International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Engineering Science

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijengsci

On the dynamic of graphene reinforced nanocomposite

cylindrical shells subjected to a moving harmonic load
Arameh Eyvazian a, Davood Shahsavari b, Behrouz Karami b,∗
a
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: As a first endeavor, the dynamic analysis of functionally graded graphene nanoplatelets
Received 4 May 2020 reinforced composite (FG-GNPRC) cylindrical nanoshell subjected to a moving harmonic
Accepted 4 June 2020
load is investigated. The effective mechanical properties of the nanocomposite are found
using the Halpin-Tsai model and a modified rule of mixture. The equations of motion for
Keywords: the structure resting on an elastic foundation are derived based on first order shear defor-
Forced vibration mation theory (FSDT) in conjunction with the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) via
Moving harmonic load Hamilton’s principle. Accordingly, the shear deformation, rotary inertia, softening-stiffness
Cylindrical nanoshell and stiffness-enhancement effects are considered. Afterwards, a time-dependent system
Graphene reinforced nanocomposite of state-space is solved for the dynamic analysis of the structure with simply supported
Nonlocal strain gradient theory boundary conditions. After validating the approach, some novel results are prepared to
investigate the impact of size-dependent effects, weight fraction index and the total num-
ber of layers of GNPs, elastic foundation parameters, and exciting frequency on the forced
vibration of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells under harmonic moving load through varia-
tions in load velocity as well as time history.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Rapid advances are being made in using nanomaterials and nanoparticles as reinforcement fillers to obtain high-strength
and multifunctional nanocomposites. Improving the mechanical properties of the structure due to the non-isotropic nature
of a reinforced nanocomposite prepares a situation of tailoring its properties corresponding to the type and origin of in-
ternal and external loads. Although carbon nanotube (CNTs) is one of the pioneer materials in this respect supporting with
numerous studies of reinforced structures (Liew, Lei & Zhang, 2015; Pourasghar & Chen, 2019), Rafee and his co-workers
(Rafiee et al., 2009) demonstrated that by adding only 0.1% weight fraction of graphene platelets (GPLs), the mechanical
strength as well as stiffness of the reinforced-polymer composites could be almost equal with the equal degree obtained by
adding 1.0 wt.% of CNTs, which it can be beneficial in design of composites with high flexibility against mechanical loads;
however, how they response to different loads is a challenging question yet.
As far as mechanical loads is concerned, moving loads are of great importance with practical applications in engineer-
ing such as design of rail-roads, aircraft runways, high-speed precision machining, vehicle discs, flight deck, drum brakes,
and computer disc-drive systems (Ouyang, 2011). Because, it is often true that the structural damages e.g. transverse de-

∗
Correspondence author.
E-mail address: behrouz.karami@miau.ac.ir (B. Karami).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2020.103339
0020-7225/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

flections as well as stresses induced by moving loads are larger than those induced by static ones which it can threat the
safety factor of the structure more than before. Although dynamic analysis of continuous structures such as beam, plates,
and shells are of historical problems of civil and mechanical engineering (Ghayesh, 2011, 2019; Khorram, Bakhtiari-Nejad
& Rezaeian, 2012; Kiani, 2017, 2015; Numanoğlu & Civalek, 2019; Ouyang, 2011; Phung-Van, Luong-Van, Nguyen-Thoi &
Nguyen-Xuan, 2014; Pinnola, Faghidian, Barretta & de Sciarra, 2020; Sheng & Wang, 2009; Şimşek, Kocatürk & Akbaş, 2012),
the phenomenon of size-effects relevant to characteristics of micro/nanostructures has motivated scientists and engineers
to develop size-dependent models of such structures corresponding to moving loads for applying them in high-speed sys-
tems. To exemplify, scientists of Rice University (Shirai, Osgood, Zhao, Kelly & Tour, 2005) clarified the importance of size-
effects during the investigation of moving nanocars through experiment. In the most extant studies of micro/nanostructures,
the softening-stiffness and stiffness-enhancement mechanisms were considered with proving observation using experimen-
tal tests and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations (Lim, Zhang & Reddy, 2015). Hence, these mechanisms have been ana-
lyzed and reported in dynamic analysis behavior of continuous structures when they are subjected to moving masses and
loads (Farajpour, Ghayesh & Farokhi, 2018b). In order to estimate the softening-stiffness mechanism, Simsek and his co-
workers (Simsek, 2011a,b) examined dynamic behavior of single/double-walled carbon nanotubes under the action of mov-
ing nanoparticles using nonlocal elasticity theory (NET). This mechanism was also estimated for the response of nanoplates
under moving load using analytical and semi-analytical approaches (Khaniki & Hosseini-Hashemi, 2017; Malekzadeh, Fiouz
& Razi, 2009; Nami & Janghorban, 2015; Shahsavari & Janghorban, 2017; Shahsavari, Karami, Janghorban & Li, 2017) as
well as finite element method (FEM) (Hosseini-Hashemi & Khaniki, 2018). On the other hand, the stiffness-enhancement
mechanism was estimated for forced vibration analysis of microbeams/plates due to a moving point load with constant
velocity using Newmark-β method and FEM in Refs. (Esen, 2020; Şimşek, 2010; Simsek, Aydin, Yurtcu & Reddy, 2015).
Forced vibration of porous functionally graded cylindrical microshell subjected to the moving load was studied in Ref.
Mirjavadi et al. (2019b). Recently, Barati, Faleh and Zenkour (2019) investigated the application of NSGT on moving load
analysis of reinforced nanobeams.
When discussing mechanical behavior of graphene reinforced composites, research corresponding to the dynamic behav-
ior of those is the matter of the greatest importance. Free and forced vibration of functionally graded graphene platelets-
reinforced composite (FG-GPLRC) plates including simply-supported boundary condition under dynamic loads were inves-
tigated by Song, Kitipornchai and Yang (2017) applying first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Using FEM, transient
response of imperfect composite plates reinforced by GPLs was examined by Nguyen, Nguyen, Thai, Ferreira and Nguyen-
Xuan (2019). Free vibration response of such structures with complicated shapes reinforced by GPLs was examined by the
same authors (Nguyen, Nguyen-Xuan, Lee & Lee, 2020). Free vibration of doubly-curved shallow shells reinforced by GPLs
with multiple boundary conditions surrounding by elastic medium was examined by Sobhy and Zenkour (2019). Free vibra-
tion responses of FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell, cylindrical shells and annular plates were investigate through a three-
dimensional model in Refs. Rahimi, Alibeigloo and Safarpour (2020), Safarpour, Rahimi and Alibeigloo (2019). In a more
recent work, a closed-form solution for dynamic response of FG-GPLRC beams due to the action of two successive moving
masses was investigated using Navier series in conjunction with Newmark-β method in Ref. Wang, Xie, Fu and Shi (2019).
However, studies on size-dependent mechanical responses of such structures are very limited. Size-dependent free and
forced vibration as well as buckling and vibration analysis of FG-GNPRC microbeam and sandwich curved nanobeams were
analyzed, respectively in Refs.Mirjavadi, Afshari, Barati and Hamouda (2019a), Sobhy (2020). The resonance phenomenon of
FG-GNPRC nanoplates included both nonlocality and strain gradient size-dependency was studied by Karami, Shahsavari,
Janghorban and Tounsi (2019c). NSGT was also presented for nonlinear large-amplitude vibrations analysis of functionally
graded polymer composite (FG-PC) micro/nano-plates reinforced with GNPS in Refs. Sahmani, Aghdam and Rabczuk 2018b,a).
An analytical mathematical solution was presented by Sahmani, Fattahi and Ahmed (2019b) for vibrational response of lam-
inated FG-GPLRC micro-/nanobeams using NSGT, while Wu, Chen and Gao (2019) presented a similar model under the affec-
tion of external harmonic excitation. Moreover, resonance response of FG-GNPRC doubly-curved nanoshell was investigated
analytically in Ref. Karami and Shahsavari (2020). Recently, wave propagation characteristic of size-dependent FG-GNPRC
cylindrical nanoshell was analyzed using NSGT by Habibi, Mohammadgholiha and Safarpour (2019). Having said that, to the
best of the authors’ knowledge and conducted survey on literature, there is no size-dependent moving load analysis on
FG-GNPRC nanoshells.
FSDT in conjunction with NSGT is developed for forced vibration analysis of GNPs reinforced FG-PC cylindrical nanoshells
subjected to the moving harmonic load. The effective mechanical properties are obtained using a modified rule of mixture
and the Halpin-Tsai approach. Moreover, the structure is rested on a Pasternak elastic medium during the movement of har-
monic load including an excited frequency. Using Hamilton’s principle, the equations of motion are obtained for graphene
reinforced nanocomposite shells under moving harmonic load. Afterwards, the state-space method (SSM) is utilized to find
the transverse dynamic deflection in time domain while a non-classical model estimates softening-stiffness and stiffness-
enhancement mechanisms inside the nanostructure. After validating the approach, some novel results are prepared to in-
vestigate the influences of small-scale parameters, symmetric and asymmetric distribution of GNPs, weight fraction and also
the total number of layers of GNPs, and elastic foundation parameters on the transverse dynamic deflection of the FG-GNPRC
cylindrical nanoshell during traveling of moving harmonic load.
This paper is arranged as follows: deriving formulation for dynamic analysis of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells under
moving harmonic load on the basis of FSDT and NSGT in Section 2; utilizing SSM in conjunction with Navier’s series for
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 3

Fig. 1. The schematic of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell under moving harmonic load.

finding transverse deflection induced by movement of moving harmonic load in Section 3; discussion of numerical results
through examples containing velocity parameter or time history in Section 4; summary and conclusion in Section 5.

2. Theory and formulation

2.1. Mechanical properties of functionally graded nanoplatelets reinforced composite (FG-GNPRC)

Consider schematic of a cylindrical nanoshell made of FG-GNPRC supporting with the length of L, radius of curvature R,
and thickness of h which is composed of NL layers with the thickness δ h=h/NL which rested on a Pasternak foundation (as
shown in Fig 1). For the reinforcement or filler phase, GNPs are merged inside each layer. According to selected distributions
(UD, FG-O, FX-X and FG-A), the GNP is dispersed in a polymer matrix. The density of GNPs and a polymer matrix are
introduced by ρ GNP and ρ M , respectively while ν M and ν GNP are, are their Poisson’s ratios. The density as well as Poisson’s
ratio of the GNPs reinforced nanocomposite for the k-layer is defined as follow,

ρc(k) = ρGNPVGNP
(k )
+ ρMVM(k ) (1)

νc(k) = νGNPVGNP
(k )
+ νMVM(k ) (2)
(K )
in which VGNP shows the volume fraction of GNPs and defined by

(k ) g(GNP
k)
VGNP = (k ) (3)
gGNP + ρρGNP
M
(1 − g(GNP
k)
)

while the weight fraction for each layer of GNPs is shown by g(GNP
k)
. Different GNPs distributions, and the weight fraction of
GNPs are introduced as follows (Song et al., 2017)
⎧g∗ UD
⎪
⎪ GNP   
⎨4g∗GNP NL + 1 − k − NL + 1  /(2 + NL )
⎪
FG−O
g(GNP
k)
= 1 2  2 (4)
⎪  NL + 1 
⎪
⎪4 g∗
+ k −  /(2 + NL ) FG−X
⎩ GNP 2 2
2kgGNP /(NL + 1 )
∗
FG−A
where g∗GNP is the weight fraction of GNPs. It is interesting to mention that variation of weight fraction in the thickness
direction obtained for due to various number for the included layers based on four GNPs distribution patterns are shown in
Fig 2.
The effective Young’s moduli are calculated using the Halpin-Tsai model as (Affdl & Kardos, 1976)
(k ) (k )
3 1 + ξL ηLVGNP 5 1 + ξT ηT VGNP
Ee(kf )f = ( )
× EM + × EM (5)
8 1 − ηL V k 8 1 − ηT V )( k
GNP GNP

herein Young’s modulus of a polymer matrix is defined by EM ; the subscripts ‘L’ and ‘T’ are introduced for the longitudinal
and transverse effects, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of Young’s modulus of GNPs and the geometry of GNPs, four
4 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Fig. 2. Schematic and weight fraction of different distributions of GNPs versus number of layers.

additional parameters (ηL , ηT ) and ξ L , ξ T are defined as follows

EGNP EGNP
−1 −1 lGNP wGNP
ηL = EM
, ηT =
EM
, ξL = 2 , ξT = 2 (6)
EGNP
EM
+ ξL EGNP
EM
ξ
+ W hGNP hGNP

in which lGNP , wGNP , and hGNP are respectively, the average length, width, and thickness of the GNPs; Young’s modulus is also
shown by EGNP .

2.2. Nonlocal strain gradient theory

Following the introduced Hooke’s law model in elastic solids, a non-classical continuum theory which was called as the
NSGT and has been introduced as follow (Lim et al., 2015)

σi j − μσi j,mm = Ci jkl (εkl − λεkl,mm ) (7)

in which σ ij and ε ij are defined to justify the tensors of stress and strain, respectively, while the elastic moduli are shown
by Cijkl . The softening-stiffness effect is estimated by nonlocal parameter (μ), and the stiffness-enhancement one has been
estimated by strain gradient parameter (λ). Putting λ=0 and μ=0 in Eq. (7) causes to respectively, Eringen’s nonlocal theory
(Eringen, 2002), and strain gradient theory (Aifantis, 1999), deriving with following forms

( 1 − μ2 ∇ 2 ) σ i j = t i j (8)

σi j = Ci jkl (εi j − λ2 εi j,mm ) (9)

 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 5

in which ∇ 2 = ∂∂x2 + R12 ∂∂θ 2 is the Laplacian operator in the cylindrical coordinate. Note that NSGT has been applied for
2 2

analysis of nanostructures several times (Barretta & de Sciarra, 2019; Farajpour, Farokhi, Ghayesh & Hussain, 2018a, 2019;
Ghayesh & Farajpour, 2018; Ghayesh, Farokhi & Farajpour, 2019; Gholipour & Ghayesh, 2020; Karami & Janghorban, 2019;
Karami, Shahsavari & Janghorban, 2019a,b; Li & Hu, 2015; Malikan, Krasheninnikov & Eremeyev, 2020; Pinnola et al., 2020;
She, Yuan, Karami, Ren & Xiao, 2019; Xiao & Dai, 2020).

2.3. Displacements and strains

As far as the mathematical modeling of cylindrical shell is concerned, according to the assumption of FSDT of shells, the
displacement fields can be defined as follow,
u1 (x, θ , z, t ) = u(x, θ , t ) + zϕx (x, θ , t ) (10)

u2 (x, θ , z, t ) = v(x, θ , t ) + zϕθ (x, θ , t ) (11)

u3 (x, θ , z, t ) = w(x, θ , t ) (12)

herein u, v, and w, are representative of the longitudinal, circumferential as well as radial displacements, respectively while
ϕ x , ϕ θ show the rotation about x- and θ - axes. The stress-strain relation of a k-layer polymer composite nanoshell based on
NSGT and FSDT can be obtained by
⎡ (k ) ⎤
⎡ ⎤ ( )k ⎧ ⎫
σxx C11 C12 0 0 0
⎪εxx ⎪
⎢ (k ) ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎢σθ θ ⎥ ⎢C12 ( )
C22
k
0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪
⎪εθ θ ⎪
⎪

⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢
⎢
⎥ ⎢ (k )
⎥
⎥
⎨ ⎬
1 − μ ∇ ⎢τxz ⎥ = ⎢0 0 ksC44 0 0 ⎥× 1−λ ∇
2 2
γxz (13)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎣τθ z ⎦ ⎢0 (k )
0 ⎥ ⎪
⎪
⎪γθ z ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎣ 0 0 ksC55 ⎦ ⎩ ⎪ ⎭
τx θ 0 0 0 0 C( )
k γxθ
66

where

(k ) (k ) Ec(k )
C11 = C22 = 2
1 − (νc(k ) )
(k ) (k )
C12 = C21 = νc(k )C11
(k )

(k ) (k ) (k ) Ec(k )
C44 = C55 = C66 = (14)
2(1 + νc(k ) )
Non-zero strain-displacement are given by
⎧ ⎫
⎪ ∂u ∂ ϕx ⎪
⎪
⎪ + z ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ∂ x ∂x  ⎪
⎪
⎧ ⎫⎪ ⎪ 1 ∂v ∂ ϕ ⎪
⎪
⎪ε ⎪
xx ⎪⎪ +w+z θ ⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪⎪
⎨εθ θ ⎬⎨ R ∂θ ∂θ ⎪
⎬
γxz ∂ w (15)
⎪ ⎪⎪ϕx + ⎪
⎪
⎩γθ z ⎪
⎭⎪
⎪ ∂x ⎪
⎪
γxθ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 ∂ w v ⎪
⎪
⎪ϕ θ + − ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ R ∂θ R ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ 1 ∂ u ∂v z ∂ ϕ x ∂ ϕ θ⎪
⎭
+ + +z
R ∂θ ∂ x R ∂θ ∂x
Using Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations for a FG-PC cylindrical shell reinforced with GNPs embedded in
Pasternak medium under moving harmonic load on the basis of FSDT can be derived as
∂ Nxx 1 ∂ Nxθ ∂ 2u ∂ 2 ϕx
+ = I0 2 − I1 (16)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t2
∂ Nxθ 1 ∂ Nθ θ ∂ Qzθ ∂ 2v ∂ 2 ϕθ
+ + = I0 2 − I1 (17)
∂x R ∂θ R ∂t ∂t2
∂ Nxz 1 ∂ Qzθ Nθ θ ∂ 2w
+ − + qdynamic − kw w + k p ∇ 2 w = I0 2 (18)
∂x R ∂θ R ∂t
∂ Mxx 1 ∂ 2 Mxθ ∂ 2u ∂ 2 ϕx
+ − Qxz = I1 2 + I2 (19)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t2
6 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

∂ M xθ 1 ∂ 2 M θ θ ∂ 2v ∂ 2 ϕθ
+ − Qθ z = I1 2 + I2 (20)
∂x R ∂θ ∂t ∂t2
where kW and kP are spring and shear layer elastic foundation parameters. Moreover, qdynamic shows the transverse force
induced by movement of the concentrated harmonic load with an excitation frequency () as

a
2
qdynamic = q(x, y, t )∗ dx (21)
π
0

in which

q(x, y, t )∗ = P0 (t )δ (x − x0 (t ) ) sin (t ) (22)

and

x0 (t ) = V0xt, 0 ≤ x0 (t ) ≤ L (23)

Moreover, the mass inertias and can be calculated by

NL 
 z+1
{I0 , I1 , I2 } = (1, z, z2 )ρc(k) dz, (24)
zk
k=1

and in-plane (Nij ), and shear normal loads (Qij ), as well as bending moments (Mij ) are:
  NL   
Nxx Nθ θ Nxθ  z+1
1
= (σxx , σθ θ , τxθ ) dz (25)
Mxx Mθ θ M xθ zk z
k=1

NL 
 z+1
(Qxz , Qθ z ) = ks (τxz , τθ z )dz (26)
zk
k=1

in which ks is known as shear correction factor. Owing to the stress-strain relations (Eq. (13)) as well as Eq. (22), the stress
resultants are obtained in detail as follow
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ ∂u ⎪ ∂ϕ
⎪
⎪ ∂ x ⎪  ⎪
⎪ θ ⎪

Nxx
 
A11 A12 0 ⎪⎨ ⎪
⎪
⎬ B11 B12 ⎪
0 ⎨ ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎬
1 ∂v 1 ∂ ϕx
Nθ θ = A12 A22 0 +w + B12 B22 0 (27)
⎪ R ∂θ
A66 ⎪ ⎪
⎪ B66 ⎪
⎪ R ∂θ ⎪
⎪
Nxθ 0 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 0 0 ⎪
⎩ 1 ∂ ϕx + ∂ ϕθ ⎪
⎩ 1 ∂ u + ∂v ⎪ ⎭ ⎭
R ∂θ ∂x R ∂θ ∂x
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ ∂u ⎪ ∂ ϕθ
⎪
⎪ ⎪  ⎪ ⎪

Mxx
 
B11 B12 0 ⎪⎨ ∂ x ⎪
⎪
⎬ D11 D12 0 ⎪
⎪
⎨ ∂x
⎪
⎪
⎬
1 ∂v 1 ∂ ϕx
Mθ θ = B12 B22 0 +w + D12 D22 0 (28)
R ∂θ
B66 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ D66 ⎪
⎪
⎪
R ∂θ ⎪
⎪
⎩ 1 ∂ ϕx + ∂ ϕθ ⎪
M xθ 0 0 0 0
⎪
⎩ 1 ∂ u + ∂v ⎪ ⎭ ⎭
R ∂θ ∂x R ∂θ ∂x
⎧ ⎫
   ⎨ ∂w ⎬
Qxz As44 0 ϕx +
= ∂x (29)
A55 ⎩ 1 ∂w v
− ⎭
s
Qθ z 0
ϕθ +
R ∂θ R
where
NL 
 z+1
( Ai j , Bi j , Di j ) = Ci(jk ) (1, z, z2 )dz (30)
zk
k=1

NL 
 z+1
( ) k
As44 = As55 = ksC44 dz (31)
zk
k=1
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 7

According to nonlcoal strain gradeint theory, the size-dependent equations of motion can be obtained in terms of dis-
placements as follows:
⎛   ⎞
∂ 2u ∂ 2 ϕx A12 ∂ 2 v0 ∂ w B12 ∂ 2 ϕθ
⎜A11 + B + + +
∂ x ∂ x2 ∂ x∂θ ∂x R ∂ x∂ θ ⎟
2 11
R
Lλ ⎜   ⎟
⎝ A66 1 ∂ 2 u ∂ v
2
B66 1 ∂ ϕx2
∂ ϕθ
2 ⎠
+ + + + (32)
 R 2 R ∂ θ 2 ∂ x ∂θ R ∂θ ∂ x∂ θ
2 R 2

∂ u0 ∂ ϕx
= Lμ I0 − I1
∂t2 ∂t2
⎛     ⎞
A66 1 ∂ 2 u ∂ 2v B66 1 ∂ 2 ϕx ∂ 2 ϕθ A12 ∂ 2 u B12 ∂ 2 ϕx
⎜ R R ∂ x∂ θ ∂ x 2 + + + + ⎟
R ∂ x∂ θ R ∂ x∂ θ
 ∂x  R ∂ x∂ θ ⎟
R 2
Lλ ⎜  
⎝ A11 ∂ 2 v0 ∂ w B11 ∂ ϕθ
2
A66 1 ∂w ∂v ⎠
+ 2 + + 2 + ϕθ + − (33)
 R 2 ∂ θ 2 ∂θ R ∂θ R ∂θ
2 2 R R
∂ v ∂ ϕθ
= Lμ I0 2 − I1
∂t ∂t2
⎛     ⎞
∂ ϕx ∂ 2 w A44 ∂ ϕθ 1 ∂ 2w 1 ∂v A12 ∂ u B12 ∂ ϕx
⎜A44 ∂ x + ∂ x2 + R ∂θ + R ∂ θ 2 − R ∂θ − R ∂ x − R2 ∂ x ⎟
Lλ ⎜    2  ⎟
⎝ A11 ∂v B11 ∂ ϕx ∂ wb 1 ∂ 2 w ⎠
− 2 +w − 2 − kW w + kP ( + 2 ) + qdynamic (34)
R
 2  ∂θ R ∂θ ∂ x2 R ∂θ2
∂ w
= Lμ I0 2
∂t
⎛   ⎞
∂ 2u ∂ 2 ϕx B12 ∂ 2 v ∂w D12 ∂ 2 ϕθ
⎜B11 ∂ x2 + D11 ∂ x2 + R2 ∂ x∂ θ + ∂ x + R ∂ x∂ θ ⎟
Lλ ⎜      ⎟
⎝ B66 1 ∂ 2 u ∂ 2v D66 1 ∂ 2 ϕx ∂ 2 ϕθ ∂w ⎠
+ + + + − A44 ϕx + (35)
 R 2 R ∂ θ 2 ∂ x∂ θ R ∂θ2 ∂ x∂ θ ∂x
2 R
∂ u ∂ ϕx
= Lμ I1 2 + I2
∂t ∂t2
⎛     ⎞
B66 1 ∂ 2 u ∂ 2v D66 1 ∂ 2 ϕx ∂ 2 ϕθ ∂ 2u
⎜ R R ∂ x∂ θ ∂ x 2 + + + + B ⎟
R ∂ x∂ θ ∂ x2  ∂ x∂ θ
12
R
Lλ ⎜   ⎟
⎝ D12 ∂ 2 ϕx B11 ∂ 2 v ∂ w D11 ∂ ϕθ2
1 ∂w v ⎠
+ + 2 + + − A44 ϕx + − (36)
 R 2∂ x∂ θ 2R  ∂ θ ∂θ R ∂θ R ∂θ
2 2 R
∂ v ∂ ϕθ
= Lμ I1 2 + I2
∂t ∂t2
where
L μ = ( 1 − μ2 ∇ 2 )
Lλ = (1 − λ2 ∇ 2 ) (37)

3. Solution procedure

The problem of forced vibration of continuous structures subjected to moving load has been solved on the basis of
Navier’s series in conjunction with state-space method (Shahsavari et al., 2017). In this section, an analytical solving pro-
cedure is implemented to solve the dynamics problem. The proposed model is simply-supported in edges (x = 0, L and
θ =π /2, 3π /2). Thus, the following double-Furrier series are given as below
⎧  mπ  ⎫
⎧ ⎫ ⎪
⎪Um n cos x cos (nθ ) ⎪
⎪
u ⎪
⎪  mLπ  ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪Vm n sin x sin (nθ ) ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨v ⎪
⎬ ∞  ∞
⎪
⎨  mπ 
L ⎪
⎬

w = Wmn sin x cos (nθ ) exp (iωt ) (38)
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪  Lmπ  ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
ϕx ⎪ m=1 n=1 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪
⎩ ⎪ ⎭ ⎪
⎪xmn cos x cos (nθ )⎪
⎪
⎪
ϕθ ⎪
⎪  L  ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩θ mn sin m π ⎪
x sin (nθ )⎭
L
8 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Fig. 3. Comparison of dynamic amplitude factor (DAF) versus time parameters, (V∗ =0.1).

in above relation, (Umn , Vmn , Wmn , xmn , θ mn ) indicate the unknown Fourier coefficients which need to be determined for
each circumferential (n) and axial (m) wave numbers. Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (21), causes to the next formulation for
the effective point load (Sheng & Wang, 2009)
2P0 mπ
 
q(x, y, t ) = sin x0 (t ) cos (nθ ) (39)
L L
By classifying the equation of motions in a matrix form, we have
& '
¨ + Kmn {} = Fmn (t )
Mmn  (40)
in which Mmn , Kmn , and Fmn (t) are mass, stiffness and load matrices, respectively. Using the assumption of state space
method, the dynamic problem could be solved by converting the second-order differential equation to a first-order dif-
ferential equation as follow (Khdeir & Reddy, 1989; Ye, 2011)
{x˙ mn } = Amn {xmn } + Bmn (41)
in which (Ding, Li, Hu, Li & Deng, 2016)
 
0 I ( )T
Amn = , { x } = , 
˙
−M−1
mn Kmn 0 (42)
T
B1 = −M−1
mn Fmn , Bmn = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, B1 ]

Applying the classical solution method of a linear differential equation, the solution can be found as (Ye, 2011)
t
xmn (t ) = eAmn (t−t0 ) Bmn dt (43)
t0

herein Shen, Zheng and Huang (2003)

eAmn (t−t0 ) = U eχ i (t−τ ) U −1 (44)
in which U, χi , i = 1, 2, ..., 10 are the eigenvectors as well as eigenvalues of matrixAmn , respectively. That are defined by
[U, χi ] = eig(Amn ) (45)

4. Numerical results and discussion

Now, forced vibration of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells subjected to moving harmonic load is examined through var-
ious numerical examples. In these examples, the effectivity of size-dependent effects, elastic foundation parameters, GNPs
distribution schemes, weight fraction, and the total number of layers of GNPs as well as load velocity and time history
and various coupled conditions on the transverse deflections are investigated. In order to present the numerical results and
compare some of them with the available ones inside graphical and tabular examples, non-dimensional and dimensional
parameters are introduced as follow
100EM h3 kW L4 kP L2
W∗ = W 3
, Kw = , Kp =
P0 L D0 D0
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 9

Fig. 4. Dynamic deflection of the nanoshell versus (a) nonlocality, (b) strain gradient size dependency for fixed UD pattern (R/h = 7, g∗ GNP =1%).

EM h3 x0 (t ) V0 t ∗ V0x ω̄mn L
D0 = , T∗ = = ,V = , Vcr =
12(1 − νM2) L L Vcr π
4.1. Verification of the presented model

The forced vibration of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells under moving load is developed for the first time in the current
work. As a verification example, in Fig. 3, forced vibration of isotropic plates under movement of moving load with the ve-
locity parameter of V∗ =0.1 is estimated based on FSDT in conjunction with state space method for time history and are com-
pared with results based on classical plate theory (CPT) and Newmark-β method reported by Malekzadeh et al. (2009) and
Simsek et al. (2015), respectively. This confirms the realibility of present solving procedure for the moving load analysis.
Here, thickness h, a/h, modulus of elasticity E1 , density ρ , and Poisson ratio ν were considered as 88 (m−6 ), 10, 1.44 (GPa),
1220 (kg/m3 ), and 0.38, respectively.

4.2. Dynamic analysis of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells subjected to moving harmonic load

FG-PC cylindrical nanoshell (L = 200 nm, h = 20 nm) is reinforced by GNPs (LGNP = 3 nm, bGNP =1.8 nm and
tGNP =0.7 nm). The Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and mass density are 3 GPa, 0.3, and 1200 kg/m3 for epoxy and 1.01
10 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Fig. 5. Time dependent dynamic deflection of the nanoshell vs. weight fraction of GNPs for fixed FG-A pattern, (R/h = 7, g∗ GNP =1%, λ=10 nm).

Fig. 6. Foundation affected dynamic deflection of the nanoshell versus velocity parameters for fixed FG-O pattern, (R/h = 7, g∗ GNP =1%, μ=10 nm, T∗ =0.5).

TPa, 0.186, and 1060 kg/m3 for GNPs, respectively (Karami et al., 2019c; Song et al., 2017). Since that some previous works
(Karami & Shahsavari, 2020; Karami et al., 2019b) showed that a FG-GNPRC with 10 individual layers (NL =10) is sufficiently
well-aimed to model an exemplary FGM, NL =10 will be apply in all of the following examples, except when mentioned.
Additionally, the weight fraction index for GNP distribution with various layer is plotted in Fig 2.
Fig. 4 gives the dynamic deflection response of a simply-supported FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell subjected to moving
load with varying in velocity parameter accounting for different values of nonlocal and strain gradient parameters. At a
constant time history (T∗ =0.5), the load velocity is risen to V∗ =2Vcr and small-scale parameters are changed from 0 to
20 nm likewise what used in Ref. Sahmani, Fattahi and Ahmed (2019a). As can be seen in Fig. 4, the following observation
can be reported:

(a) The number and amplitude of forced oscillations are influenced directly by the velocity parameter. It means that as
velocity increased, the oscillations experience smaller amplitudes while at the same time their amplitude increased con-
siderably; however, the maximum dynamic deflection belongs to moderate speeds (V∗ =0.3–0.5). It is because, in low
velocities (V∗ <0.1), internal flexibility of reinforced nanoshell structure can control somewhat transverse defections in-
duced by movement of the load, while for too fast speeds (V∗ >1), the structure cannot response sensitively as quickly as
load transferred.
(b) Regardless of velocity, during the movement of load, FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell become softer (harder) structure
due to mechanisms of softening-stiffness effect (stiffness-enhancement effect) as a result of increase in nonlocal pa-
rameter (strain gradient parameter). Moreover, as it is evident in Fig 4, a harder FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell is more
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 11

Fig. 7. Time dependent dynamic deflection of the nanoshell versus radius of curvature for fixed FG-O pattern, (g∗ GNP =1%, λ=10 nm, =ω11 ).
resistance to moving load in comparison to soft one. It referred to Eq. (46), where shows that the highest (lowest) critical
velocities or natural frequencies belong to higher values of strain gradient parameter (nonlocal parameter).

Since that the consequence of load is not only dependent on velocity parameter, but time history and Eq. (23) confirms
this fact, it may be beneficial to obtain a wide range of both coupled parameters inside an analysis for finding an accurate
trend of dynamic deflections. So, Fig 5 implies time response of pure epoxy g∗GNP = 0 and FG-GNPRC (g∗GNP = 1% )cylindrical
nanoshell based on various velocity parameters (V∗ =0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2). The horizontal axis of the Fig shows the dimensionless
12 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Fig. 8. Dynamic deflection of the nanoshell versus different GNPs distribution during the changes in its weight fraction, (R/h = 7, λ=10 nm, =ω 11 ).

parameter of time0 ≤ T∗ ≤ 1, following that at T∗ =0, the load is at the start point and at T∗ =1, the moving load has finished
the path of the structure and reached at the end point. The graphs show that the total number of forced oscillations in
region 0<T∗ <1 reduced as a consequence of growth in velocity parameter and it is independent to the material properties.
Moreover, an FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell is more resistance to moving load in all velocities compared with a pure epoxy
identical model. For example, if weight fraction is increased to 1%, the efficiency of structure with chosen material properties
under moving loads is improved 7.83%, 7.82%, 7.81%, 7.80%, 7.9% for velocities V∗ =0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, respectively. Moreover,
there are symmetric trends due to different velocities for the time period. It may because when the load travels on the
upper surface of nanoshell, the FG-PC nanoshell reinforced with GNPs have had more rigidity to reduce the amplitude of
forced oscillations while number of oscillations is independent to material properties.
Fig 6 demonstrates how soft, medium and hard elastic foundations can moderate the dynamic deflection of FG-GNPRC
cylindrical nanoshell when subjected to moving load with various velocity at constant time parameter. The value of
KW = 0, KP = 0indicates without foundation, whileKW = 0, KP = 0 and KW = 0, KP = 0 , respectively represent Winkler and
Pasternak elastic foundations. It can be seen that a/an decrease (increase) in dynamic deflection (critical velocity) are re-
sulted when an elastic foundation is included in the system. However, the Pasternak medium has more capability than
that Winkler one to decrease the damages induced by moving load so that the minimum deflection belong to FG-GNPRC
cylindrical nanoshell rested on a hard Pasternak foundation. It is related to an extra shear layer which Pasternak foundation
has compared to Winkler model for decreasing transverse loads; Moreover, by closer observation can be seen that founda-
tion effects are more efficient in low velocity parameters due to the point that when the moving load moves slowly, the
embedded foundations have had a sufficient time to reduce the applied dynamic force.
Since after a time-dependent frequency excitation equal in magnitude with natural frequency of the structure will add to
the computation and it travels accompany with the moving load. Fig 7 determines the rule of radius ratio to thickness for
time response of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell under moving harmonic load accounting for various velocities (V∗ =0.1, 0.3,
0.5). Most importantly, it can be seen that adding an excitation frequency ( = ω3 ) increases the number and amplitude
of forced oscillations and also positive and non-positive dynamic deflections increased dramatically. Moreover, as R/h is
increased, the FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell becomes thinner and consequently the dynamic response under moving load
is increased. Also, it can be seen that in the presence of moving harmonic load, as velocity parameter increased, time
response experiences less amplitude of forced vibration and the maximum deflection belongs to V∗ =0.1. It may because in
low velocities, the phenomenon of resonance has occurred sooner due to an excitation frequency equal to natural frequency.
To investigate the impact of GNPs weight fraction on time response of dynamic deflection due to different GNPs dis-
tribution schemes (UD, FX-O, FG-X, and FG-A) at constant velocity with  = ω3 and time V∗ =0.1, T∗ =0.5, Fig. 8 is plotted.
The parameter of g∗ GNP varies from o to 1.5%. Generally, higher GNPs weight fraction values makes the FG-GNPRC cylindrical
nanoshell harder by rising its stiffness which create a more resistance structure against movement of moving harmonic load.
This phenomenon can be easily seen in peaks and valleys of dynamic deflection. Furthermore, it can be reported that FG-O
properties are weaker to control moving loads and consequently have the highest transverse deflections for moving load
analysis; followed by UD, FG-A, and FG-X at ten layers. It is notable to say that as GNPs weight fraction is increased, the
gap between above models increased.
Until now, the number of layers is assumed to be 10. In Fig 9, different GNPs distribution schemes are expanded for time
response of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshell under moving harmonic load with variation in number of involved layers. To
perform this purpose, the whole of thickness is modeled based on 4, 8, and 16 layers of GNPs. Regardless of GNP distribution
model, at a fixed thickness, diminish in number of involved layers can rise somewhat the material capability of reinforced
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 13

Fig. 9. Time dependent dynamic deflection of the nanoshell for different GNPs distributions vs. number of layers, (R/h = 7, μ=10 nm, =ω 11 ).
14 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Fig. 10. Time dependent dynamic deflection of the nanoshell versus velocity parameter for fixed FG-X pattern, (R/h = 7, g∗ GNP =1%, μ=10 nm, λ=5 nm).

nanocomposite with graphene which gives lower dynamic deflection. It may due to internal interactions of nanoshell atoms
while this phenomenon is more observable at peaks, where the maximum deflection has occurred. Moreover, as explained
before, X-GNP provides the lowest dynamic defections and O-GNP results are placed in the highest place. However, an
increment in number of involved layers leads to increase in the gaps between difference GNP distribution patterns.
As a final example, variations of dynamic deflection due to moving load without exciting frequency for various values
of velocity parameter and time history are illustrated in Fig. 10. As observed, with an increase in the velocity parameter,
dynamic deflection will firstly be oscillated with low amplitudes, then rises to reach its maximum value, and afterwards, it
experiences a sharp decrement and closes to zero for high values of velocity parameters. Moreover, as velocity increased,
the coordinate of maximum deflection tends to the end of the nanoshell.

5. Conclusion

The governing equations of size-dependent FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells subjected to moving harmonic load were
derived using FSDT in conjunction with NSGT, and then, dynamic analysis of the embedded structure resting on elastic
medium was evaluated, in this paper. The state-space method was applied to determine the transverse dynamic deflection
in time domain while the non-classical model calculated size-dependent mechanisms inside the nanostructure. Accordingly,
the shear deformation, rotary inertia, softening-stiffness and stiffness-enhancement effects are considered. The influence of
load velocity as well as time history are fully taken into account, resulting in the coupling of various dynamic deflections.
Moreover, the presented model compared favorably with some published works. According to the practical application as
well as parametric study for the dynamic analysis of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells under moving harmonic load con-
ducted in this study, the following conclusions are found:
• As velocity of moving load is grown, the number of forced oscillations corresponding to the dynamic deflection is re-
duced, while amplitude of those follows an increase trend.
• As velocity parameter is increased, dynamic deflection caused by moving load after a firstly oscillation, increases until a
certain value of the velocity parameter, and then, it decreases sharply in high velocity parameters.
• Increasing the nonlocal parameter (strain gradient parameter) leads to softer (hard) structure and consequently dynamic
deflection is decreased (increased); peaks and valleys of oscillations are the best position to observe this phenomenon.
• To determine GNP efficiently, the maximum dynamic deflections under action of moving load belong to FG-O reinforce-
ment model of FG-GNPRC cylindrical nanoshells, followed by FG-A, UD, and FG-X models, independent to the number of
layers.
• Elastic foundations present their maximum capability to decrease dynamic deflection in low velocities.
• During the movement of a moving harmonic load, as velocity parameter increased, time response experiences less am-
plitude of forced oscillations.
• As number of involved layers is risen, the overall dynamic deflection and the gaps between using different GNP types
will be increased.
 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339 15

• Regardless of GNPs type, increase in weight fraction the structure becomes stiffer and consequently dynamic deflections
is increased.

Declaration of Competing Interest

None.

References

Affdl, J. H., & Kardos, J. (1976). The Halpin-Tsai equations: A review. Polymer Engineering & Science, 16, 344–352.
Aifantis, E. C. (1999). Strain gradient interpretation of size effects. In Fracture scaling (pp. 299–314). Springer.
Barati, M. R., Faleh, N. M., & Zenkour, A. M. (2019). Dynamic response of nanobeams subjected to moving nanoparticles and hygro-thermal environments
based on nonlocal strain gradient theory. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 26, 1661–1669.
Barretta, R., & de Sciarra, F. M. (2019). Variational nonlocal gradient elasticity for nano-beams. International Journal of Engineering Science, 143, 73–91.
Ding, Z., Li, L., Hu, Y., Li, X., & Deng, W. (2016). State-space based time integration method for structural systems involving multiple nonviscous damping
models. Computers & Structures, 171, 31–45.
Eringen, A. C. (2002). Nonlocal continuum field theories. Springer Science & Business Media.
Esen, I. (2020). Dynamics of size-dependant Timoshenko micro beams subjected to moving loads. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 175, Article
105501.
Farajpour, A., Farokhi, H., Ghayesh, M. H., & Hussain, S. (2018a). Nonlinear mechanics of nanotubes conveying fluid. International Journal of Engineering
Science, 133, 132–143.
Farajpour, A., Ghayesh, M. H., & Farokhi, H. (2018b). A review on the mechanics of nanostructures. International Journal of Engineering Science, 133, 231–263.
Farajpour, A., Ghayesh, M. H., & Farokhi, H. (2019). Nonlocal nonlinear mechanics of imperfect carbon nanotubes. International Journal of Engineering Science,
142, 201–215.
Ghayesh, M. H. (2011). Nonlinear forced dynamics of an axially moving viscoelastic beam with an internal resonance. International Journal of Mechanical
Sciences, 53, 1022–1037.
Ghayesh, M. H. (2019). Viscoelastic dynamics of axially FG microbeams. International Journal of Engineering Science, 135, 75–85.
Ghayesh, M. H., & Farajpour, A. (2018). Nonlinear mechanics of nanoscale tubes via nonlocal strain gradient theory. International Journal of Engineering
Science, 129, 84–95.
Ghayesh, M. H., Farokhi, H., & Farajpour, A. (2019). Global dynamics of fluid conveying nanotubes. International Journal of Engineering Science, 135, 37–57.
Gholipour, A., & Ghayesh, M. H. (2020). Nonlinear coupled mechanics of functionally graded nanobeams. International Journal of Engineering Science, 150,
Article 103221.
Habibi, M., Mohammadgholiha, M., & Safarpour, H. (2019). Wave propagation characteristics of the electrically GNP-reinforced nanocomposite cylindrical
shell. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 41, 221.
Hosseini-Hashemi, S., & Khaniki, H. B. (2018). Three dimensional dynamic response of functionally graded nanoplates under a moving load. Structural
Engineering and Mechanics, 66, 249–262.
Karami, B., & Janghorban, M. (2019). On the dynamics of porous nanotubes with variable material properties and variable thickness. International Journal of
Engineering Science, 136, 53–66.
Karami, B., & Shahsavari, D. (2020). On the forced resonant vibration analysis of functionally graded polymer composite doubly-curved nanoshells reinforced
with graphene-nanoplatelets. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 359, Article 112767.
Karami, B., Shahsavari, D., & Janghorban, M. (2019a). On the dynamics of porous doubly-curved nanoshells. International Journal of Engineering Science, 143,
39–55.
Karami, B., Shahsavari, D., Janghorban, M., & Li, L. (2019b). On the resonance of functionally graded nanoplates using bi-Helmholtz nonlocal strain gradient
theory. International Journal of Engineering Science, 144, Article 103143.
Karami, B., Shahsavari, D., Janghorban, M., & Tounsi, A. (2019c). Resonance behavior of functionally graded polymer composite nanoplates reinforced with
graphene nanoplatelets. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 156, 94–105.
Khaniki, H. B., & Hosseini-Hashemi, S. (2017). Dynamic response of biaxially loaded double-layer viscoelastic orthotropic nanoplate system under a moving
nanoparticle. International Journal of Engineering Science, 115, 51–72.
Khdeir, A., & Reddy, J. (1989). Exact solutions for the transient response of symmetric cross-ply laminates using a higher-order plate theory. Composites
Science and Technology, 34, 205–224.
Khorram, A., Bakhtiari-Nejad, F., & Rezaeian, M. (2012). Comparison studies between two wavelet based crack detection methods of a beam subjected to a
moving load. International Journal of Engineering Science, 51, 204–215.
Kiani, K., Avili, H. G., & Kojorian, A. N. (2015). On the role of shear deformation in dynamic behavior of a fully saturated poroelastic beam traversed by a
moving load. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 94, 84–95.
Kiani, Y. (2017). Dynamics of FG-CNT reinforced composite cylindrical panel subjected to moving load. Thin-Walled Structures, 111, 48–57.
Li, L., & Hu, Y. (2015). Buckling analysis of size-dependent nonlinear beams based on a nonlocal strain gradient theory. International Journal of Engineering
Science, 97, 84–94.
Liew, K., Lei, Z., & Zhang, L. (2015). Mechanical analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composites: A review. Composite Structures, 120,
90–97.
Lim, C., Zhang, G., & Reddy, J. (2015). A higher-order nonlocal elasticity and strain gradient theory and its applications in wave propagation. Journal of the
Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 78, 298–313.
Malekzadeh, P., Fiouz, A., & Razi, H. (2009). Three-dimensional dynamic analysis of laminated composite plates subjected to moving load. Composite Struc-
tures, 90, 105–114.
Malikan, M., Krasheninnikov, M., & Eremeyev, V. A. (2020). Torsional stability capacity of a nano-composite shell based on a nonlocal strain gradient shell
model under a three-dimensional magnetic field. International Journal of Engineering Science, 148, Article 103210.
Mirjavadi, S. S., Afshari, B. M., Barati, M. R., & Hamouda, A. (2019a). Nonlinear free and forced vibrations of graphene nanoplatelet reinforced microbeams
with geometrical imperfection. Microsystem Technologies, 25, 3137–3150.
Mirjavadi, S. S., Forsat, M., Barati, M. R., Abdella, G. M., Afshari, B. M., Hamouda, A., et al. (2019b). Dynamic response of metal foam FG porous cylindrical
micro-shells due to moving loads with strain gradient size-dependency. The European Physical Journal Plus, 134, 214.
Nami, M., & Janghorban, M. (2015). Free vibration of functionally graded size dependent nanoplates based on second order shear deformation theory using
nonlocal elasticity theory. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology Transactions of Mechanical Engineering, 39, 15–28.
Nguyen, L. B., Nguyen, N. V., Thai, C. H., Ferreira, A., & Nguyen-Xuan, H. (2019). An isogeometric Bézier finite element analysis for piezoelectric FG porous
plates reinforced by graphene platelets. Composite Structures, 214, 227–245.
Nguyen, N. V., Nguyen-Xuan, H., Lee, D., & Lee, J. (2020). A novel computational approach to functionally graded porous plates with graphene platelets
reinforcement. Thin-Walled Structures, 150, Article 106684.
Numanoğlu, H. M., & Civalek, Ö. (2019). On the dynamics of small-sized structures. International Journal of Engineering Science, 145, Article 103164.
Ouyang, H. (2011). Moving-load dynamic problems: A tutorial (with a brief overview). Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 25, 2039–2060.
16 A. Eyvazian, D. Shahsavari and B. Karami / International Journal of Engineering Science 154 (2020) 103339

Phung-Van, P., Luong-Van, H., Nguyen-Thoi, T., & Nguyen-Xuan, H. (2014). A cell-based smoothed discrete shear gap method (CS-FEM-DSG3) based on the
C0-type higher-order shear deformation theory for dynamic responses of Mindlin plates on viscoelastic foundations subjected to a moving sprung
vehicle. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 98, 988–1014.
Pinnola, F., Faghidian, S. A., Barretta, R., & de Sciarra, F. M. (2020). Variationally consistent dynamics of nonlocal gradient elastic beams. International Journal
of Engineering Science, 149, Article 103220.
Pourasghar, A., & Chen, Z. (2019). Effect of hyperbolic heat conduction on the linear and nonlinear vibration of CNT reinforced size-dependent functionally
graded microbeams. International Journal of Engineering Science, 137, 57–72.
Rafiee, M. A., Rafiee, J., Wang, Z., Song, H., Yu, Z.-. Z., & Koratkar, N. (2009). Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content.
ACS Nano, 3, 3884–3890.
Rahimi, A., Alibeigloo, A., & Safarpour, M. (2020). Three-dimensional static and free vibration analysis of graphene platelet–reinforced porous composite
cylindrical shell. Journal of Vibration and Control 1077546320902340.
Safarpour, M., Rahimi, A., & Alibeigloo, A. (2019). Static and free vibration analysis of graphene platelets reinforced composite truncated conical shell,
cylindrical shell, and annular plate using theory of elasticity and DQM. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 1–29.
Sahmani, S., Aghdam, M. M., & Rabczuk, T. (2018a). A unified nonlocal strain gradient plate model for nonlinear axial instability of functionally graded
porous micro/nano-plates reinforced with graphene platelets. Materials Research Express, 5, Article 045048.
Sahmani, S., Aghdam, M. M., & Rabczuk, T. (2018b). Nonlocal strain gradient plate model for nonlinear large-amplitude vibrations of functionally graded
porous micro/nano-plates reinforced with GPLs. Composite Structures, 198, 51–62.
Sahmani, S., Fattahi, A., & Ahmed, N. (2019a). Analytical treatment on the nonlocal strain gradient vibrational response of postbuckled functionally graded
porous micro-/nanoplates reinforced with GPL. Engineering with Computers, 1–20.
Sahmani, S., Fattahi, A., & Ahmed, N. (2019b). Analytical mathematical solution for vibrational response of postbuckled laminated FG-GPLRC nonlocal strain
gradient micro-/nanobeams. Engineering with Computers, 35, 1173–1189.
Shahsavari, D., & Janghorban, M. (2017). Bending and shearing responses for dynamic analysis of single-layer graphene sheets under moving load. Journal
of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 39, 3849–3861.
Shahsavari, D., Karami, B., Janghorban, M., & Li, L. (2017). Dynamic characteristics of viscoelastic nanoplates under moving load embedded within visco–
Pasternak substrate and hygrothermal environment. Materials Research Express, 4, Article 085013.
She, G.-. L., Yuan, F.-. G., Karami, B., Ren, Y.-. R., & Xiao, W.-. S. (2019). On nonlinear bending behavior of FG porous curved nanotubes. International Journal
of Engineering Science, 135, 58–74.
Shen, H.-. S., Zheng, J.-. J., & Huang, X.-. L. (2003). Dynamic response of shear deformable laminated plates under thermomechanical loading and resting on
elastic foundations. Composite Structures, 60, 57–66.
Sheng, G., & Wang, X. (2009). Studies on dynamic behavior of functionally graded cylindrical shells with PZT layers under moving loads. Journal of Sound
and Vibration, 323, 772–789.
Shirai, Y., Osgood, A. J., Zhao, Y., Kelly, K. F., & Tour, J. M. (2005). Directional control in thermally driven single-molecule nanocars. Nano Letters, 5, 2330–2334.
Şimşek, M. (2010). Dynamic analysis of an embedded microbeam carrying a moving microparticle based on the modified couple stress theory. International
Journal of Engineering Science, 48, 1721–1732.
Simsek, M. (2011a). Forced vibration of an embedded single-walled carbon nanotube traversed by a moving load using nonlocal Timoshenko beam theory.
Steel and Composite Structures, 11, 59–76.
Şimşek, M. (2011b). Nonlocal effects in the forced vibration of an elastically connected double-carbon nanotube system under a moving nanoparticle.
Computational Materials Science, 50, 2112–2123.
Simsek, M., Aydin, M., Yurtcu, H., & Reddy, J. (2015). Size-dependent vibration of a microplate under the action of a moving load based on the modified
couple stress theory. Acta Mechanica, 226, 3807.
Şimşek, M., Kocatürk, T., & Akbaş, Ş. (2012). Dynamic behavior of an axially functionally graded beam under action of a moving harmonic load. Composite
Structures, 94, 2358–2364.
Sobhy, M. (2020). Buckling and vibration of FG graphene platelets/aluminum sandwich curved nanobeams considering the thickness stretching effect and
exposed to a magnetic field. Results in Physics, 16, Article 102865.
Sobhy, M., & Zenkour, A. M. (2019). Vibration analysis of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite doubly-curved shallow shells on elastic
foundations. Steel and Composite Structures, 33, 195–208.
Song, M., Kitipornchai, S., & Yang, J. (2017). Free and forced vibrations of functionally graded polymer composite plates reinforced with graphene
nanoplatelets. Composite Structures, 159, 579–588.
Wang, Y., Xie, K., Fu, T., & Shi, C. (2019). Vibration response of a functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet reinforced composite beam under two successive
moving masses. Composite structures, 209, 928–939.
Wu, Q., Chen, H., & Gao, W. (2019). Nonlocal strain gradient forced vibrations of FG-GPLRC nanocomposite microbeams. Engineering with Computers, 1–12.
Xiao, W.-s., & Dai, P. (2020). Static analysis of a circular nanotube made of functionally graded bi-semi-tubes using nonlocal strain gradient theory and a
refined shear model. European Journal of Mechanics-A/Solids, Article 103979.
Ye, J. (2011). Laminated composite plates and shells: 3D modelling. Springer Science & Business Media.