Inequalities ‫المتراجحات‬

Inequality tells us about the relative size‫ الحجم النسبي‬of two values.

Mathematics is not always about "equals", sometimes we only know

that something is greater or less than.

symbol Words Example

> greater than ‫اكبر من‬ x+3>2

< less than‫اصغر من‬ 7x < 28

≥ greater than or equal to 5≥x−1

≤ less than or equal to 2y + 1 ≤ 7

Ex: Solve the inequality and write the solution in set notation‫ الرموز‬:
2 x -7 < 8

15/2
The set of sol.= {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 < 15/2}

Ex: Solve for x 7 ≤ 2-5x < 9

5 ≤ -5 x < 7
-5 ≥ 5 x > -7
-1 ≥ x > -7/5
∴ The set of sol. = {x: x ∈ R, - 7/5< x ≤ -1} = (-7/5, -1]

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Ex: Solve for x

Ex: solve for x

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Ex: Solve for x 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎 ≥
( x+2) (x-5) ≥ 0
Equal to zero at x = -2 , x = 5

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H.W: Solve for x
1) x2+3x >10
2) x2-5x+6≤ 0

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 Absolute Value

Absolute value: The absolute value of x, is defined as… || =, ≥ 0 −, < 0

The properties

Ex: solve for x |x-3 | < 4

-4 < x-3 < 4
-1 < x < 7
∴ set of sol. = {x: -1 < x < 7} = (-1, 7)

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 ************
Functions
A function relates each element of a set with exactly one element of another set
(possibly the same set).
(∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑌, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)) ∧ (∀𝑥1, 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑓 𝑥1 ≠ (𝑥2) → 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2)

Some important functions

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 The domain & range

Domain of a function: For a function f : X → Y the domain of f is the set X or the

set of all possible x-values which will make the function "define ", and will give real y-
values.

Example: 𝑔 (𝑥) = {(3, 5), (−2, 7), (8, 0)} the x values make up the domain. The domain is
{-2, 3, 8}. The values are arranged in numerical order.

Definition of Range: For a function f: X → Y the range of f is the set of y-values

such that y = f(x) for some x in X.

Example: 𝑓 (𝑥) = {(3, 5), (−2, 7), (8, 0)} the y values make up the range.
The range is {0, 5, 7}.

Note: The domain R = (∞, −∞) for the following

a) Any linear function, such as (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 7
b) Any quadratic equation, such as 𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 3
c) Any polynomial equation where x is within the absolute value bars, such as
𝑦 = |−3𝑥 + 7|

d) Any equation where x is under a radical with an odd root, such as

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𝑦 = √𝑥 − 6
f) Any linear inequality, such as 𝑦 > 𝑥 + 8
g) Any polynomial function, such as 𝑦 = 4𝑥3 + 6𝑥2 − 5

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HOW TO FIND THE DOMAIN
1- Radicals of even root: the radicand must be a positive or zero, so to find what x can be,
set the radicand to ≥ zero

Ex1 Ex 2

2- Rational Expressions: the denominator can never equal zero, so set the denominator to
zero to find what x cannot be.

Ex:

So Domain is all #’s except −3 and 3 the interval is (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)

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3-Looking at the graph, examine the x-values from left to right

HOW TO FIND THE RANGE:

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Note:

Shifting of a Function
Vertical Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥) + 𝑘 Shifts the graph of ƒ up k units if k > 0, and shifts it down │k│
units if k<0.

Horizontal Shifts
𝑦 = ƒ(𝑥 + ℎ) Shifts the graph of ƒ left h units if h> 0, and shifts it right │h│
units if h<0.
Example: f(x) = √𝑥

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 Reflection of a Function
1- Reflection over x-axis: –f(x) is f(x) flipped upside down "reflected
about the x-axis").
2- Reflection over y-axis: f (–x) is the mirror of f(x) ("reflected about
the y-axis").

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Example:
a) Adding 1 to the right-hand side of the formula y = x2 to get y = x2 + 1 shifts
the graph up 1 unit (Figure below).
b) Adding -2 to the right-hand side of the formula y = x2 to get y = x2 - 2 shifts
the graph down 2 units (same Figure).
c) Adding 3 to x in y = x2 to get y = (x + 3)2 shifts the graph 3 units to the left
d) Adding -2 to x in y = │x│, and then adding -1 to the result, gives y = │x-2│- 1 and shifts
the graph 2 units to the right and 1 unit down.

Sol:

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Use this graph to obtain the graphs of
1) y = 2 f (x) 2) y = |f(x) | 3) y =2 f(-x)
Sol:
Df = [1, 3] , Rf = [1,-1]
1) 2)

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3)

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Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis. As for

the function f(x) = x2 since always f(-x) = f(x)
a function f(x) is said to be odd function If f(-x) = - f(x) and it is
symmetric about the origin

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Ex: The function f(x) = sin x – 3x3 + x is odd function.
f (-x) = sin (-x) -3(-x)3 + (-x)
= - sin x + 3 x3 – x = - [sin x – 3x3 + x]= - f(x)
Since f(-x) = - f(x) ∴ f is odd fun.

Examples: (1) a function y = f(x) has the graph

Use this graph to find the graphs of f(x+1), f (-x+1)

f(x+1) f (-x+1)

Ex 2: Sketch the graph of the function.

Sol: 9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0 , x =3, x= -3
Df = [-3, 3]

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𝑦 = +√9 − 𝑥 2 y= −√9 − 𝑥 2

𝑦 = +√9 − 𝑥 2 y= -√9 − 𝑥 2

Rf = [0, 3]

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 Trigonometric Functions

Angles are measured in degrees or radians. The number of radians in the central
angle A′CB′ within a circle of radius r is defined as the number of “radius units”
contained in the arc s subtended by that central angle. If we denote this central
angle by θ when measured in radians, this means that 𝜃 = 𝑠/ r, as shown in
Figure 1.

An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at the
origin and its initial ray lies along the positive x-axis (Figure 2). Angles
measured counter clockwise from the positive x-axis are assigned positive

measures; angles measured clockwise are assigned negative measures .

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Consider a right-angled triangle with angle θ and side lengths x, y and
r as shown

If r =1

Will get the Unit Circle with centre (0,0)

r =1 , 𝑥² + 𝑦² = 1.

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Notes: Relationship between Degrees and Radians
1. Degrees 2. Radian

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‘CAST’ Diagram: Since in the unit circle sin θ = y, cos θ = x and tan θ
= sin θ \ cos θ = y\ x, we obtain the following ‘CAST’ diagram as a
shorthand for remembering signs of trigonometric functions in
different parts of the circle:

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 The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions
1) y = f(x) = sin x
The domain is (−∞, ∞), and the range is [−1, 1].
The sin function is an odd function; thus, the sin graph is symmetrical about
the origin (0, 0). So sin (-x) = - sin x

The y intercept is (0, 0), and the x-intercepts (zeros) are multiples of 2π; we
can write this as (πk, 0), where k∈Z (k is in the set of Integers).
The graph starts repeating itself (cycles) every 2π radians (the x); this
is called the period of the graph.
f(x) = sin x is periodic function with period 2π.
Since sin (x + 2 π) = sin x

Def. a function f(x) is said to be periodic with period p if p is the smallest

number such that f (x + p) = f(x).

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2) y = f(x) = cos x
The domain is (−∞, ∞) = R,
The range is [−1, 1].
∵ cos (-x) = cos x
The cos x function is an even
function; thus, the cos x
graph is symmetrical about the
y- axis.

The y-intercept is (0, 1), and the x-intercepts are multiples of π/ 2; we can write
this as (π/2+πk, 0), where k∈Z (k is in the set of Integers).
f(x) = cos x is periodic function with period 2π.
Since cos (x + 2 π) = cos x

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
3) y = f(x) = tan x =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Domain: x≠ π /2 + π k, k is an integer (where the asymptotes are)

Range: R= (−∞, ∞).

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Asymptotes: x = π /2 + π k, k is an integer

∵ tan (x+ π) = tan x

∴ tan x is periodic with period= π

Zeros: (π k, 0)

There are no y-intercepts, and the x-intercepts are multiples of π; we can write
this as (πk, 0), where k∈Z (k is in the set of Integers).
The tan x function is an odd function
∵ tan (-x) = - tan x
∴ tan x is odd function and symmetrical about the origin (0, 0).

𝟏
4) y = f (x) = sec x =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
Domain: x ≠ π\2 + πk, k is an integer (where the asymptotes are – same
as tan function)
Range: (−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)

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∵ Sec (-x) = sec x
∴ Sec x is even function and symmetrical about the y-axis,
∵ Sec (x+2π) = sec x
∴ Sec x is periodic function with period 2π
The vertical asymptotes: x=2π+πk
The y-intercept is (0, 1) and there are no x-intercepts

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 𝟏
5) y = f(x) = csc x =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Domain: x≠ πk, k is an integer (where the asymptotes are)
Range: (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) 0r R\ (-1, 1)
Asymptotes: x= πk
Period: 2π
Zeros: None

∵ csc ( x + 2π ) = csc x
∴ csc x is periodic function with period 2π
There are no y-intercepts and no x-intercept
∵ csc (-x) = - csc x
∴ csc x is odd function. So the graph is symmetrical about the origin (0, 0)

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 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
6) y= f(x) = cot x =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙

Domain: R\ {x: x = k π, k = 0, ± 1, ± 2, …}
Range: (−∞, ∞) = R

Asymptotes: x = π k (where k∈Z)

∵ cot (-x) = - cot x
∴ cot x is odd function and Symmetric about the origin
∵ cot (x+ π) = cot x
∴ cot x is periodic with period π.
Period: π , Zeros: (π\2+πk, 0) (where k∈Z)
No y-intercept

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 Trigonometric identities:

Period π:

tan (𝜃+𝜋)=tan𝜃
cot(𝜃+𝜋) =cot𝜃
Period 2π:
sin(𝜃+2𝜋)=sin𝜃
cos(𝜃+2𝜋)=cos𝜃
csc(𝜃+2𝜋)=csc𝜃
sec(𝜃+2𝜋)=sec𝜃

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 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴±𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 1∓𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵

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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 2 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = 2 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)

𝜋
cos − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
2
𝜋
sin − 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
2

sin(𝜋 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

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