ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
School of Electrical and Computing Engineering
Department of electronics and communication Engineering

ANTENNA AND WAVE RADIO PROPAGATION MINI PROJECT

Student Name ID_No

Eyoel Teshome UGR/17087/11

Gemechu Jemal UGR/17148/11
Milkiyas Tsegaye UGR/17408/11
Mintesinot Takele UGR/17411/11
Nahom Gezahegn UGR/17452/11

Submitted to: - KIRUBEL A.(Msc.)

Submission Date 5/20/2022

Adama, Ethiopia
 Mini-Project for ECE4204
Problem description
a. Plot the radiation pattern
b. Calculate the beamwidth for the main lobe
c. Plot the current distribution of the antenna
d. Calculate/plot the array factor, all at f = 80MHz
1. Sources arranged on a square around the origin. The spacing d between each source and the
center point of the array is 3λ /8. Sources 1 and 2 are in phase, and sources 3 and 4 in opposite
phase with respect to 1 and 2.
We have just used the frequency 80MHz
a) Plot the radiation pattern
clear;
clc;
close all;
frequency=8e7;
lamda=3*(10^8)/frequency;
N = 4;
d = 3*lamda/8;
tic;
[theta phi] = meshgrid(linspace(0,2*pi,180));
k = 2*pi;
c = (k.*d)./2;
ra=rectangularArray;
ra.Size=[2 2];
Set.RowSpacing=[3*lamda/8];
Set.ColumnSpacing=[3*lamda/8];
Set.PhaseShift=[0 0 180 180]
figure(1);
ra.pattern(8e7);
figure(2);
ra.current(8e7);
[BW,Angle]=beamwidth(ra,8e7,0,1:20:360);
[Directivity]=pattern(ra,8e7,0,90)
%% Calculating Array element(AE) and Array Factor(AF)
num = ((1./N).*sin(N.*c.*cos(theta)));
den = sin(c.*cos(theta));
AF = num./den;
AF = AF - min(min(AF));
figure
[x2,y2,z2] = sph2cart(phi,theta,AF);
surf(x2,y2,z2,'FaceLighting','phong',...
'LineStyle','none',...
'FaceColor',[1 0 0]);
legend('Array Factor','Location','SouthEastOutside')
axis image
light('Style','local',...
'Position',[-10.162701816704 -0.924193626363743 14.9951905283833]);

radiation pattern

b). Beamwidth of the main lobe

%% [bw,angles]=beamwidth(ra,8e7,0,1:20:360)
bw =
 60
60

angles =

101 161
281 341
c). Plot the current distribution of the antenna

d. Calculate/plot the array factor, all at f = 80MHz

2. Four sources in a broadside array. The spacing between sources is 5λ/8.
Broadside array is one in which number of identical parallel antennas are set up along a line
drawn perpendicular to their respective axes. In broadside array, individual antennas are
equally spaced along a line and each element is fed with equal magnitude, all in same phase.
The radiation pattern of broadside array is bidirectional which radiates equally well in either
direction of maximum radiations. An array is said to be broad side array if phase angle is such
that it makes maximum radiation perpendicular to the line of array 90 and 270 degrees.
MATLAB CODE
clc;
close all;
clear all;
phi=0:.1:2*pi;
c=3*(10^8);
f=input('freq');
lamda=c/f
Distance=(lamda*5)/8
B=(2*pi)/lamda
Dr=B*Distance
d=input('value of d');
n=input('number of sources');
si=abs(Dr*cos(phi)+d);
eo=abs((sin(n*si/2))./sin(si/2));
polar(phi,eo)

Beamwidth=62.8319
Directivity =3.9270
3. An ordinary end-fire uniform linear array with only one maximum. The spacing between the
elements are λ/4.
The uniform linear array (ULA) is defined that the maximum gain increase with the number of
elements while the width of the main lobe decreases.
clc
clear all
close all
f=input('please enter the operating frequency in Hz:\n->');
N=4;%number of elements of the array
lamda=(3e8)/f
d=lamda/4;
k=2*pi/lamda;
theta_m=input('PLEASE ENTER DESIRED ANGLES(0-180) OF BEAM ORIENTATION:\n->');
disp('')
beta=-(k*d*cos(theta_m*pi/180))*180/pi
theta=0:0.01:2*pi;
psi=(k.*d.*cos(theta)+ pi*beta/180);
z1=(N/2).*(psi);
z2=(1/2)*(psi);
AF=sin(z1)./(N.*sin(z2));
W=abs(AF)
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN LINEAR SCALE>')
pause
polar(theta,W)
title('NORMALISED E-FIELD POLAR PATTERN OF ARRAY ANTENNA IN LINEAR SCALE')
disp('PRESS ANY KEY TO SEE THE NON_NORMALISED POLAR PATTERN IN db')
figure;
af=N*AF;
afabs=abs(af);
afdb=20*log10(afabs);
afplot=(afdb+abs(afdb))/2;
polar(theta,afplot)
title('NORMALIZED POLAR PATTERN OF THE ARRAY IN db SCALE')
D=lamda/(N*d);
FNBW=(180/pi)*2*acos(1-D)
disp('PRESS ANY KEY OR HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW:')
pause
disp(' ')
disp(' THE VALUE OF HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH HPBW IN DEGREES IS GIVEN BELOW:')
disp('BUT THIS IS ACCURATE ONLY IF pi*d/lamda<<1.')
disp(' =====================================')
HSLBW=(180/pi)*2*acos(1-1.391*D/pi)
4. A Hansen-Woodyard end-fire array (𝜃 = 0°) consisting of 10 sources.
clc
close all
clear call
phi=0:.1:2*pi;
c=3*(10^8);
f=input('enter fquency of signal');
l=c/f;
n=10;
d=input('enter the distance between two antennas:');
k=2*pi/l;
b=(-k*d-pi/n)
si=abs(k*d*cos(phi)+b);
Eo=abs((sin(n*si/2))./sin(si/2));
polar(phi,Eo)
5. A Hansen-Woodyard end-fire array (𝜃 = 180°) consisting of 10 sources.
clc
close all
clear call
phi=0:.1:2*pi;
c=3*(10^8);
f=input('enter fquency of signal');
l=c/f;
n=10;
d=input('enter the distance between two antennas:');
k=2*pi/l;
b=(k*d+pi/n)
si=abs(k*d*cos(phi)+b);
Eo=abs((sin(n*si/2))./sin(si/2));
polar(phi,Eo)