Module English For Engineering Ii (TM14)

1
MODUL PERKULIAHAN
English For
Engineering II
Transmission
Abstract Kompetensi
Describe and analyze the engineering Students are able to describe and
materials: Transmission analyze the engineering materials:
Transmission
Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh
Teknik Teknik Industri

14 F021700001
Diah Utami, ST, MT
Rikko Putra, ST, M.Eng
Transmission
Definition of a Transmission (mechanics)
A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides

controlled application of power. Often the term 5-speed transmission refers simply to
the gearbox, that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque block
conversions from a rotating power source to another device.[1][2]
transmission, in mechanical engineering, a device interposed between a source of
power and a specific application for the purpose of adapting one to the other. Most
mechanical transmissions function as rotary speed changers; the ratio of the output speed
to the input speed may be constant (as in a gearbox) or variable. On variable-speed
transmissions the speeds may be variable in discrete steps (as on an automobile or some
machine-tool drives) or they may be continuously variable within a range. Step-variable
transmissions, with some slip, usually employ either gears or chains and provide fixed
speed ratios with no slip; stepless transmissions use either belts, chains, or rolling-contact
bodies.
The term transmission properly refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch,
gearbox, prop shaft (for rear-wheel drive vehicles), differential, and final drive shafts.
In America the term is sometimes used in casual speech to refer more specifically to the
gearbox alone, and detailed usage differs.
The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the
output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to
operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping,
and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel
speed, increasing torque in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles,
fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.
Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios (or simply "gears") with the ability to
switch between them as the speed varies. This switching may be done manually (by the
operator) or automatically (by a control unit). Directional (forward and reverse) control may
also be provided. Single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed
and torque (and sometimes direction) of motor output.
2022 English For Engineering II Biro Bahan Ajar eLearning dan MKCU
2 Diah Utami, ST, MT http://pbael.mercubuana.ac.id/
In motor vehicles, the transmission generally is connected to the
engine crankshaft via a flywheel or clutch or fluid coupling, partly because internal
combustion engines cannot run below a particular speed. The output of the transmission
is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, which drive the wheels. While
a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels
at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds (essential to avoid wheel slippage on
turns) as it changes the direction of rotation.
Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the only mechanism for speed/torque
adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation
(e.g. diesel-electric transmission and hydraulic drive system). Hybrid configurations also
exist. Automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in
response to engine RPM, speed, and throttle input.
A widely used and inexpensive stepless drive consists of a V-belt running on
variable-diameter pulleys. The sides of the pulleys are conical on the inside to match the
taper of the V-belt, and moving them closer together causes the V-belt to move outward
from the centre of the pulley and operate on a larger effective circle; this movement
changes the speed ratio. Such drives depend on friction and are subject to slip.
Stepless transmissions employing rolling-contact bodies are known as traction
drives. In these transmissions, power is transmitted in a variety of ways that depend on
the rolling friction of bodies in the form of cylinders, cones, balls, rollers, and disks.
The transmission shown in the Figure consists of input and output members
having toroidal (doughnut-shaped) surfaces connected by a series of adjustable rollers. If
R in the Figure were twice r, the output speed would be half the input speed. For some
applications, these transmissions are designed so that as the applied torque (turning
moment) increases, the contact pressure between the bodies increases and slippage is
reduced. A special traction lubricant that stiffens as the load is applied may be used to
increase the tractive effort. Traction transmissions are used in applications where
quietness is important. See also automatic transmission.
Manual Transmissions
Manual transmissions have a clutch pedal and a shifter the driver uses to manually
change gears. These types of transmissions consist of a set of gears along a pair of
shafts, called the input and output shafts.
With a manual transmission, the driver has to select the proper gear and engage
or disengage the clutch. The transmission uses a flywheel, pressure plate and clutch to
engage and disengage the engine from the transmission.
The flywheel and pressure plate are connected to the engine. The clutch is
sandwiched between them and is splined to the transmission input shaft. The term “push
in the clutch” means to release the pressure plate, which disengages the clutch from the
engine. Every time you make a shift, you have to push in the clutch first.
Types of Manual Transmissions
The following are various types of manual transmissions.

1. Dual-Clutch
This transmission uses two clutches, which can be wet or dry. One clutch
operates the even gears (2, 4 and 6). The other clutch operates the odd gears (1, 3, 5
and reverse). Dual-clutch transmissions were common in older cars and are still found
in modern race cars. With today’s dual-clutch automated manual transmissions,
sometimes called a double-clutch transmission or a twin-clutch transmission, a
computer controls the clutch engagement and shifting, bridging the gap between a
manual and automatic transmission.
2. Unsynchronized
The first manual transmissions were unsynchronized, or “non-synchro.” They
were also called rock crushers because drivers would grind the gears together trying
to get them to mesh. Trucks used this type of transmission well into the early 1960s
because these transmissions were very strong.
3. Synchronized/Constant Mesh
Synchronized/constant mesh transmissions keep the cluster gear, drive gear
and mainshaft gears constantly moving. These types of transmission use pads to slow
down the gears. This eliminates the need for double-clutching action.
4. Automated
An automated transmission, sometimes referred to as an AMT, is a manual
transmission with a computer controlling the shifting and clutch. The AMT is used in
heavy-duty trucks.
5. Single-Clutch
Single-clutch is a manual transmission with the computer controlling the
shifting and clutch. Shifting and clutch control can be electric, hydraulic or
electrohydraulic. The popularity of single-clutch transmissions started to fade as dual-
clutches were able to handle increased torque.
6. Preselector
A preselector was a manual transmission with a vacuum or hydraulic shift
control that was mostly used in the 1930s through the early 1950s. Some preselectors
used bands and planetary gears. Basically, whatever forward gear was selected, the
next time the clutch was engaged, it shifted to that gear.
Automatic Transmissions
The first automatic transmission, which was more like a semi-automatic

transmission because it still had a clutch, has been around in some form since the early
1900s. The first true automatic transmission used in a production car was the Hydro-Matic,
in a 1939 Oldsmobile for the 1940 model year. The inventor was Earl Avery Thompson.
automatic transmission, arrangement of gears, brakes, clutches, a fluid drive, and
governing devices that automatically changes the speed ratio between the engine and the
wheels of an automobile. Since its introduction in 1939, the fully automatic transmission
has become optional or standard equipment on most passenger cars. When the
transmission is in the drive position, the driver has only to depress the accelerator pedal,
and as the car gathers speed the transmission will shift automatically through its entire
forward range of gears from low to high (ratios of the speeds of drive shaft and engine
shaft) until the two shafts are directly connected through the oil in the fluid drive, which
may be either a two-element fluid coupling or a three-element torque converter. When the
car loses speed the transmission automatically shifts back from high to low gear.
A fluid coupling has two vaned turbines facing each other. As the engine-driven
turbine turns, a torque is transmitted by churning oil that circulates between them. (This is
much like two fans facing each other; as the one is turned on and as its speed accelerates,
the air flowing from it will cause the other fan to turn.) In the automobile, the oil permits the
fluid coupling to slip easily at low engine speeds (thus also permitting idling while the
brake is on). At high speeds the slippage is almost eliminated, and the fluid coupling
functions like a solid connection.
The hydraulic torque converter resembles the fluid coupling. Oil transmits power in
both. At lower speeds the blades of a pump, or impeller, force oil against the blades of a
stator. These blades deflect the oil against a turbine, therefore increasing torque. At
higher speeds, as in the case of fluid coupling, the oil, stator, pump, and turbine turn
together as a unit. The oil moves in different directions in different parts of a hydraulic
torque converter. The pump spins and throws the oil outward. The doughnut-shaped
housing that encloses the pump and turbine forces the oil toward the turbine. There it
strikes the turbine blades and slides inward toward the turbine hub and then returns back
through the stator. The stator is equipped with an overrunning, or one-way, clutch. This
device permits the stator to be used for deflection of oil at low speeds and to move with
the pump and turbine at high speeds. What is described here is the simplest system;
frequently the system has more elements to deflect and direct the oil, and often a torque
converter is combined with gear transmissions.
All shifting is done by a combination of planetary gears and a speed-sensitive
governing device that changes the position of valves that control the flow of hydraulic fluid.
Most large SUVs and trucks have traditional automatic transmissions. Here are
some terms commonly associated with automatic transmissions.
1. Direct-shift gearbox: A direct-shift gearbox, also called a DSG, has two clutches that
disengage alternately in changing gears. DSGs provide smooth acceleration and fast
shifting.
2. Tiptronic: A tiptronic gearbox allows an automatic transmission to be shifted manually,
via the shifter and/or the steering wheel controls. The drawback is the computer will
override/not allow manual mode if the transmission is outside the set parameters.
3. Hydraulic: Hydraulic is the pressure/fluid inside an automatic transmission.
4. What about electric cars? Single-gear systems are used in electric vehicles. The
power band of an electric motor enables engineers to use compact single-speed
transmissions to transfer power to the drive wheels. This can be integrated with the
motor or be a bolt-on.
Manual vs. Automatic Transmission
Manual transmissions are not as standard in modern vehicles since automatic
transmissions work precisely the same way but have a lower error rate. Since drivers are
not required to change gears as they change speeds or adjust to road conditions, they
can focus on driving alone, and machines change gears automatically and smoothly.
How Does a Car Transmission Work?
Regardless of whether your vehicle has a manual or automatic transmission, all

car gearboxes work in essentially the same way. The only difference is whether the driver
must manually push the clutch to disconnect the engine and transmission and move the
car into a new gear level.
1. A gear lever selects and moves gears to connect with one another. The driver
operates the gear lever using the clutch control/pedal (if manual). Otherwise, this is
performed automatically.
2. When engaged, a clutch or gear lever maneuvers “collar” plates (also called clutch
plates) into place to connect to larger gears, which are themselves connected to your
car’s differential.
3. As the gear lever moves, different gears may be connected at different times. This
alters which sets of gears turn and the power ratio delivered from the engine to wheels.
Ever wondered why your car’s engine might make a horrible sound if you engage
the clutch incorrectly? It’s not because the gear teeth are mismatched, as is commonly
believed.
In modern transmissions, gear teeth are positioned to be fully engaged at all times
– even gears that aren’t technically in play (a state called “freewheeling”).
Instead, that awful grinding sound occurs when the collar plate’s “dog teeth”
(connecting notches) don’t match up with the right holes in the side of a transmission gear.
CVT Transmissions
Continuously variable transmissions, called CVTs, are pulley-based transmissions

that are primarily used in small vehicles with small engines. CVTs have been used for
years in snow machines, ATVs and side-by-sides, to name a few. They’re also more
recently popular in hybrid vehicles.
The basic set-up is a primary small drive and a secondary large driven clutch, with
a belt or chain to connect the two. The belt or chain will sit low in the primary drive and sit
high in the secondary drive at a stop.
As you accelerate, the primary drive will contract, causing the belt or chain to walk
up, while at the same time the secondary will expand, causing the belt or chain to walk
down.
Top 10 Reasons Why Your Transmission May Be Failing
AAMCO is the most trusted name in transmission repair and has been for over 50
years. What sets us apart is our comprehensive diagnostic approach, along with the
knowledge and expertise to pinpoint the root of your transmission issue. You may be
experiencing a problem with your transmission if your vehicle is exhibiting any of the
following symptoms below:
1. Transmission won’t engage or stay in gear
If when you put your vehicle into gear and it won’t move, this may be a problem
with low transmission fluid due to a leak, the shifter, shifter cable, or it could even be a
problem in the valve body of your automatic transmission. Newer vehicles depend on
the computer to tell the transmission when to go into gear based on your selection and
you may need to have the computer system checked for trouble codes.
2. Shifts are delayed or missing gears
If your transmission takes a while to go into gear, you may have a low
transmission fluid condition because of a leak or contamination due to lack of
maintenance or even water intrusion during off road or flooding conditions. While this
may not sound serious, but this can also create an overheating condition that can
damage internal transmission parts. Other possibilities could be an engine related
problem that will cause the computer to not allow the transmission to shift into higher
gears.
3. Transmission slipping or engine is revving high

This condition can also be caused by low transmission fluid, contamination due
to lack of maintenance or water intrusion, or internal wear and tear on the transmission
parts inside the transmission. A high revving engine is a typical sign that you have
worn clutches or other parts inside the transmission going bad. Read more about
common causes and signs for a slipping transmission.
4. Transmission fluid is leaking
A red fluid under the vehicle is a sign that you probably have a transmission
fluid leak from one of the cooler lines, a gasket or a seal. This is not only bad for the
transmission but is also dangerous if the fluid leaks on a hot pipe or other surface.
Check your dipstick for proper fluid level and condition. Note: not all transmission
fluid is red and not all levels can be verified with a dipstick method, but require
specials tools.
5. If there’s a burning smell
A burning smell is typically caused by a fluid leak or in some cases by low fluid
causing a burning clutch smell. If you catch the fluid leak quickly you might be able to
save the transmission from damage. Check your transmission dipstick as per the
manufacturer’s direction for level and condition.
6. If there is buzzing, clunking, humming noise
A buzzing, clicking, humming, roaring noise from inside the transmission is
usually a symptom of a bad bearing, planetary gears damage, or other internal
problem. A buzzing could also come from a bad internal sealing surface, a seal, or low
transmission fluid due to a leak.
7. Car has no power
If the vehicle has no or little power and the engine is running correctly, this
could be from internal transmission problems, brakes that are dragging due to a faulty
caliper or brake hose, or your computer in the vehicle is limiting power because of a
problem it has detected in order to protect the engine. Have the vehicle checked for
trouble codes to isolate the problem.
8. Check Engine Light or Over Drive Light is on
A check engine light is not dedicated to the engine only. A check engine light
can also tell you that you have problems with the transmission including overheating,
solenoid problems, speed sensors, slipping transmission and many other problems.
Have the trouble codes retrieved to see what systems and circuits are indicating a
problem. While not all sensor related codes mean the sensor is bad or will repair the
issue, it will give you a starting point for the concern.
9. Gears are grinding when shifting
When your manual transmission grinds when shifting gears that is typically a
condition related to the clutch not releasing, the shift synchronizer rings inside the
transmission itself worn or broken, or a shifter wear or adjustment problem.
Transmission oil/fluid that is low, dirty or the wrong fluid can also cause this problem in
manual transmissions.
10. The clutch pedal grabs very low or very high
A clutch pedal that engages very low is typically a problem with the linkage or
hydraulic system that operates the clutch. A simple adjustment or bleeding might solve
this if there are no hydraulic leaks. A clutch pedal that grabs very high could be an
adjustment, or more likely a worn clutch disc and pressure plate.
Description of Transmission Repair
The transmission is the link between the engine and the wheels of your vehicle.
Whether you drive a manual, automatic, or semi-automatic vehicle, the transmission plays
a crucial role in the performance and reliability of your vehicle. The transmission keeps
engine output matched with speed and load conditions. Because engines operate at high
rotational speeds, the transmission reduces engine output speed and transmits torque
through the differential, driveshaft, and wheels. As engine speed varies, the transmission
switches between the gears that influence the amount of torque applied to the wheels.
Transmission fluid performs a variety of duties, depending on the type of transmission.
Transmission fluid acts as a cooling agent and protects the transmission by lubricating the
internal gears and preventing corrosion and rust. In a manual transmission, clutches and
gear shifts provide pressure and force—like engagement and disengagement—while in an
automatic transmission, transmission fluid provides these same operational functions of
force and pressure.
Benefits of Transmission Repair
A faulty transmission can negatively affect your vehicle’s performance. Symptoms

of an impending transmission service include grinding gears, difficulty shifting, slipping out
of gear, bucking, and hesitation. Even if your transmission is in neutral, excessive noise is
a sign of transmission problems. In a manual transmission, a dragging clutch, or a clutch
failing to disengage from the flywheel, is another sign of transmission issues. When this
occurs, the clutch continues to spin with your vehicle’s engine, and a grinding noise will
occur. A burning smell sifting through the air vents is a sign of burning transmission fluid
and an overheating transmission. Things that can negatively impact the life of your
transmission include extreme driving habits, and excessive loads or heavy towing habits.
Because of the necessary pressure and force provided by transmission fluid in automatic
transmissions, old, dirty, and unchanged transmission fluid can cause performance issues.
Regular transmission maintenance as indicated by your vehicle’s manufacturer can help
prevent transmission problems, but if you experience any of the above warning signs of
transmission trouble, contact us today about transmission repair.
Daftar Pustaka
B. Paul (1979). Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery. Prentice Hall.Motor.

Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2011-05-09. a person or thing that imparts
motion, esp. a contrivance, as a steam engine, that receives and modifies energy
from some source in order to utilize it in driving machinery.
Dustin Hawley. 2020. What Is A Transmission In A Car?
https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/what-is-a-transmission-in-a-car
https://www.aamco.com/Transmission-Services/Top-10-reasons-for-Transmission-
problem
https://www.kocurkrew.com/Auto-Repair/cat/transmission-repair
https://www.uti.edu/blog/automotive/transmission
J. J. Uicker; G. R. Pennock; J. E. Shigley (2003). Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195155983.
R. D. Knight, "Heat Engines and Refrigerators" in Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A
Strategic Approach, 3nd ed. San Francisco, U.S.A.: Pearson Addison-Wesley,
2008, ch.19, sec.2, pp.530
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Automatic transmission.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/transportation-technology

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1

Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh

Teknik Teknik Industri

Definition of a Transmission (mechanics)

A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides

Types of Manual Transmissions

The following are various types of manual transmissions.

The first automatic transmission, which was more like a semi-automatic

Manual vs. Automatic Transmission

How Does a Car Transmission Work?

Regardless of whether your vehicle has a manual or automatic transmission, all

Continuously variable transmissions, called CVTs, are pulley-based transmissions

Top 10 Reasons Why Your Transmission May Be Failing

3. Transmission slipping or engine is revving high

Description of Transmission Repair

Benefits of Transmission Repair

A faulty transmission can negatively affect your vehicle’s performance. Symptoms

B. Paul (1979). Kinematics and Dynamics of Planar Machinery. Prentice Hall.Motor.

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