TIED AND SPIRAL COLUMNS

CE135 – PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

PREPARED BY: ENGR. L. PRINCIPIO, MSCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

13. Enumerate the different types of columns.

14. Calculate the design capacity of axially loaded columns using the formulas for tied
and spiral columns.

15. Relate the procedures in designing axially loaded columns.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS
❖ Short compression blocks or pedestals

• If the height of an upright compression

member is less than three times its
least lateral dimensions

• maximum design compressive stress

equal to 0.85φf’c, where φ is 0.65
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS
❖ Short reinforced concrete columns

▪ Reinforced concrete column fail due to initial material failure

▪ The load that it can support is controlled by the dimensions of the

cross section and the strength of the materials of which it is
constructed.

▪ Short column as being a rather stocky member with little flexibility.

CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS
❖ Long or slender reinforced concrete columns

 As columns become more slender, bending deformations will

increase, as will the resulting secondary moments.

 Moments are of such magnitude as to significantly reduce the axial

load capacities of columns
P-DELTA MOMENTS
 When a column is subjected to primary
moments (those moments caused by
applied loads, joint rotations, etc.)
 the axis of the member will deflect
laterally
 with the result that additional moments
equal to the column load times the
lateral deflection will be applied to the
column
P-DELTA MOMENTS

 A column that has large secondary moments is said to be a slender

column, and it is necessary to size its cross section for the sum of both
the primary and secondary moments.

 The ACI/NSCP intent is to permit columns to be designed as short

columns if the secondary or PΔ effect does not reduce their strength by
more than 5%.
TYPES OF COLUMNS
TYPES OF COLUMNS
 Plain concrete pedestal – this may be used only if the height does not exceed three
times the least lateral dimension

 Tied columns – a column which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series of
closed ties.

 Spiral columns – a column which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are wrapped
with a closely spaced helix or spiral.

 Composite columns – these columns may contain a structural steel shape surrounded
by longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high strength steel tubing
filled with concrete.
TIED COLUMNS: AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY
 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR

Note: for axially loaded column – it is automatically under compression controlled

TIED COLUMNS: AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY
TIED COLUMNS: AXIAL LOAD CAPACITY

Ag = gross area of concrete

TIED COLUMNS: LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT (SEC 410.6)
LIMITS OF
REINFORCEMENT
TIED
COLUMNS:
SPACING OF
TIES
LIMITS OF
REINFORCEMENT
SPIRAL COLUMN: MINIMUM SPIRAL PERCENTAGE

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑝

𝜌𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ "𝑠"

4𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝑠 = 2
𝑠𝐷𝑐
REFER TO NSCP SEC 410, 422.4, 425.7
FOR DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF DESIGN
PROBLEM 1

 A square tied column 450 mm on each side is

reinforced with 8-25 mm bars with fy = 415 MPa.
Determine the safe service live load if the axial
dead load on the column is 820 KN. Use f’c = 21
MPa.
𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑃𝑛 𝑃𝑛 = 0.80𝑃0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐴𝑔 = 450 450 = 202500 𝑚𝑚2
𝜑 = 0.65 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 8 25 2 = 1250𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑃𝑢 = 0.65(0.80) 0.85 21 202500 − 1250𝜋 + (415 1250𝜋 )

𝑷𝒖 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟗 𝑵 = 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝑵

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 2690.59929 = 1.2 820 + 1.6𝐿𝐿

𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵

When we say safe live load, it should not exceed the ultimate or max load that the column can carry. So,
we can equate the dead load and live load combination to ultimate load (ultimate load = column capacity).
PROBLEM 2

 Design a square tied column to carry the following loads:

AXIAL LOAD SHEAR PARALLEL TO ONE SIDE

Dead Load 800 KN Dead Load 80 KN
Live Load 650 KN Live Load 90 KN

 Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa. Use 25-mm diameter longitudinal bars

(fy = 415 MPa) and 10-mm diameter ties (fyh = 275 MPa). Clear
protective covering is 30 mm. Use 2.5% steel ratio.
1. Calculate Ag and column dimension, b:

𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑃𝑛 = 0.65 0.80 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑎) 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 800 + 1.6 650 = 2000 𝑘𝑁 = 2000000 𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑏) 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝜌 = 2.5% = 0.025 = → 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.025𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑔

𝑐) 2000000 = 0.65(0.80) 0.85 21 𝐴𝑔 − 0.025𝐴𝑔 + (415 0.025𝐴𝑔 )

𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 → 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆

𝒃 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟗𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒎𝒎

For dimension, always round up to at least nearest 5 mm.

2. Calculate number of 25 mm diameter, n:
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑏 = 375 𝑚𝑚
Additional note:
For number of rebars, kindly round up to
nearest even whole number. This is to
make sure that the positioning of rebars
is symmetric and/or equally distributed
to the column.

𝑎) 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑏 2 = (375)2 = 140625 𝑚𝑚2

𝑏)𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.025𝐴𝑔 = 0.025 140625 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟓. 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 3515.625
𝑐) 𝑛 = = 𝜋 = 7.16 ≈ 𝟖 𝒑𝒄𝒔
𝐴𝑏 25 2
4
Ab = area of single bar
Check the min number of rebars from the code:
at least 4 bars for tied column
3. Spacing for ties: (review the shear lecture 6)

𝑎) 𝑉𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 80 + 1.6 90 = 236 𝑘𝑁 = 240000 𝑁

𝑏) 𝑃𝑢 = 𝑁𝑢 = 2000 𝑘𝑁 = 2000000 𝑁
25
𝑐)𝑑 = 𝑏 − 𝐶𝐶 − 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑑𝑏 = 375 − 30 − 10 − = 322.5 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜋
𝑑) 𝐴𝑣 = 2 10 2 = 50𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑁𝑢 2000000
𝑒)𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 1 + 𝜆 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17 1 + (1) 21(375)(322.5)
14𝐴𝑔 14 140625
𝑉𝑐 = 189925.2588 𝑁
f) Solve first the following for comparison and spacing limits.
𝑉𝑐 = 189925.2588 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 189925.2588 𝑁 = 142443.9441 𝑁

∅𝑉𝑐 142443.9441
= = 71221.97206 𝑁
2 2
1 1
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 21 375 322.5 = 1847325.0827 𝑁
3 3
2 2
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 21 375 322.5 = 369470.1654 𝑁
3 3
 𝑔) 240000 𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 142443.9441 𝑁; 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑉𝑠
𝑉𝑢 = 𝜑𝑉𝑛 = 𝜑 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠

240000 = 0.75 189925.2588 + 𝑉𝑠

1
𝑉𝑠 = 130074.7412 𝑁 < 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 1847325.0827 𝑁
3
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑 50𝜋(275)(322.5)
𝑠1 = = = 107.10 ≈ 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝑉𝑠 130074.7412 Choose the smallest spacing.
𝑑 322.5
𝑠2 = = = 161.25 ≈ 160 𝑚𝑚
2 2

𝑠3 = 600 𝑚𝑚
ℎ) 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠 = 105 𝑚𝑚
Choose the smallest spacing
𝑠1𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 16𝑑𝑏 = 16 25 = 400 𝑚𝑚 among the four.

𝑠2𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48𝑑𝑠 = 48 10 = 480 𝑚𝑚

𝑠3𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 375 𝑚𝑚

Final design:
Column size: 375 mm x 375 column
Main bars: 8-25 mm Ø bars
Ties: 10 mm Ø spaced at 105 mm
PROBLEM 3

 Design a spiral column to support an axial dead load of 900 KN

and an axial live load of 1300 KN. Assume that 3% of
longitudinal steel is desired, f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
Use 25-mm diameter main reinforcement. Determine also the
minimum spacing of 10-mm spiral (fyh = 275 MPa) with 30 mm
steel covering.
1. Calculate Ag and column diameter, D:

𝑃𝑢 = 𝜑𝑃𝑛 = 0.75 0.85 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝑎) 𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 900 + 1.6 1300 = 3160 𝑘𝑁 = 3160000 𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑏) 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝜌 = 3% = 0.03 = → 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.03𝐴𝑔
𝐴𝑔

𝑐) 3160000 = 0.75(0.85) 0.85 27.6 𝐴𝑔 − 0.03𝐴𝑔 + (414 0.03𝐴𝑔 )

𝝅 𝟐
𝑨𝒈 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟒𝟐𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
= 𝑫 → 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆
𝟒
𝑫 = 𝟒𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝒎 ≈ 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒎
For dimension, always round up to at least nearest 5 mm.
 Additional note:
For number of rebars, kindly round up to
nearest whole number. Even or odd
2. Calculate number of 25 mm diameter, n: number can position the rebars in
symmetric or equally distributed manner
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑏 = 425 𝑚𝑚 to the column.
𝜋 2
𝑎) 𝐴𝑔 = 𝐷 = (425)2 = 141862.5433 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑏)𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.03𝐴𝑔 = 0.03 141862.5433 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝐴𝑠𝑡 4255.876298
𝑐) 𝑛 = = 𝜋 = 8.67 ≈ 9 𝑝𝑐𝑠
𝐴𝑏 25 2
4
Ab = area of single bar
From the code: at least 6 bars
3. Calculate spacing of spiral, s:
𝑎) 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝐷𝑐 = 𝐷 − 2𝐶𝐶 = 425 − 2 30 = 365 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
𝑏)𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑐ℎ = 365 2 = 104634.6703 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝑐)𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴𝑔 = 141862.5433 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
𝑑)𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑠 = 10 2 = 25𝜋 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑔 𝑓 ′𝑐 141862.5433 27.6
𝑒)𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 −1 = 0.45 −1
𝐴𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑦𝑡 104634.6703 275

𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0160687286
3. Calculate spacing of spiral, s:
4𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠
𝜌𝑠 = 2 → expressed in spacing
𝑠𝐷𝑐

4𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 4(25𝜋) 365 − 10

𝑓)𝑠1 = 2 = 2
= 52.10 ≈ 50 𝑚𝑚
𝜌𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑐 0.0160687286(365)
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑠 − 𝑑𝑆 = 50 − 10 = 40 > 25𝑚𝑚; 𝑜𝑘!
< 75𝑚𝑚; 𝑜𝑘!

Final design:
Column size: 425 Ø column
Main bars: 9-25 mm Ø bars
Spiral: 10 mm Ø spaced at 50 mm
END ☺
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