbehindthescenestoincreasetheadvantageatwhichtheridingpressure will perform equipment
adjustments and resolve thedrastic torque changes involved with rapid accelerations anddecelerations.
1)Plug:
1. Red,BlackBlue:SpeedRegulator1-4VThrottle(Red:+5v,Black:-, Blue:Signal Wire)
2. Yellowblack:brake

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3. RedBlue:KeySwitch
4. YellowBlue:Motorconnections.
5. Red&Yellow:Brakelight
6. Red&Black(smallcable):Charger
7. Red&Black(bigcable):Batteryconnections.
8. RedBlack(smallcable):indicatorlight

Fig.3ElectronicThrottleController

C. SealedLeadAcid Battery
Researchersproducedamaintenance-freelead-acidbatterythatcanworkinanyplaceinthemid-
1970s.Theliquidelectrolyteisgelledandsealedintomoistenedseparators.During free discharge and
changes in ambient pressure, safetyvalvesallowfor venting.
Twolead-acidsystemsoriginatedasaresultofextraordinaryindustrydemands:thesmallsealedlead-
acid(SLA),alsoknownastheGelcell,andthelargervalve-regulated-lead-acid (VRLA). The two batteries
are quite close.Engineerswouldarguethattheterm"sealedlead-acid"ismisleadingsinceno
rechargeablebatterycanbefullysealed.
With the exception of flooded lead-acid batteries, bothSLA and VRLA batteries have a low over-
voltage ability toprevent the battery from exceeding its energy capacity at anypoint in the charging
cycle, as excessive charging could causegassing and water depletion. As a result, these batteries
areunable to be charged to their maximum potential. Sealed lead-acid batteries use lead-calcium rather
than lead-antimony toreducedry-out.

Fig.4SealedLeadAcidBattery

D. DrumBrake
A drum brake is a form of brake that uses friction to stopvehiclesby
pressingoutwardagainstarevolvingcylinder-shaped elementknown asthedrumbrake.Because of its
lightweight construction, consistent overallefficiency, high braking electricity, and clean set up of
parkinggadgets, drum brakes are commonly used in medium and largepassenger cars. As the car is
driving for miles, the pneumaticsystem applies torque to the cam, which drives the brake shoescloser
to the brake drum, and the braking torque producedbetween the brake drum and the shoes stops the
engine. Thestandard drum brake shape, on the other hand, has some flaws.For starters, the friction

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pressure in the friction plate is notdistributedevenly.Furthermore,sincebrakeclearanceprohibits the

friction plate from perfectly aligning with
thebrakedruminthebrakingsystem,onlypartialcontacthappensinsidethefrictionplate.Asaresult,itdeteriora
testheinteractioncircumstancesbetweenboththedrumandthefriction plate, intensifies neighbourhood
wear, and decreasesthefrictionplate'scarrierlife.
IV. ResultANDDISCUSSION

Step(3)
Tofind maximumtorqueoneachwheel
T1 =Rfw*(D÷2)
=104.467*[(25.4*10-2)/2]
T1=T2
=13.26Nm
Totaltorqueonbothwheel =26.5Nm

Step(4)
To find minimum Speed of wheel to move the
vehicleSpeedofWheel=vehiclespeedCircumferenceofWheel
=10 Km/hr*(3.14 *254mm)
A. REQUIREDPOWERTODRIVEELECTRICMOTOR
Step(1)
Averageloadactingonthevehicleisasfollows
Averageweightofperson(FromBMCPublicHealthResearch2005) = 60kg
166667mm/min*797.56mmrpm
Step(5)
Tofindminimumpower ofthemotor
= Trw*rpm*((2𝜋)/60)
=
= 208
Weightofbicycle
=40kg
=60*9.81
=608.22N
=40*9.81
=392.4 N
=13.26*208*((2*3.14)/60)
=286.84 Watts=287Watts
OtherMiscellaneousload = 5Kg
=5*9.81
=49.05 N
Totalload =(608.22+392.4+49.05)
=1044.67N
Step(2)
To findmaximumreaction oneachwheelForce(Ffw)=Force(Frw) =1044.67/2
=522.335N
Tofind thereactiononeach wheel
Rfw=Rrw =0.2*522.335
=104.467 N
Design

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Fig.5E-ScooterFrame

emergencyorinagloomyenvironment.Batteriesareself-chargedwhile solar panelsareused.

Since the electrical motor and ICE propulsions will becoordinated, there may be less fuel
consumption and a shorterbattery charging time (long existence consistent with price). Ifa single car
can save on average 30% of fuel, so using thismodelofvehiclecansaveonaverage40%-
60%ofcountrywide diesel. And, since the batteries last a long time
inaccordancewiththecharge,theenergybillwillbesaved.UsingICE to charge the batteries is also a viable
option. Through theuse of this kind of car, the durability and convenience of
thepurchasercanbeimproved.Lithium-
ionbatteriescanbechargedbyidlingorrunninganICEduringvehiclepropulsion,orbyusingthesolarcharging
devicementioned.

Fig.6E-ScooterFrame

Fig.7Attachment

V. CONCLUSION
Self-contained charging The current hybrid scooter hasbeen modified into an electric scooter. It is
fitting for all citiesand roads in the United States of America, whether they
bemadeofcement,gravel,orashes.Thisscooterislessexpensive,easier to manufacture, and can be
commonly used for short-distance travel, especially by schoolchildren, college students,office
workers, farmers, and postmen. It could be very lotsappropriate for smaller, aged populations. It is

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possible to
runitforfree.Thisscooterisuniqueinthatitdoesnotusevaluablefossiloil,thussavingforeigncurrencycores.Iti
senvironmentally sustainable,low-cost,andpollutant-free,sinceit emits no pollution. Furthermore, it is
practically noiseless andcanberechargedusinganACconverterintheeventofan

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