Marcus Aurelius Antoninus 

(/ɔːˈriːliəs/ aw-REE-lee-əs;[2] 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman

emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five
Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last
emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire lasting
from 27 BC to 180 AD. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161.
Marcus was born during the reign of Hadrian to the emperor's nephew, the praetor Marcus Annius
Verus, and the heiress Domitia Calvilla. His father died when he was three, and his mother
and grandfather raised him. After Hadrian's adoptive son, Aelius Caesar, died in 138, the emperor
adopted Marcus's uncle Antoninus Pius as his new heir. In turn, Antoninus adopted Marcus
and Lucius, the son of Aelius. Hadrian died that year, and Antoninus became emperor. Now heir to
the throne, Marcus studied Greek and Latin under tutors such as Herodes Atticus and Marcus
Cornelius Fronto. He married Antoninus's daughter Faustina in 145.
After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who
reigned under the name Lucius Verus. Under Marcus's rule, the Roman Empire witnessed heavy
military conflict. In the East, the Romans fought successfully with a revitalized Parthian Empire and
the rebel Kingdom of Armenia. Marcus defeated the Marcomanni, Quadi, and Sarmatian Iazyges in
the Marcomannic Wars; however, these and other Germanic peoples began to represent a troubling
reality for the Empire. He modified the silver purity of the Roman currency, the denarius.
The persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire appears to have increased during Marcus's
reign, but his involvement in this is unlikely, early Christians living in the 2nd century never claimed
him as a persecutor and Tertullian even called Marcus a "protector of Christians".[3] The Antonine
Plague broke out in 165 or 166 and devastated the population of the Roman Empire, causing the
deaths of five to ten million people. Lucius Verus may have died from the plague in 169.
Unlike some of his predecessors, Marcus chose not to adopt an heir. His children included Lucilla,
who married Lucius, and Commodus, whose succession after Marcus has been a subject of debate
among both contemporary and modern historians. The Column and Equestrian Statue of Marcus
Aurelius still stand in Rome, where they were erected in celebration of his military
victories. Meditations, the writings of "the philosopher" – as contemporary biographers called Marcus
– are a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy. They have been
praised by fellow writers, philosophers, monarchs, and politicians centuries after his death.