122 5 Grammar © Adjectives and a [inert ees Before noun After verbs such as appear, be, become, feel, get, ‘row, look, seem, smell, sound, taste and turn ‘love your new house. The material this dress is made out of feels rough. ] - the verbsiin the table above are not normally followed by adverbs. However, some of them can be followed by adverbs uihen the verb refers to an action, 5 7 She looked angrily a te man behind the counter. * Alter as, how, so, this (= s0), that (= so) and too, adjectives come before the ate. 7 | could never ive in as crowded a city as Tokyo. Tokyo's so/that crowded a city that Id hate to lve thee. Y How crowded a city is Tokyo? 7 I could never lve in Tokyo ~i's too crowded a city. * Some adjectives only appear after a verb and not before a noun, These include adjectives begining with 2, such as atraid, aghast, alike, ave, alone, asleep, awake, ete 7 Aboy was asleep inthe street. 1 There was on asleep boy nthe streak Position of multiple adjectives When more than one adjective is used before a noun, | We've got 2 lovely little wooden cabin in the mountains. they usually appear inthe following order, sometimes | love your long, red, Chinese, silk curtains. | separated by commas: judgement, size, shape, | What you need for your living room isa large oak dining table. colour, origin, material, purpose | Adjectives used as nouns To refer to members of a general social group | We need to provide better housing for the poor. | To refer to members of a specific group | When the building collapsed, the injured were rushed to hospital, To refer to some nationalities | The French have introduced new housing regulations in Pars, _ There are three places in a clause where an adverb (or adverbial phrase) might appear: at the beginning, at the end and with the verb. Different kinds of adverb go in different positions, and some may go in more than one position. Adverbs do not normally appear between a verb and its, i direct object. |v They tui the house very quickly. With verbs formed using auilary verbs, the adverb normally | The town has always been popular with tourists. follows the (frst) auxiliary. Our house will probably have been decorated by the time you get there. Adverbs of frequency (always, often, etc) follow auxiliary ¥ I'm rarely inthe city centre, verbs and be and come before other verbs. ¥ Irarely go to the city centre. Connecting adverbs usually go at the beginning of a clause. | v We bought it as an investment; then, all the property prices in the area fel.‘Adjectives and adverbs Unit 15 Comparative: to compare things or people that are different |Your flat is much bigger and more comfortable than ours. Superlative: to compare one memiber of a group of people or | Mexico City is probably my least favourrte city. things with the whole group | think my home town is the best place inthe word. Comparative and superlative modifiers Modifiers with comparatives: (quite) a bit, a great deal, agood | This area has become considerably more crowded and far | deal, a litle, (quite) a lot, any, considerably, even, far, ust, noisier inthe ast ten years. | litle, much, no, sightly, somewhat Modifiers with superlatives: by far, far and away, easily, Ifyou ask me, Ladybridge is easily the nicest area of town far from, much, quite to lve in eet ee (nearly/almost/jushaliwice/easily/etc) as ... 25 Platinum is about twice as expensive as gold. not (nearly/quite) as/S0 ... as Iron isn't nearly as hard as diamond. nothing lke as... as / nowhere near as ... as lron is nothing like as / nowhere near as hard as diamond. the on the The taller the building, the greater the fre risk © /- Paper is not nearly as strong as latc. large citference between the tings being referred to) 3 ¥ Gold is not quite as valuable as it was last month, (smal difference between the things being referred to) er re ee - Ungradable acjectives describe qualties which are extreme and which cannot be ‘more’ or less’, eg amazing, dead, exhausted, fantastic, helpless, impossible, incredible, necessary, perfect, pointless, right, splendid, unacceptable, wonderful, wrong, etc. Other adjectives are gradable, Modifiers with ungradable adjectives: absolutely, completely, After working on the buiiding site all day, Tim was absolutely auite, totaly, utter, ete ‘exhausted, Modifiers with gradable adjectives: a bit, ite, fairy, quite, Pete was a bit tired after working on the building site all day, really, t00, very, etc bout it wasn't too bad, When quite is used with gradable adjectives, it means ‘rather, fay. When quite is used with ungradable adjectives, Z it means ‘absolutely, completely’ Y Our fat's quite nice, but not perfect. ~ love your flat! The balconies are quite splendid! Eo. ‘Some words have the same form as an adjective and as an adverb and some also form adjectives with -v. The different forms can have different meanings. These include: fair /fairy free /treely late /lately short /shortly fast. «hard /hardly near /nearly straight fine /finey high /highly right righty well_—_wide / widely - Y Sandstone is nota very hard material, Hitt too hard and you'l break i ¥ | could hardly hear the music. x ‘4 F some asecves end in ty, og costy, dead, trendy, ike, ney, lonely, lovely. i They do not form adverbs, but we often use a phrase such as in a... way to describe how something is done. ¥ She looked at me in a very friendly way. 123