Full name: Lê Nguyễn Vân Anh

Student ID: BTBTIU18385

1. Present your understanding of research ethics in the use of

human tissue and human embryos for your research? How to prevent ethics
in the use of human tissue and human embryos?
‘Stem cells’ are primitive cells with the capability to divide and provides rise to
additional identical stem cells or to specialize and kind specific cells of somatic
tissues. Generally, two forms of stem cell may be distinguished: embryonic stem
(ES) cells which might solely be derived from pre‐implantation embryos and have
a verified ability to create cells of all tissues of the adult organism (termed
‘pluripotent’), and ‘adult’ stem cells, which are found during a sort of tissues in the
fetus and when birth and are, below traditional conditions, more specialised
(‘multipotent’) with a very important function in tissue replacement and repair.
The possibility of damaging embryo research, significantly embryonic stem cell
research, presents us with ethical downside as a result of it seems to bring into
tension two basic moral principles that we have a tendency to esteem very highly:
one principle enjoins the hindrance or alleviation of suffering, and another enjoins
us to respect the worth of human life. As noted, the harvesting and culturing of
embryonic stem cells has goodly potential to create outstanding potential
advantages in the approach of alleviating debilitating medical conditions. So, it
satisfies the first principle to a really great degree.
On the opposite hand, there is a case to be considered that the harvesting of human
embryonic stem cells violates the second principle in that it leads to the destruction
of human life with value (i.e. human embryos). Some people believe that an
embryo is a person with the same moral status as an adult or a child. As a matter of
religious faith and moral conviction, they believe that “human life begins at
conception” and that an embryo is considered as a person. According to this view,
an embryo has interests and rights that must be respected. From this perspective,
taking a blastocyst and removing the inner cell mass to derive an embryonic stem
cell line is the behavior of murder human. Therefore, both principles apparently
cannot simultaneously be revered in the case of embryonic stem cell research.
Moreover, in a research told that “using human ova and creating human embryos
for research would circumvent the scientific uncertainties about the translation of
data generated in non-human animals to humans. These practices, however, raise
serious ethical concerns. First, the number of human ova available for research is
scarce. This scarcity is the result of the amount of time invested and physical
discomfort that must be endured by a woman to produce enough eggs for retrieval
from her body. In addition, the process of ova retrieval is onerous and risky.
Women who wish to use their ova for IVF or to sell or donate them must undergo
weeks of daily hormone injections to induce hyperovarian stimulation. They must
be monitored daily as they get closer to the ova “ripening” and then undergo
general anesthesia and extraction of the ripe eggs through the vaginal wall. These
procedures are not without risks. Hyper-ovarian stimulation and ova retrieval are
usually undergone by women hoping to use their own eggs in a “reproductive
project”– an attempt to get pregnant through IVF. In order to have human ova for
stem cell research, women would have to donate their eggs for research rather than
have them fertilized for future implantation. Some have suggested that an
agreement to donate eggs for research could be encouraged by lowering prices of
IVF treatments. This, however, is problematic since it requires that a woman give
up some possible chances at getting pregnant.”1
To prevent ethics in the use of human tissue and human embryos, we have some
way that can help research to continue:
- Apply the iPS cell to study. The iPS cells (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells)
are completely artificial cells. It means a iPS cells are derived from skin or
blood cells that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like
pluripotent state that enables the development of an unlimited source of any
type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes. According that method,
we can research about stem cells without using embryo.
- Use Parthenogenesis and Androgenesis. Parthenogenesis and Androgenesis
cannot develop to human, so we can develop to get ES cells for study.
- Use late 8-cell embryos to get ES cells because late 8-cell embryos have
developed to pluripotent cells.

2. Present your understanding Plagiarism (definitions of plagiarism,

types of plagiarism, how to prevent plagiarism, penalties for plagiarism)?
Why is plagiarism on the increase?
Plagiarism is the portrayal of another writer's ideals, contemplations, thoughts, or
articulations as one's own unique work. It may be intentional or accidental action
but it is still considered an educational dishonesty and who ever conducts
plagiarism will face great consequences. Because it is a "crime" and the idea or
intellectual product is an asset protected by law in almost places of the world, the
writer must be careful when referring ideals of other people in own paper and
citing the published source.
1
Lori P. Knowles, “Ethics of Research Using Hybrids, Chimeras and Cytoplasmic Hybrids”
According the lecture of PhD. Nguyen Van Thuan, there are five common types of
plagiarism. The first type is “Copy and paste”, which the writer uses all the
sentences or paragraphs of others but not making them in quotation marks and
citing the source. The second type is “Word Switch”; author takes some sentences
in a source, keeps the sentence structure and grammar intact but changes a few
words. Next, “Style Plagiarism” is the third type. It is also a copy form that the
writer imitates the writing style of a article of person in every sentence or all the
paper. The continuous type is “Idea Plagiarism”, which is described “If the author
of the source article expresses a creative idea or suggests a solution to a problem,
the idea or solution must be clearly attributed to the author. Many students have
difficulty distinguishing an author's ideas and/or solutions from public domain
information. Public domain information is any idea or solution about which people
in the field accept as general knowledge.” (PhD. Nguyen Van Thuan, slide 47 of
PowerPoint “1.How to write the thesis”). And the final type is “Self-plagiarism”,
which is the author reuse significantly their old parts in other papers without
recognizing their acts or citing initial source. All of them are the plagiarizing
behaviors, so we need to be watchful when we want use ideal of others.
To avoid the plagiarism, there are some ways to do. First, you have to know what
is the plagiarism and its different types to avoid unnecessary errors. Second, you
must make sure knowing clearly the source: quality, accuracy, and accepted by
specialist group and citing the source correctly. Third, you need to paraphrase the
reference by your word and your understanding to not mistake like third type
“Style Plagiarism”. Fourth, you should know what need to quote or not. This will
make your paper not to be “citing” paper. And last, you must check your article
again to make sure that you cite the source completely, have enough knowledge,
and your paper does not take any plagiarism errors.
The penalties for plagiarism have four main points. First, if a student's plagiarism
is discovered, the student will be suspended or even expelled. Not stopping there,
the university will clearly record the ever-plagued behavior of violators into their
transcripts. This stigma will no longer allow an offender to enter any future high
school or university. Most educational institutions in the world have a very strict
attitude to plagiarism. Even universities have a separate committee that specializes
in verifying students' honesty. Normally, with the first offense, students will be
suspended from school for a while, but if they repeat the case, they will be
expelled. Second, plagiarism has a great influence on the career of business people,
politicians or the public people. Not only personal ruin, they may also be fired or
demoted to lower ranks. In an open society like this, it is easy for this person to do
bad things to the ears of other employers. Because of this, after being discovered
plagiarism, violators also find it difficult to find jobs that are respected by people.
Depending on the severity of the plagiarism and the reputation, their reputation
will be more or less destroyed. For example, if a person working in the education
industry has been found plagiarized, they may be banned from publishing any
more publications. This is no different to the end of their career in education.
Third, copyright infringement is an act that is considered extremely serious. No
one has the right to use someone else's work without citing it. You should note that
the author of the work has the sole right to sue the plagiarism in court. Some
plagiarism can be considered criminal criminals, even at risk of imprisonment.
People who make a living writing, like journalists or writers, are often at risk of
plagiarism issues. Those who do work related to writing must be very careful to
avoid violating copyright laws and plagiarism. For professional writers, plagiarism
is not only related to the law but also violates professional ethics. Besides being
discredited, expelled from school, and unemployed, plagiarism may also be subject
to a fine. In cases, an author whose works have been decided by the director to sue
the infringer, he or she may be required to pay damages to the author with a sum of
money. Whether you are a college student or a journalist at a reputable magazine,
you will be punished fairly when you break the law. Finally, plagiarizing research
articles can be kill human. Imagine a person doing medical research but copying
from different sources rather than doing his own research. The results of this
unconfirmed research could lead to many deaths if it is applied in practice. At this
time the consequences of plagiarism affect not only violators but also others. That
maybe lead to plagiarists can go to jail for many years and the research sectors will
also be affected adversely reputation.

3. Present your understanding of misconduct (definitions of misconduct, types

of misconduct, prevent misconduct)? Why is misconduct on the increase?
“Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly
conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.
A Lancet review on Handling of Scientific Misconduct in Scandinavian
countries provides the following sample definitions, reproduced in The COPE
report 1999:
Danish definition: "Intention or gross negligence leading to fabrication of the
scientific message or a false credit or emphasis given to a scientist"
Swedish definition: "Intentional distortion of the research process by fabrication of
data, text, hypothesis, or methods from another researcher's manuscript form or
publication; or distortion of the research process in other ways."
The consequences of scientific misconduct can be damaging for perpetrators and
journal audience and for any individual who exposes it. In addition there are public
health implications attached to the promotion of medical or other interventions
based on false or fabricated research findings.”2
Type of misconduct
Fabrication is making up results and recording or coverage them. This can be
generally cited as "drylabbing". An additional minor kind of fabrication is
wherever references are enclosed to administer arguments the appearance of
widespread acceptance, however they are literally fake, or do not support the
argument.
Falsification is manipulating analysis materials, equipment, or processes or ever-
changing or omitting data or results specified the analysis is not accurately
represented in the research record.
Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or
words without giving appropriate credit.
Ghostwriting is the phenomenon where someone other than the named author(s)
makes a major contribution. Typically, this is done to mask contributions from
authors with a conflict of interest.
Conversely, research misconduct is not restricted to not listing authorship, however
conjointly includes the act of conferring authorship on people who have not
created substantial contributions to the analysis.
Compared to different kinds of scientific misconduct, image fraud (manipulation of
pictures to distort their meaning) is of explicit interest since it can often be detected
by external parties. though the kind of manipulation that is allowed can depend
greatly on the kind of experiment that is presented and conjointly disagree from
one journal to another, generally the subsequent manipulations are not allowed:
- Splicing together different images to represent a single experiment
- Changing brightness and contrast of only a part of the image
- Any change that conceals information, even when it is considered to be
aspecific, which includes:
+ Changing brightness and contrast to leave only the most intense signal.
+ Using clone tools to hide or fix information.
- Showing only a very small part of the photograph so that additional
information is not visible.
How to prevent misconduct:

2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_misconduct
- “Ensure policies governing academic research not only are in place, but
are followed. Make sure everyone in the research environment — from the
lab assistant to the housekeeping professional who cleans the lab to the most
well-respected researcher in the division — knows they have a role in
protecting research integrity. Posters that alert staff to the phone number
they may call to anonymously report concerns should be prominently
featured throughout the space. Additionally, discussions around research
misconduct — what it is and how to prevent it — should take place at every
level, from students to professors to board members.Institutional leaders also
should take care to assure students and staff that no individual will face
retaliation for reporting concerns regarding misconduct and that their
comments will be taken seriously. When people trust that their concerns will
be heard and acted upon, they are more likely to share their feedback
internally for investigation rather than with outside agencies.
- Set standards for supervision of all testing.  It is critical that leadership set
expectations for every member of the research team regarding the need for
transparency among team members in the research setting. When tests are
conducted by assistants, ensure that a more experienced member of the team
is always available for consultation. The institution can determine the best
form that supervision may take, depending on experience levels and
facilities necessary to conduct the research.Look at the quality of the
mentoring program your institution provides for research and lab assistants
who are new to the field, and work to strengthen relationships between
mentors and mentees. Doing so will foster a collaborative environment and
establish the basis for communication and trust from the start of the working
relationship.
- Enforce expectations for process rigor. Lack of process rigor is another
defining element in academic research cases gone wrong. Provide checklists
of steps that must be followed in conducting specific tests, and hold
researchers and research assistants accountable for their completion and
adherence.Researchers and assistants also should keep detailed notes
describing the type of testing conducted and the results achieved. Make sure
each researcher and assistant understands the level of detail needed, and
provide examples of sample notebook entries for them to view. Checklists
and notebooks should become part of the historical record for the study and
should be maintained pursuant to research study and institutional document
retention policies.
- Communicate expectations for accurate accounting of time spent on
research activities. Provide education to team members — during
onboarding and annually, as part of compliance training — on the types of
 activities that should be included in research hours that are documented for
grant purposes and how to document their work. Make sure team members
understand the importance of documenting their time immediately after an
activity has taken place, with detailed entries that reflect the type of work
conducted for a specific project. Ensure all researchers understand that their
timekeeping may be audited by the funders, or, in the worst case, by
enforcement agents.
- Evaluate the strength of your grant accounting function. Researchers
who conduct studies funded by federal grants must be good stewards of the
federal monies provided to them. When funds spent on these studies are
tracked inadequately or incorrectly — or when hours and expenses are
tracked in separate systems — it is difficult to accurately account for the
time and money spent if the study were ever to become the focus of federal
scrutiny. It could also lead to questions from grant oversight personnel. And
if team members are past grant templates and estimations for future work, it
could call grant accounting into question and lead to potential accusations of
accounting fraud. Institutions should invest in a single system for grant
accounting, with reports shared monthly with team members for evaluation
and correction, if needed. Regularly sharing these reports with each research
team member, leaders, and the board also will heighten the level of
transparency associated with the initiative.
- Establish an Office of Research Integrity. Institutions must be equipped to
respond to allegations of academic research misconduct in a timely manner.
An internal ORI-like team should be headed by a compliance officer who is
familiar with research practices, but does not conduct research. Team
members should include professionals with a legal background and a close
connection to the legal department. In allegations of fraud, the ORI would
interview researchers and assistants and alert the proper institutional
departments to their findings. When issues are identified, a nonpartisan
panel composed of professionals who have conducted research and
understand the ethical and compliance considerations involved should be
tasked with reviewing the team’s findings and recommending action.”3

Why is increased scientific misconduct?

Several reasons might be responsible for that are listed as the follows:
Career pressure:

3
https://ankura.com/insights/strategies-for-preventing-research-misconduct/
Science remains a really powerfully career-driven discipline. Scientists depend
upon a decent reputation to receive current support and funding, and a nice fame
depends mostly on the publication of high-profile scientific papers. Hence, there is
a powerful imperative to "publish or perish". Clearly, this might inspire desperate
(or fame-hungry) scientists to fabricate results.
Ease of fabrication:
In several scientific fields, results are usually hard to breed accurately, being
obscured by noise, artifacts, and different extraneous information. It means that
even if a scientist does falsify information, they will expect to induce away with it
– or at least claim innocence if their results conflict with others in the same field.
There are not any "scientific police" who are trained to fight scientific crimes; all
investigations are created by specialists in science however amateurs in handling
criminals. it is comparatively simple to cheat though troublesome to understand
exactly what number scientists fabricate data.