CopyrightOMagFrit TOM TAT LY THUYET QUAN TRONG ON THI GIUA Ki HOA HOC 1-CH1012 Chwong 1: Cau tao nguyén tir 1. Mé dau vé nguyén tir: 1. Cac hat co ban tao thanh nguyén tir: ~ Nguyén tir co kich thuéc khoang 1A (10"!° m), khoi Iugng 10°? kg. - Nguyén tir gom hat nhin (g6m proton va notron) va lép v6 electron chuyén d6ng xung quanh hat nhan: +) pronton: my = 1,672.10” keg; qp = +1,602.10"9 C +) notron: ma= 1,675.10?” kg; khong mang dién + electron: f= 9G: «. ~ IGOTO? c - G trang thai co ban, sé proton = sé electron nén nguyén tit trung héa vé din. - Hat nhan cua hau hét cdc nguyén t6 déu bén (trit nguyén t6 phong xa). 2. Thuyét lgng tit ve nguyén tit: - Anh sang lan truyén trong chin khéng véi van téc c = 3.10° m véi bude song A hay tan s6 7 - Mét long tit anh sang (photon) c6 nang luong la: Bayh 0) Trong do hang sé Planck #= 6.625.109 01S — Bai todn hign turong quang dién: Bé xay ra hign tong quang dién thi “PRS Rape Been br = nein Hae — Tinh vin téc electron bat ra trong hin tugng quang dién,.. 3. M6 hinh nguyén tw Bohr: - Trong nguyén tit, mdi electron quay xung quanh het nhn chi theo nhimg quy dao tron ding tim véi ban kinh xéc dinh. = Mai quy dao img voi mét mite ning lueng xéc dinh cia electron. Quy dao gan nhan 1 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chét”Copyright@MagFrit - Khi electron chuyén tir quy dao nay sang quy dao khac thi xay ra su hp thu hodc giai phéng nang Iwong. — Bai todn nguyén tit Hidro Nang long img véi le PB ain 1,23... 9 Khi electron chuyén quy dao tir mite nang Inong n t6i mite nang long n’ (n’>n) thi nd au) (@V), hap thu mot ning long AE = E, ~E, =~13,6(+ Khi electron chuyén tir quy dao co mite nang lurgng n’ vé quy dao cé mirc nang lugng 1 1 3,6.( ) (eV) n (n’>n) thi n6 giai phong mét nang lvong AF =|E, - E, no (G day ching ta quan tam vé dé ln cia nang long hap thy/giai phong AZ>0) Mat khae ag= “nin 6 thé inh duoc bude song cua electron (Iuru y déi vé cing don vi J dé tinh), 4, Long tinh song — hat cita hat vi mo: - Louis De Broglie dita ra gia thuyet moi hat vat chat chuyen dong deu c6 the coi laqua Sin doe dic trumg bai bude séng A theo hé thitc: Pe cone dé hla hing s6 Planck va. p=mv la d6ng lurong hat vat chit. - Nhu vay déi v6i hat vi mé thi m kha Ién nén 2 nho (so véi m) nén tinh chat song c6 thé bo qua. Con déi véi hat vi m6 thi m nh6 nén Ién (so véi m) nén khéng thé bo qua tinh chat song. Ta cé thé xét qua vi du duéi day: +) Mot hat c6 khdi Ivgng m= 0,3 kg chuyén déng véi van t6c v = 30 m/s thi busée song h_ 6,625.10" mv 0,330 la: a= =0,736.10™m +) Electron co khéi luong m = 9,1.103! kg chuyén dng v6i van téc 10° m’s thi bude h s6ng la: A=—L= - 6 my 9,1.10°".10% 2 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chdt”CopyrightOMagFrit 5. Nguyén I bat dinh Heisenberg: ~ Khong thé xie dinh dng thoi chinh xac ca toa dé va van t6c hat, do dé khong the ve duge chinh xéc quy dao chuyén dong cua hat - H8 thite: armed ws hla hang so Planck IL. Khai quat vé co hoc lwong tir: 1. Ham séng va phuong trinh Schrodinger: - Trang thai chuyén déng ctaa electron trong nguyén tir duroe m6 ta bai méthim cita toa 6 va thi gian Y(x,y,2,0). - Trang thai dimg tng voi (x, - Gii phuong trinh song sé tim ra ham séng va chuyén dong cita electron. 2. Obitan nguyén tie (AO) va may electron: ~ May e duoc quy u6e 14 min khOng gian gan hat nhan nguyen tt, trong 46 xe swat 66 Méi dam may electron durgc xdc dinh bang mot bé mat gici han gém nhiing diém cé cling mat d6 xac suat. Dam may s la hinh cau. Dam miy p co dang hinh qué ta d6i, dam may d c6 dang hinh hoa bén cénh... Ae AG - May clectron cé hinh dang gan giéng AO tuong img chi khdc khi bigu dién ham song thi c6 déu(+) hay (-) cén may electron khéng cé dau. Vi du: IIL. HG 1 electron va hé nhigu electron: 1. Hé | electron (H, ion giéng H): - K&t qua giai phwong trinh song thu durge nang long toan phin cia electron E va lam xudt hign 3 sé long tir n, 1, m. sane (eV) NGin nguyen drone direc go} 3 aoe cin cng cho 3 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chét”CopyrightOMagFrit - n= 1 tmg v6i Emin goi la trang thai co ban — trang thai cé mute ning long thap nhat. = Sé luong tir phu va sé hong tir tir: 3. Hé nhiéu eletron: - Trong hé nhidu electron, mai electron kho sat chiu téc dung cia: Iye hit hat nhdn va luc day cua cac electron cén lai Trudng thé tao ra khOng xuyén tam, nang lugng cia electron trong trudng nay khong nhiing phy thudc yao n ma cén phy thude vao 1. Dé khio sat hé niy — phai dua hé vé hé lelectron + ding phtrong phap gan ding. * Phuong phap gin ding 1 electron. Khai niém dién tich hat nhan hiéu dung - Phuong phap gin ding | electron: + Coi e khio sat chuyén déng trong | trursng Z’ do hat nhan va tat c cde e con lai gay ra, Z’ duoc goi la dién tich hat nhan hiéu dung. ZZ, o 1a hing sé chin ciia cdc € con lai. + Coi cdc e cn lai chin bét anh huéng hat nhan | dai krong o. + + Coi truring tao ra do Z” 1a trudng xuyén tam. 4 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chét”CopyrightOMagFrit - Két qua ciia bai toan I electron cé thé ap dung cho bai toan nhieu electron ( bang céich sir dung phutong php gin ding trén): Céc biéu thite tinh E, déu ging nhau, chi khac ché nao cé Z thi durgc thay thé bing Z’. * Nang lugng electron trong hé nhiéu electron: PER ew 4. Ynghia ciia bén sé lwgng tit: - Lop va phan l6p electron: + Trong nguyén tir nhiéu electron, nhiing electron co Gang gid tri/S6 lvong tw chinkin tao thanh mot n 1 3 4 5 (ie (Ke w (Xo OP Ca + Trong cing mét I6p céc clectron duge chia thanh n phan lop, moi phan lop trong eng mét lép durge dic trung boi mot gi tri eva v a 1 0 1 2 - ¥ nghia cia 4 sd lugng tir + Sé luong tir chinh n: Xéc dinh {peleetion trong nguyén tir. Xac dinh KH ehwoe may Glectron (n cing Ién thi kich thuéc may electron cng lén va mat 4 electron cing loang). Xéc inh mie nang litong ciia electron/ion trong hé | electron va xa dinh mite nang Ivgng tung binh cua electron trong cing mét lp déi véi hé nhiéu electron, +86 ong ti phu I Xie inh isk AREETAAATATAPEREESR. Xéo din A doi voi hé nhiéu electron. + $6 luong tir tir m: Xée dinh Sin hugng Gta AO hay may eleetOn trong khong gian xung quanh hat nan. + Sé Ivong ti spin m.: ie trig cho chuyén dng riéng ia electron, IV. Su phan bé electron trong hé nhidu electron: Quy use viét bé sé ong tir theo thir tu (n, 1, m, ms), viét ki higu AO theo thir tu gid tri ciia n va tén phan lép (vi du AO Is) 1. Nguyén If logi trir Pauli: 1 2 Vi du, déi véi lop K: n= 1 + 1=0— m=0(A0 Is) vam, hoe -Snén chi 66 thé c6 t6i da 2 electron tmg v6i bé sé luong tit (1,0,0, 3 )va (1,0,0, = 2 5 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chdt”CopyrightOMagFrit - Hé qua: Tinh sé electron t6i da cho AO, 6p, phan lép: Phan lp s P d f SéAO t 3 5 7 Sé electron t6i da 6 10 14 2. Nguyén ly vieng ba - Trong nguyén tir cic electron Bhigmn trHGe hét CAE AO 66 mike ning long thap hat, Nang luong cic AO trong nguyén ttr duge sip xép theo tht ty ting din nhu sau: Is <2s < 2p <3s< 3p <4s= 3d <4p< 5s~ 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f= Sd.<6p<7s...... ~ Thoa man ae Khi AO nao as 6 | Vi du nhu 38 34d L mife Is (n+1 = 1) c6 nang lugng thap hon mic 2s Vy 2), mite 3d c6 n+1= §, trong khi mite 48.6 Mapa! |, vi vay dién tit sé vao 4s truée 3d, mite 34 56 56 5d 508 va 4p cling cé n+l = 5 nhung dign tt sé vao 3d 277 7 truée 4p. 6p gd 6f 6g, 3. Quy tic Hund: - O luong tir: Méi AO duge dic trung bai 3186 Wong tien). Mai AO duoc biéu din bing 1 6 luong tir, ki higu [7] - Quy tic Hund: Trong mét phan lép chus dit sé electron téi da, cdc electron c6 khuynh hudng phan bé déu vao cic 6 luong tir sao cho S6/eleetFon doe thin Va Spin Song Song (electron déc thin li electron dig mot minh trong 1 AO). ‘Tp 7d 7f 7g... . Su phan bé eletron trong nguyén tir phai tudn theo dong théi cic quy tic trén. V. Cach viét cfu hinh electron nguyén tir, ion: 1. Cau hinh dang chit: - Dé viét hinh dang chit can biét: + $6 electron trong nguyén tit/ion. Véi nguyén tir X, s6 electron = Z, véi cation X™, s6 electron = Z-n, véi anion X™, sé electron= Z+m. + Sé electron t6i da img véi mdi phan lép. 6 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chét”CopyrightOMagFrit + Thit tu dién electron theo nguyén ly ving bén. “Vi 1 hinh electron cho trang thai co ban viét duréi dang ki hiéu cdc phan lép véi sé mii li sé electron ciia phin lép dé, viét theo thir tu phan Isp theo quy tic Klechkowsky dén khi hét electron. Sau dé c6 thé xép lai theo chi Vi du cdu hinh electron cla Mn (Z=25) la 1s'2s*2p%3s?3p°3d54s? - Laru j khi viét cfu hinh electron 46i véi cation thi cén lu y (iijSHT RSE RSHBIESTOR ii 16p Aga frre, vi vay cdu hinh electron két thie cua Mn? sé la ...3d° ma kh6ng 1a 3d°4s tang ctia n. 2. Cau hinh dang 6 licong t - Cich viét: + Dua vao cau hinh electron dang chit dé viét cau hinh electron dang 6 luong tir voi méi 1 AO ing véi 2 electron. ra er . a we on k, 1. i, 1 + M@j electron duoc ki kigu boi mot mai tén T néu m= 4>va | néu m, = ~>. Hai clectron trong 1 AO cé chiéu nguge nhau. + Néu 1 6c6 dit 2 electron thi goi li da ghép déi, con néu chi cé 1 electron thi goi la electron dc than. + Néu phan Iép chua bao héa electron thi phai tuan theo quy tée Hund (viet hét mét lot electron vio hét céc 6 cia phan lop 46 101 méi quay lai viét hrot tiép theo dé s6 electron 6c than la t6i da). Vi du cau hinh electron cita N(Z=7) 1a [71 1 tit yt tay 4] GF] aT 3. Hién tugng voi bio hoava voi nita bio hoa: - Trong mot sé nguyén tir, viét cu hinh electron theo nguyén ly viing bén 6 trang thai co ban c6 Nguyén nhan a do hiéu ning hrong gitta hai phan lép ns va (n-1)d ahé va cae phin lép d'® va d° la cc phan lép bao héa va ban bao héa la cae phan lop bén nén cé sur chuyén Le tir ns sang (n-I)d Vi du cdu hinh electron cua Cr (Z=24) la [Ar]3d°4s! thay vi [Ar]3d44s? Cau hinh ctia Cu (Z=29) 1a [Ar]3d!°4s! thay vi [Ar]3d4s? - Chui y Hign tuong kich thich xay ra khi electron nhan nang Iuong dé nhay len phan mic nang Ivong cao hon tng véi trang thai kém bén hon so véi trang thai co ban (trang thai bén 1a trang thai ma nang lwong téng céng ciia nguyén tir li nho nhat). 7 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “cht”CopyrightOMagFrit inh luat tun hoan cae nguyén t6 héa hoc -Bang tuan hoan cac nguyén t6 héa hoc Chwong 2: 1 1. Dink t Dinh luat tuan hoan. HTTH theo thuyét cau tao hién dai: Gt man hoan: - “Tinh chit ciia cde nguyén t6 va hop chit cia Shing bin thigh ain oan then /emiea - Tinh tuan hoan dé 1a do sur bién doi tuén hoan trong cau tao ca cic nguyén tit theo chiéu ting cia dign tich hat nhan, —> Tinh chat nguyén t9 va hop chat eita ching do dién tich hat nhan quyét dinh, 2. Bang tudn hodn céc nguyén té héa hoc: * Nguyén tic xép: - Xép theo chiéu ting dan ciia dién tich hat nhan. - Dim bio tinh tun hoan vé c4u hinh electron nguyén tir cita cc nguyén tir. + Cac nguyén tir c6 Ging S6lép electron xép theo 1 hanig (chu ki) * Chu ki: La tap hop cac nguyén té c6 eiing sé lép v6 e va dat theo | hang ngang, 5 lop electron = sé thit tu chwki. - Gim 7 hang ngang img voi Tehu ki, khong phan biét chu ki lon nho, chin lé Chu ki 1: Chi cé 2 nguyén t6 (x4y dung 6 phn lép 1s) (Chu Ke 2) Se MOH/CHUKI C6 Singuyen|t6 (xay dung 6 cae phan lop 2s, 2 (Chu ki 4, 5: Mdi chu ki c6 18 nguyén t6 (Chu ki 6: C6 32 nguyén 6 Chu ki 7: Hign e6 32 nguyén t6 (ket thite 6 nguyén t6 118) * Nhan xét . 38, 3p) - Trong 1 chu ki di tir diu téi cudi chu ki, sé electron lép ngoai ciing ting dan tir 1 dén 8 - Su bién thién tuin hoan trong cdu tao nguyén tir cua céc nguyén t6 khong lap lai 1 cach don gian ma cé su m6 rong tir chu ki 4 — s6 nguyén té trong cac chu ki tang. * Nhom: La tip hop cdc nguyén t6 c6 céu hinh electron héa tri tong tur nhau xép thanh mét cét. 8 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chdt”CopyrightOMagFrit Gom 8 nhom: danh so tir 1 > VIII, méi nhém duge chia thanh 2 phan nhom: +) Nhém A (phan nhom chinh): Nguyén tir cita céc nguyén t6 nhém A c6 die diém: - Nguyén tir dang duge dién e vao phan lép BS HOE ( n [A 1p ngoai cing). Vi du (Z=3)1s?2s*, (Z=9) 1s*2s*2p* be i ngoai cing cia nguyén tir = sé thir tu nhém chira n6 (Jns*ap’ thi so nhom A +) Nhém B ( phan nhém phu): Nguyén tit ciia ce nguyén t8 nhém B 6 dae diém: - Nguyén tir dang duoc dién electron vao phan lép (t#i)d howe (@-2)f Vi du (Z=21) 13°2s*2p%3s°3p°3d!4s* 5 e lép ngoai cing ciia hau hét cdc nguyén tir nguyén té nhom B li 2 (ns’), cia mot s6 it li 1 (ns!) va ciia 1 truéng hop Pd (7=46) khéng chita electron nao 6 Isp ngoai cing (5s"). Vay sé e 6 6p ngoai cling ciia cdc nguyén tir nguyén t6 nhom B < 3 — hau hét cac nguyén t6 nhom B 1a kim loai. - Véi cau hinh electron nguyén tir {Mme} dens? goi A= ae - Nguyén t6 ma su dién e cudi cing vio nguyén tir xay ra 6 ns goi la cdc nguyén t6 s. Dinh nghia tuong tu déi véi cdc nguyén té p, d, f + Cac nguyén t6 nhém IA, IIA 1a cae nguyén té s. + Cae nguyén té nhém IIIA — VIIA Ia cdc nguyén té p. + Cac nguyén té nhom B 1a cac nguyén té d (riéng nhém IIIB cé ca nguyén t6 f). + Cac nguyén t6 fma surdién e cudi cling vao nguyén tirxay ra 6 4f— goi la cdc nguyén t6 lantanoit hoc céc nguyén t6 ho lantan, con cdc nguyén t6 f ma su dién electron cudi cling 6 Sf — cc nguyén t6 Actinoit (ho actini), 9 | SCE — HUST Héa Ia phai “chdt”CopyrightOMagFrit IL. Sw bién déi tudn hoan | sé tinh chat cia céc nguyén t6: 1. Higu ting chiin: Trong nguyén tir H c6 1 e > e nay bi toan bé dién tich hat nhan hat Trong nguyén tir nhiéu e, ngoai luc hit ctia hat nhan déi v6i cac e, con Ie day giita cde 6 dién tich cing diu. Lue day nay Lim gidm luc hat cia hat nhan déi véi cdc e. Trong truéng hop nay ngudi ta noi cae e chan lan nhau. Nhu vay trong nguyén tir nhiéu e, Moi Khio ting — tée dung chan ctiae thir i di véi e khio sit ting va Z’ di véi e khao sat iam va nguoc lai * Nhan xét vé quy luat chin: é (6 xa nhan nhat la ¢ cé gia trin va | ln nhat), - Cac e trong ting | I6p (ciing n) chin Ian nhau kém va theo chiguns-np-nd-nf téc dung chan gidm dan, kha nding bi chan ting dan (o tang). ~ Cie ¢ trong cling 1 phan Iép (cing n, 1) chin lan nhau cing kém, dic bist ede e trong cling I phn lip diy I nit, se 66 spin song song nhau chin in naw kém nt vic nay mai e chim 1 AO trong phan Iép xa nhat). ~ Cie phan 6p bao hda e thude 16p bén trong mat do € day dae chin manh ¢ bén ngoai. 2. Quy lu@t bién thién ning lurgng ciia cic AO héa tri, Eso: Theo obng thie BaneZ e162 (eng to ty ing) —> Khi Z’ ting thi E giam — n ting thi E ting. a. Trong I chu ki ~ [rong 1 hui Gea Gua phat Hoa Bia vi n~ const, Z tang — Z’ ting: 2’ ting do A ting chém hon Z, A ting chim vi tir trai qua phai trong | chu ki cdc e duge dién vao cing mét Iép nén tée dung chan lin nhau kém (s nh). - Trong mot chu ki tir trai qua phai, higu nang luyng gitta cdc AO np va ns tang dan: AE = E,,~ E,, ting 10 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit b. TrOng WHOM: tir trén xuéng trong | nh6m thi = E héa ting din do + Z tang nhicu tir 8 18, cau tric bao hoa e chan manh véi e ngoai — Z’ tang cham hon, n ing nhanh hon. - Higu AE = E,,~ £,, giam don ting nhanh, 3. Phuong phap gan ding Slater: - Quy tie Slater + Cu trae cia nguyén tir doc Ghia thanh time nhom nhu sau: (Is), (2s), (3 3p), (3d), (48 4p), (4d), (49),-.- + e 6 nh6m cao hon bén phai coi nhu khéng chan e 6 nhém thip hon bén trai. + Déi véi cdc e 6 AS)Ap thi: Cav eo trong eng ahém chin nhau 0.35 riéng et Is chin ahau 0.3. Cae © 6 nom (n-1) chin 0,85. Cae © 6 nhim (n-2) tre di chan 1,0. + Déi véi cdc e 6 H@ynE thi: Cac e cing nhém chin nhau 0,35. Cae ¢ nh6m bén trai chin 1,0. = Mot sé vi du: (1) Ni (2-28): 18°25°2p393p'3d4s* 3g, =1.0,3=0,3 2.0,85+7.0,35 = 4,15 2.1+800,85+7.0,3 Oy = 18.14 7.0,35 = 20,45 10.14 16.0,85+1.0,35 = 23,95 1,25 o. 0,3 0,8547.0,35=4,15 2.1+8.0,85+7.0,35 Fray 044 =18.145.0,35 =19,75 0.1+14.0,85+1.0,35 - Tinh tong nang luong obitan nguyén tir: Tinh nang lugng cho méi ¢ theo céng thite: Khi dé nang luong ting céng bang téng ning hrong cdc e cong lai. 11 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit ‘Vi du v6i Li (Z=3) 1s?2s! thi 03.17 (3-0,85.2) Sp 2-13,6.° Fe = 204, 034 Tuy nhién dé ding hon nén EREVIRIBARBIN (56 long ti: higu dung) a 1 2 3 4 3 6 nt 1 2 3 37 4 42 4. Nang licong ion héa cia nguyén tit I (eV, kI/mol) a. Nang Iuong ion héa thir nhat: I, Nang long ion hod thir nhat 11 1a fini Treng Ti thigu ein ThIE AE teh Te ra Khoi nguyén tir 6 trang thai co ban va 6 thé khi than ion tich dign +1 eting & trang thai khi va co ban. Xkes) - le Xen) , Ly > 0, Li la ning lugng ion hod thirnhat Nang luong ion hod thir hai tmg véi qua trinh but electron thit hai X*qer)- le > XK, Ta luén c6 b> Tuong tu cho Is,... b. Electron nao bi tach khi nguyén ti khi bi ion hoa: Khi nguyén tir bi ion héa thi e lién két yéu nhat véi hat nhan s& bi bitt ra true tién, 46 la 8G Iép ngoai cing (mg vsi e cé'n Ién nhat) c6 ning long lén nhit. Vi du Ti (Z=22): 1s°2s*2p°3s*3p°3d°4s? c 6 lép ngoai ciing la 4s’ cdc ¢ nay bi tach true tién khi bi ion héa, sau dé méi dén cae e 6 3@2 c. Cac yéu t6 anh hung dén nang hrong ion hoa: Khi nguyén tir mat c tite 14 xay ra hién tugng ion hod thi c sé chuyén tir cdc AO ra xa v6 cling. Khi dé nang long ion hoa img véi qua trinh mat e duge tinh bing céng thite: I=E,- £,=136.2- (ev) = Tir biéu thite ta thy rang ning luong ion hod I phu thudc vao n va Z’. I cang lén khi n mhé va Z’ lén. Z’ phu thudc vao Z va o do dé I s& phu thudc vio n, | va Z. 12 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit d. Quy luat bin ddi I Trong ft Chul ki khi di tir trai sang phai ndi chung fy fang dan va dat gid tri cuc dai & khi tro. Tir nguyén tir khi tro cia chu ki true dén nguyén tir dau tién cia chu ki tiép theo I: lai gidm xuéng d6t ng6t roi lai tang dan nhu chu ki truée. Qué trinh lap di lap lai tir chu ki nay sang chu ki khac va duroc goi lA sur tuan hoan cia Ly. Giai thich: Trong 1 chu ki, tir trai qua phai thi E. giam — I; ting do n=const , Z’ ting dan (Z ting manh hon o). Ii min 6 dau chu ki ns!, [) max 6 cudi chu ki ns*np® Vi véi ns! lp bén trong bao héa— chin tot— 1, min. ns*np* bao hoa > khé tach e 1) max Vin =const Z’ ting dan, tuy nhién I ting khong déu vi thay xuat hién nhing Cac cuc tiéu nhé xudt hign bén trong mai chu ki, nén day 1A sy tuan hoan néi chu ki cia nang lrong ion hoa thir nhat. ‘Tong mo phin nom chin Ki ie wen xu gir yg dn, eon ong mt pin nhém phu su bién thién nay cham va khong du. ¢. Tinh gan ding nang hong ion héa thir nhat: - Tong quat tinh I: {2 EY)SEY EV) tong tur cho tinh 1. (tinh theo phuong phap gan diing Slater), Vi du: Li (1s%s!) 5 Lit(1s’) E 5,746 (eV) - V6i cau hinh electron chi 6 1e lép ngoai cing thi c6 thé tinh nhanh |; ding bang ning lurong ciia e dé vé dé én (va nguge vé dau) (nhu Li 6 vi du trén): - Vi cdu hinh electron cé sé electron 16p ngoai cing khac 1 thi I) chinh 1a d6 chénh Iéch nang lugng ¢ lop ngoai cing cia X* va X (khi le lop ngoai cing bi bit ra thi ning luong cdc e lép ngoai cing cén Iai bi thay ddi). 13 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit 1 Vi du: Mn (...3d%4s?) Mn* (...3d54s!) Tinh cho Mn: Tinh cho Mn‘ 7, =1.0,35+13.0,85+1.10=21,4 7, =13.0,85+10.1 = 21,05 Ea =-13,6(2 Ey Em) = B64 PES 3,7 3,7 Khi dé 5 25-21,05., 25-21,4 5 Eescatwsy ~ Essai 13.6(—Ga) +2.13,6. 37 y =10,25 (eV) (dingn*thaychon) 5. Ai he déi véi e cia nguyén tir A.: = La kha nang két hop electron cua nguyén tir dé tao thanh ion Am, no ting voi qui trinh. Xkeb) + Le + Xl Key ay: Nang luong két hop electron Ia nang lurong thoat ra hay thu vao khi két hop them le vao nguyén tir trung hoa 6 trang thai khi, co ban, - Khac véi nang long ion hod thi nang Inong két hop electron cé thé Am, dutong hoc bing 0. Ai lure véi electron cang Ién thi ning long két hop electron cng nho. 6. D6 dm dign cia nguyén t6 (y): - Dinh nghia: la dai hrong dic trang @ho kha nang hut ap elién ket cia nguyén tir trong phan tir. - Tinh 49 am dign theo Pauling: trong d6 Dan, Daz, Dp2 1a nang Iuong lién két Lan lugt cia hop chat va cdc don chat tinh theo kJ/mol. Lay 46 am dién cita Hidro 1 2,2 lam chuan. Vi du tinh d6 am dién cia Brom theo Pauling dura vao sé ligu vé nang luong lién két cho duéi day cia FBr, Bro va F> lan hrot la 238; 193; 155 kJ/mol. Lay a6 am dién cia Flo la 4 lam chuan: lv %u|=0,102JBj,, > 4- 75, = 0,102, p38-2.193+155) > Kp =318 14 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit - Tinh 46 am dién theo Mulliken: PEE cone dé I, va Actinh theo kJ/mol. Vi du: Tinh d@ Am dién cia Na biét nang luong ion héa thir nhat va ai lye electron lan uot 1a 498; -53 kJ/mol. 498453 +0,17=1,24 ~ Quy luat bi doi nin chung trong mét chu ki d@ dm din tng, tong mot nim d6 amaien gam 7. Ban kinh nguyén tit, ban kinh ion,...: - Quy luat bién déi ban kinh nguyén tir: + Trong BGT cr ai sang phai Hin SGN BR KAN RGUVER Bi do Z ting (ban kinh Ién nhat 6 IA va nhé nbdt 6 VIIA, hay noi cach khae- wong mot chu ki ban kinh kim loai lén hon bén kinh phi kim). Ban kinh nguyén tir ¢6 sw giam rd rét 6 chu ki nhé. Cang 1g s6 dign tir lam ting luc day giita cde dign tir dan dén + Trong fGEHRGM chinh di ti trén xudng duéi Hhin/ chung ban Kinh nguyen tir wing Diu nay 1a do sé lép clectron ting va higu img chan chiém uu thé so voi su gia tang dign tich hat nhin dan dén Iue hut gitta hat nhén véi cdc dign tir ngoai cing giam lam cho bin kinh ting én. - Nhin chung ban kinh ion thudng nhu sau: + (do cing Z thi khi mat bet e sé ting uc hit cua hat nhdn déi véi e ngoai cing, nguoc lai néu nbn thém e). + cdc ion e6 cling sé ¢ thi ion ndo e6 Z cang lon thi ban kinh edng nho. 8. Tinh kim logi vé phi kim: Mot nguyén t6 co S68 lop ngoai cang 24 1a kim loai trir B (Z = 5) va H (Z=1), do la cdc nguyén té nhom IA, IIA, IIIA. Mét so nguyén té kim loai c6 s6 e lép ngoai cing 1a 4 nhu Ge, Sn, Pb; cé sé e hoa tri 18 5 nhu Bi, Sb Cac nguyén to co S6@ lép ngoai Cing>"3 1a nguyén t6 phi kim D6 li cdc nguyén t§ nhém IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA tri: Sn, Pb, Ge (IVA), Sb, Bi (VA) 1a cc kim loai. 15 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”CopyrightOMagFrit = Quy lat bién dai: Fg I a hs ‘rong mot phn nhm chinh ten su6ng tinh kim fai wing dn cdn tinh phi kim gidm Gan. Trong phan nhém phu di tir trén xuéng tinh kim loai giam dan. 9. Sé oxi héa ctta nguyén t Khi tuong tac hoa hoc lu6n xay ra su di chuyén electron hod tri tir nguyén tir nay sang nguyén tir khic. Chinh su di chuyén nay xac dinh s6 oxi hoa ca nguyén tir tham gia tuong tac. Nguyén tir mit ¢ hod tri sé tich dién dong va do dé né sé cé sé oxi hod (+). Sé oxi hoa (+)= s6 e hod tri mat, Nguyén tir thu e hod tri sé tich dién 4m, do d6 c6 6 oxi hoa (-). Nur viy, sé oxi hoa = s6 e hod tri nhuéng hoie aha. ‘S6 oxi Rod/cao hat Gia moe NgUyEn To = 6 thir HF AHOM cia n6 trit F, O, cae nguyén t6 nhém IB, VIIB. Vi du: s6 oxi hod am thap nhat ciia cdc halogen nhém VILA la = 7-8 = -1; sé oxi hod am nat ciia cdc nguyén 16 nhom VIA la = 6-8 = -2 ; s6 oxi hod cao nhat eita cic nguyén t6 nhom VA, VB la +5 ; sé oxi hod cao nat cia cde nguyén t6 nhom VIIA (trir F), VIB la +7 IL. Méi lién hé giira c4u tao nguyén tir véi vi tri va tinh chat cia cic nguyén to trong bang tuan hoin: 1. Biét cdu tao v6 electron suy ra vj tri va tinh chat: Vi du 1: Nguyén t6.c6 Z = 22 Biét Z viét cdu hinh electron: 1s*2s’2p°3s°3p°3d°4s" - Lép ngoai cing 6 n= 4 nén nguyén té 6 chu ki 4 - Cae electron cudi ciing dang durge dién ¢ phan l6p d nén 1a nguyén t6 d va thuéc nhom B - Tong s6 e & phan lép ns + s6 e & phan lop (n-1)d = 4 nén nguyén t6 thude nhém IVB - Vi c6 sé € lap ngoai cing = 2 <4 nén la kim loai Vi du 2: Nguyén t6 c6 Z= 35 Cau hinh electron ctia nguyén 16 la: 1s°2s*2p"3s°3p%4s°3d"“4p> = Nguyén td thude chu ki 4 vi cé 4 lép electron 16 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”Copyright©MagFrit - Day li nguyén té p vi cdc e cudi cing dang dién 6 phan lop 4p - Sé e lp ngoai cing = 7 > 3 1A phi kim, thuée nhém VILA 2. Biét vj wi trong bang tudn hoan suy ra cdu tgo v6 electron: Vi du 1: Nguyén t6 X, chu ki IIL, nhom VILA - Vi nguyén té & chu ki IIT nén c6 3 1ép electron - Vi nh6m VIIA nén cau trac 16p ¢ ngoai cing 1a ns?np* “au hinh electron: 1s?2s?2p%3s?3p> Vi du 2: Nguyén té A & chu ki IV, nhom VIB - Vi chu ki lV nén.c6 4 lop v6 electron > n= 4 - Nhém VITB, cau tric Isp v6 electron ngoai cing la: (n-1)d'ns?: 3d°4s* - CAu trie v6 electron: 1s?2s?2p°3s23p'3d4s? 17|3 —HUST Hoa la phai “chat”Copyright©MagFrit Tom lai - Trong tim déi voi chuong 1: + Phuong trinh Einstein, bai toin hign tuong quang dién, + Hé thite De Broglie cho thuyét lwdng tinh s6ng —hat + Bai toan chuyén ddi quy dao cita electron ciia nguyén tir Hidro (Bai toan nguyén tir Hidro) + Nguyén ly bat dinh Heisenberg + Cae quy tac va cach viet cau hinh electron cua nguyén tir, ion & trang thai co ban + Hé qua eta nguyén ly loai trit Pauli (tinh sé electron ti da) + Bén sé luong tir va y nghia, lop va phan lop = Trong tim chong 2 (chii yéu): + Nguyén tic x4y dung Bang HTTH (chu ki, nhhom) + Cach xa dinh nhom A, B, loai nguyén to s, py dy + So sinh cae tinh chat dya trén cic quy Iudt bién déi tuan hoan (nang long ion héa, 6 am dién, bin kinh nguyén ti/ion, + Phuong phap gin diing Slater tinh hing sé chin, dign tich hat nhdn higu dung tir 46 tinh nang luong obitan nguyén tir tong cOng, nding Itong ion héa,.... n dign theo Pauling va Mulliken + M6i lién hé gitta cau hinh electron va vi tri nguyén t6 trong bang tun hodn (Toin b6 nhing phan trong tim da duge boi ving) 18 | SCE — HUST Héa la phai “chat”Copyright©MagFrit Tom Iai = Trong tim déi voi chwong 1: + Phuong trinh Einstein, bai toan hign tuong quang dién, + Hé thite De Broglie cho thuyét luéng tinh song — hat + Bai toan chuyén di quy dao cita electron ciia nguyén tir Hidro (Bai todn nguyén tir Hidro) + Nguyén ly bat dinh Heisenberg + Cac quy tac va cach viét cau hinh electron cua nguyén tir, ion 6 trang thai co ban + Hé qua cia nguyén ly loai trit Pauli (tinh sé electron tdi da) + Bén sé luong tir va ¥ nghia, lp va phan lop - Trong tim chuong 2 (chii yéu): + Nguyén tie xy dung Bang HTTH (chu ki, nhom) + Cach xac dinh nhom A, B, loai nguyén t6 s, pdf + So sinh cde tinh chat dura trén céc quy Iuat bién di tuan ho’n (ning hrong ion héa, d6 am dién, ban kinh nguyén tw/ion,...) + Phurong phap gin diing Slater tinh hang sé chin, dign tich hat nhan higu dung tir dé tinh nang luong obitan nguyén ti tng céng, nang long ion héa..... + Tinh dé am dién theo Pauling va Mulliken + M6i lign hé gitia ciu hinh electron va vi tri nguyén té trong bang tuin hodn (Toin 66 nhiing phn trong tim da diege béi vang) 18] —HUST Hoa la phai “chat”