Scalars And Vectors

SCALARS AND VECTORS SYNOPSIS

SCALARS AND VECTORS FUNDAMENTALS
Scalar Quantities
A physical quantity which can be described completely by its magnitude only and does not require
a direction is known as a scalar quantity.
Examples : Distance, mass, time, speed, density, volume etc.
Vector Quantities
A physical quantity which has magnitude and direction and obeys all the laws of vector algebra is
called a vector quantity.
Examples : Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
Respresentation of a vector :
A vector is represented by a line headed with an arrow. Its length is proportional to its magnitude.
  
A is a vector. A  PQ Q
A

P
Note
 
Magnitude of A  | A|  A  | PQ |
Magnitude of a vector is always positive.
TYPES OF VECTORS
Parallel Vectors
A
Those vectors which have same direction are called parallel vectors.
Angle between two parallel vectors is always 0°. B

Equal Vectors
Vectors which have equal magnitude and same direction are called equal A
  B
vectors. A  B
Anti-Parallel Vectors
A
Those vectors which have opposite direction are called anti–parallel
vector. Angle between two anti–parallel vectors is always 180° B

Opposite (Or Negative) Vectors

Vectors which have equal magnitude but opposite direction are called A B

  A B
opposite vectors. Here AB & BA are opposite vectors

Note

AB  BA

Coplanar Vectors
Vectors located in the same plane are called coplanar vectors. Ex.: 2iˆ  3 ˆj and  2iˆ  8 ˆj are
coplanar vectors i.e. lie in XY plane.

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 Scalars And Vectors
Null or Zero Vectors
Vector whose magnitude is zero is called a null vector. Its direction is arbitrary and is not specified.
Unit Vectors

A vector whose magnitude is 1, is called unit vector. A unit vector is represented by  .


ˆ Vector A
Unit Vector A  
Magnitude of the vector A

Note

A unit vector is used to specify the direction of a vector.

Three Standard Unit Vectors 

(j)
Y-axis
In x – y – z co-ordinate frame there are three unit vectors

i , j and k which are used to indicate X, Y and Z axes respectively..

X-axis 
(i)

These three unit vectors are mutually perpendicular i.e. iˆ  ˆj  kˆ . 

(k)
Z-axis

Polar Vectors
Vectors which have initial point or a point of application Q
are called polar vectors. A
displacement
Examples : Displacement, force etc. initial point P

Axial Vectors
These vectors are used in rotational motion to define rotational effects. Axis

Direction of these vectors is always along the axis of rotation in

accordance with right hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule.
  
Examples : Small angular displacement (d) , Angular velocity    , Angular momentum ( J) ,
 
Angular acceleration () and Torque ()

NCERT POINT

Position And Displacement Vector :

Consider the particle initially at P and after some time moves to P’.
If we join OP and OP’ then it will give the position of the particle at
respective points.
OP  Position vector initially
OP'  Position vector after some time
If we join PP’ (with tail at P and tip at P’), then vector PP’ is called
displacement vector. Its pictorial representation is given in figure.

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 Scalars And Vectors

NCERT POINT
Multiplication Of Vector By Real Number :
Multiplying a vector A with a positive number  gives
a vector whose magnitude is changed by the factor 
but the direction is same as that of A.
Multiplying a vector A by a negative number  (a) Multiplication by (b) Multiplication by
gives a vector whose direction is opposite to the positive number negative number
direction of A and magnitude is changed by factor .
The pictorial representation of it is given in figure.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

Addition and Substraction of Vectors can be classified as follows :

Addition and Substraction Of Vectors

Graphical Analytical

Law of Parallelogram

Law Of Law Of
Triangle Polygon

GRAPHICAL METHOD
Law of Triangle
If two vectors are represented by two sides of B
a triangle in same order then their sum or B A+
B
R=
'resultant vector' is given by the third side Vector Sum B
  
of the triangle taken in opposite order of the
first two vectors. A A

Note

Law of triangle mostly used for right angled triangle.

Law of Polygon
D
If some vectors are represented by sides
C
of a polygon in same order, then their C
B
resultant vector is represented by the
closing side of polygon in the opposite order. R
A
    
Here R  A  B  C  D A
D B

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 Scalars And Vectors

Note
If n vectors of equal magnitude are arranged at equal angles
of separation then their resultant is always zero.

ANALYTICAL METHOD

Law of Parallelogram
If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram which are directed away from their common point then
their sum (i.e. resultant vector) is given by the diagonal of the 

parallelogram passing away through that common point.

  
R AB

R= A 2  B 2  2 AB cos  ,

B sin  A sin 
tan   & tan  
A  B cos  B  A cos 

Special Cases :
Case I :  0 , R  A B

Case II :   90 , R  A2  B 2
Case III :   180 , R  A  B

Trick

Resultant of two vectors of equal magnitude will be at their bisector :

   B
If | A|| B|, then     /2 R  AB
2
/2
A
If two vectors have equal magnitude i.e. | A|| B| a and angle between
them is  then resultant will be at the bisector of A and B and its
magnitude is equal to 2a cos( / 2). |B|=a R=2acos( /2)
   
| R || A  B | 2 a co s  
2
 12 0  
If   1 2 0  th e n R  2 a co s  a
 2  /2
|A|=a
     /2
i .e . if   1 20  th en | R || A  B || A || B | a

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 Scalars And Vectors

SUBSTRACTION OF VECTORS
    
Let A and B are two vectors. Their difference i.e. A – B can be treated as sum of the vector A and vector
ector
    
(– B ) means, A  B  A  (  B)
   B
To subtract B from A , invert the direction of B and add it to

vector A according to law of parallelogram.
 
Here | A  B| A 2  B 2  2 AB cos   A
  
where  is the angle between A & B . Let angle of difference
B
  

A-
B sin 
vector ( A – B ) from vector A is  then tan =

B
A  B cos  –B

Note

If two vectors have equal magnitude, i.e. | A || B| a and  is the
angle between them,
   
then, | R|| A  B| 2a sin
2
   
If   60 then | R|| A  B| 2a sin  a
2
1. In Physics, whenever we want to calculate change in a vector
quantity, we have to use vector substraction.
For Ex. : change in velocity ( V )  V2  V1 or Vfinal  Vinitial
2. If A  B  A  B then B  0 (a null vector)

RESOLUTION OF VECTORS INTO

RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
Two Dimensions
When a vector is splitted into components which are at right angle to each other then the compenents
are called rectangular or orthogonal components of that vector. Now according to rule of vector
addition
    
or a  a x iˆ  a y ˆj Y (j)
OA OB  OC
OB
In OAB, = cos  or OB = OA cos  or a x  a cos 
OA C A

AB a
asin

and = sin  or AB = OA sin  = OC or a y  a sin 

OA
 
From Pythagorous theorem a  a x2  a 2y acos X (i)
O B

 ay
Angle of a from x - axis is given by tan  
ax

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 Scalars And Vectors
Three Dimensions
 
In terms of x, y and z-components A is given as A  Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Azkˆ

Magnitude of A is given as A  Ax 2  A y 2  A z 2

As shown in the figure, if A make angles and 
from x, y and z-axes respetively, then
Ax
Ax  A cos  cos 
A
Ay Az
A y  A cos   cos   and A z  A cos   cos  
A A
Here cos , cos  and cos  are called directional cosines of the vector.
cos2  + cos2  + cos2 = 1
sin2 + sin2  + sin2 = 2
Note : "It means that the sum of the squares of the direction cosines of a vector is always one and the and sum
of the squares of the direction sines of a vector is always two."

Note

1. A vector is independent of the orientation of axes but the components of that

vector depends upon the orientation of axes.
2. The component of a vector along its perpendicular direction is always zero.

UNIT VECTOR
When we divide an arrow which represents a vector of magnitude 3 units into Given Vector
three equal parts, each arrow represents a magnitude of one unit.
 
In general, when we divide any vector A by its magnitude A , it gives us
  Unit Vector
a unit vector of that vector denoted by the symbol aˆ  A / A .
  
Hence, any vector A can be given as its magnitude times its unit vector, A  A aˆ .

Hence, A is parallel to â . a
A unit vector shows the orientation of the corresponding vector in space.
MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
Vectors of different types can be multiplied to generate new physical quantities which may be a
scalar or a vector. If, in multiplication of two vectors, the generated physical quantity is a scalar,
then their product is called scalar or dot product and if it is a vector, then their product is called
vector or cross product.
Dot or Scalar product of two vectors
Definition :
B
The scalar product (or dot product) of two vectors is defined as the product
of their magnitudes with cosine of the angle between them. Thus if there are two
  A.B = AB cos 
vectors A and B having angle θ between them then their scalar product is 
  A
written as, A . B = AB cos θ

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 Scalars And Vectors
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
 
1. According to definition, A.B  AB cos
     
i) If   0 , A . B  AB ii) If   90 , A . B  0 iii) If   180 , A . B   AB
 
 A.B  1
2. The angle between the vectors,   cos  
 AB 
   
3. It is commutative i.e. A.B  B. A
      
4. It is distributive i.e. A.( B  C )  A.B  A.C
           
5. It is associative i.e. ( A  B) . (C  D)  A . C  A . D  B . C  B . D
6. In case of orthogonal unit vectors iˆ , jˆ and k̂ , iˆ . ˆj  ˆj . kˆ  kˆ . iˆ  1  1  cos 90  0
7. The scalar product of a vector by itself is termed as self dot product and is given by
 
A. A  AA cos 0  A 2
8. In case of unit vector , iˆ . iˆ  jˆ . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  1  1  cos 0  1
9. In terms of components,
 
A . B  ( A x iˆ  A y ˆj  A z kˆ ).( B x iˆ  B y ˆj  B z kˆ )
 
A . B  ( A x Bx  A y B y  A z Bz )
 
10.Scalar product of two vectors will be zero when cos  = 0, i.e.  = 90° therefore ( A.B)  0
i.e., if the scalar product of two nonzero vectors is zero then vectors are orthogonal or
perpendicular to each other.

Note

Projection Of Vector :

(a) Dot Product (b) B cos is the projection (c) A cos  is the projection
of B on to A of A on to B
A.B  AB cos
 
  A.B
Projection of B on to A  B cos 
A
 
  A.B
Projection of A on to B  A cos 
B

CROSS OR VECTOR PRODUCTS OF

TWO VECTORS
The vector product or cross product of two vectors is defined as a vector C =A× B 
n
having magnitude equal to the product of their magnitudes with the sine of angle 
n
between them, and its direction is perpendicular to the plane containing both the
vectors according to right hand screw rule or right hand thumb rule.
  A B

Thus, if A and B are two vectors, then their vector product
     
i.e. A  B is a vector C defined by C  A  B  AB sin  nˆ
  
| C |  | A  B |  AB sin 
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 Scalars And Vectors
Right hand Screw Rule
    
The direction of A  B , i.e., C is perpendicular to the plane containing vectors A and B and towards
ards
 
the advancement of a right handed screw rotated from A (first vector) to B (second vector) through
the smaller angle between them. Thus, if a right handed screw whose axis is perpendicular to the
   
plane formed by A and B is rotated from A to B through the smaller angle between them, then the
 
direction of advancement of the screw gives the direction A  B , [See Figure A]
A×B A×B

A A

A B B
B

Figure (A) Figure (B)

Right hand Thumb Rule

 
Place the vector A and B tail to tail. Now place stretched fingers & thumb of right hand perpendicular
  
to the plane of A & B such that the fingers are along the vector A . If the fingers are now closed through
   
smaller angle so as to go towards B , then the thumb gives the direction of A  B i.e. C [See Figure B]
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
 
1. According to definition A  B  AB sin 
     
i) If   0 , A  B  0 ii) If   90 , A  B  AB iii) If   180 , A  B  0
 
 AB 
 1 
2. The angle between the vectors   sin
 AB 
  A×B=C
   
3. It is anti commutative i.e. A  B  B  A
       
A  B  B  A But A  B  B  A  AB sin  B
    A
Note : A  B   B  A
   
i.e., in case of vectors ( A  B) and ( B  A ) ,
magnitudes are equal but directions are opposite
      
4. It is distributive i.e. A  ( B  C)  A  B  A  C B
            A
5. It is associative i.e. ( A  B)  (C  D)  A  C  A  D  B  C  B  D
6. In case of orthogonal unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ ; iˆ  ˆj  ? , B × A = –C
According to cross product
iˆ  jˆ =1 × 1 × sin90° = 1.
To get the direction we have to
apply right hand thumb rule. By applying right hand thumb rule we
come to know that direction of iˆ  ˆj is along positive z axis i.e. k̂ .
Similarly, ˆj  kˆ  iˆ , kˆ  iˆ  ˆj and ˆj  iˆ   kˆ , kˆ  jˆ   iˆ , iˆ  kˆ   ˆj

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 Scalars And Vectors
7. The vector product of a vector by itself is termed as self cross product and is given by
 
A  A  AA sin 0  0
8. In case of unit vector , iˆ . iˆ  ˆj . ˆj  kˆ . kˆ  1  1  sin 0  0
9. In terms of components,
 
A  B  ( Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ)  ( Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ)

iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
A  B  Ax Ay Az  iˆ( A y B z  A z B y )  ˆj ( A x B z  A z B x )  kˆ ( A x B y  A y B x )
Bx By Bz

10.If two vectors are parallel to each other i.e.   0 then, cross product is zero. Also the ratio
of respective direction coefficient remains constant.
 
A  Ax iˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ & B  Bx iˆ  By ˆj  Bz kˆ

Ax Ay Az
 
Bx By Bz
     
11.If A , B and C are coplanar, then A.( B  C )  0 .
   
12.Angle between ( A  B) and ( A  B) is 9 0  .

Note

Formulae To Find Area:

  1  
(1) If A & B are two sides of a triangle, then its area  | A  B|
2
   
(2) If A & B are two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area | A  B|
  1  
(3) If A & B are diagonals of a parallelogram then its area  | A  B|
2

LAMI’S THEOREM
It states that if the resultant of three vectors is zero, then the magnitude of a vector is
directly proportional to the sine of angle between other two vectors (Fig.). Or it can be stated as if
the resultant of three vectors is zero, then the ratio of magnitude of a vector to the sine of angle
between other two vectors is constant, i.e.,

A B C
 
sin  sin  sin 

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 Scalars And Vectors
CLASSWORK
   
RESULTANT OF TWO VECTORS, 6. Given that A  B  C and that C is
TRIANGLE LAW   
   perpendicular to A . Further if | A ||C |, then
1. The magnitude of vectors A , B and C are 3, 4  
   what is the angle between A and B ?
and 5 units respectively. If A  B  C , the
   
angle between A and B is a) radian b) radian
 2
 3
a) b) cos–1(0.6) c) radian d)  radian
 4

7 
1  7. What is the angle between P and the resultant
c) tan   d)    
5  of ( P  Q) and ( P  Q) ?
2. Five equal forces of 10 N each are applied at a) zero
one point and all are lying in one plane. If the
angles between them are equal, the resultant b) tan 1 ( P / Q)
force will be
c) tan 1 (Q / P )
a) zero b) 10 N
d) tan 1 ( P  Q) / ( P  Q)
c) 20 N d) 10 2 N
8. A force of 6 kg and another of 8 kg can be
3. Find the resultant of three
   applied together to produce the effect of a
vectors OA , OB and OC single force of
shown in the following a) 1 kg b) 9 kg
figure. Radius of the circle c) 15 kg d) 22 kg
is R. 9. There are two force vectors, one of 5 N and
a) 2R b) R(1  2) other of 12 N at what angle the two vectors be
added to get resultant vector of 17 N, 7 N and
c) R 2 d) R( 2  1) 13 N respectively
 a) 0°, 180° and 90° b) 0°, 90° and 180°
4. In figure, E equals
c) 0°, 90° and 90° d) 180°, 0° and 90°
  
10. Let C  A  B then
 
a) |C | is always greater than | A |
   
b) It is possible to have |C || A|and|C || B|
c) C is always equal to A + B
  d) C is never equal to A + B
a) A b) B
    11. When tw o vectors of magni tudes P and Q are
c) A  B d) ( A  B) inclined at an angle  the magnitude of their
5. In the following options you are given the resultant 2P. When the inclination is changed
magnitudes of three forces in Newton acting to 180 –  the magnitude of the resultant is
simultaneously on a body. Find the set for halved. Find the ratio of P to Q.
which the resultant force on the body can be
a) 2: 3 b) 1 : 3
zero.
a) 10, 8, 2 b) 15, 30, 14 c) 1 : 2 d) 3: 2
c) 40, 19, 17 d) 10, 20, 35

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a)

10. (b) 11. (a)
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 Scalars And Vectors
12. Tw o f or ces of m agn i t u d es P and Q are 18. If the resultant of two forces of magnitude p
inclined at an angle () the magnitude of their and 2p is perpendicular to p, then the angle
resultant is 3Q. When the inclination is between the forces is
changed to(180 –  ) the magnitude of the
resultant force becomes Q. The ratio of the 2 3 4 5
a) b) c) d)
3 4 5 6
P
forces   is 19. A car is moving on a straight road due north
Q with a uniform speed of 50 km h–1 when it
a) 4 / 1 b) 2 / 1 turns left through 90°. If the speed remains
c) 1 / 4 d) 1 / 2 unchanged after turning, the change in the
13. Two forces, each of magnitude F have a velocity of the car in the turning process is
resultant of the same magnitude F. The angle a) zero
between the two forces is
a) 45° b) 120° b) 50 2 km h 1 S - W direction
c) 150° d) 60°
   c) 50 2 km h 1 N - W direction
14. The resultant of A  B is R1 on reversing the
  d) 50 m h–1 due west
vector B the resultant becomes R2 . What is  
20. What can be the angle between ( P  Q) and
the value of R12  R22 ?  
( P  Q) ?
a) A 2  B2 b) A 2  B2 a) 90°
c) 2( A 2  B2 ) d) 2( A 2  B2 ) b) 0° only
15. The sum of two forces acting at a point is c) any angle between 0° and 180°
16 N. If the resultant force is 8 N and its d) 180° only
direction is perpendicular to minimum force 21. A particle travels with speed 50 m/s from the
then the forces are
a) 6 N and 10 N b) 8 N and 8 N point (3 m, –7 m) in a direction 7 iˆ  24 ˆj . Find
c) 4 N and 12 N d) 2 N and 14 N its position vector after 3 seconds.
16. If vectors P, Q and R have magnitude 5, 12 and a) (45iˆ  125 ˆj ) m b) (45iˆ  151 ˆj ) m
  
13 units and P  Q  R , the angle between Q
c) (45iˆ  125 ˆj ) m d) (35iˆ  115 ˆj ) m
and R is
22. A particle moves so that its position vector
1 5 1 5 
a) cos b) cos varies with time as r  A cos t iˆ  A sin t ˆj .
12 13
The initial velocity of the particle is
12
1 1 7
c) cos d) cos a) A iˆ b) A jˆ
13 13
17. Following forces start acting on a particle at c) A(iˆ  ˆj ) d) A (iˆ  ˆj )
rest at the origin of the co-ordinate system
simultaneously RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS OF VECTOR
  23. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If
F1  4iˆ  5 jˆ  5kˆ , F2  5iˆ  8 jˆ  6 kˆ ,
its rectangular component in the horizontal
  direction is 50 N, then magnitude of the
F3  3iˆ  4 ˆj  7 kˆ and F4  2iˆ  3 ˆj  2 kˆ
vertical component of force is approximately
then the particle will move
a) 25 N b) 84 N
a) In x–y plane b) In y–z plane
c) In x–z plane d) Along x–axis c) 87 N d) 90 N

12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (c)
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 Scalars And Vectors
24. An object of m kg with speed of v m/s strikes 31. A person pushes a box
a wall at an angle q and rebounds at the same kept on a horizontal
speed and same angle. The magnitude of the surface with force of
change in momentum of the object will be 100 N. In unit vector
rotation, force can be
expressed as
a) 100( iˆ  ˆj ) b) 100( iˆ  ˆj )

c) 50 2(iˆ  ˆj ) d) 50 2( iˆ  ˆj )
a) 2mv cos b) 2mv sin  32. Determine a vector which when added to the
c) 0 d) 2mv  
resultant of A  2iˆ  5 ˆj  kˆ and B  3iˆ  4 jˆ  kˆ
UNIT VECTOR AND DIRECTION
  gives unit vector along negative y direction.
25. If P  Q then which of the following is NOT
a) 5iˆ  2 ˆj  2 kˆ b) 5iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
correct?
 
a) P̂  Qˆ b) | P ||Q| c) 5iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ d) 5iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ
  33. The unit vector parallel to the resultant of the
c) PQˆ  QPˆ d) P  Q  Pˆ  Qˆ  
vectors A  4iˆ  3 ˆj  6 kˆ and B  iˆ  3 ˆj  8 kˆ is
 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
26. The expression  i j  is a
 2 2  1 ˆ 1 ˆ
a) (3i  6 ˆj  2 kˆ ) b) (3i  6 ˆj  2 kˆ )
a) Unit vector 7 7
b) Null vector 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
c) Vector of magnitude 2 c) (3i  6 ˆj  2 kˆ ) d) (3i  6 jˆ  2 kˆ )
49 49
d) Scalar
DISPLACEMENT VECTOR & POSITION VECTOR
27. The unit vector along iˆ  ˆj is 34. A car travels 6 km towards north at an angle
of 45° to the east and then travels distance of
iˆ  ˆj iˆ  ˆj
a) k̂ b) iˆ  ˆj c) d) 4 km towards north at an angle of 135° to the
2 2 east. How far is the point from the starting
point? What angle does the straight line
28. A vector is represented by 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ . Its
joining its initial and final position makes
length in XY plane is with the east?
a) 2 b) 14 a) 50 km and tan 1 (5)
c) 10 d) 5
b) 10 km and tan 1 ( 5)
29. The angle made by the vector A  iˆ  ˆj with
x-axis is c) 52 km and tan 1 (5)
a) 90° b) 45°
c) 22.5° d) 30° d) 52 km and tan 1 ( 5)
30. If a unit vector is represented by 35. If a particle moves from point P(2, 3, 5) to point
Q(3, 4, 5). Its displacement vector be
0.5iˆ  0.8 ˆj  ckˆ , then the value of c is
a) iˆ  ˆj  10 kˆ b) iˆ  ˆj  5 kˆ
a) 1 b) 0.11
c) iˆ  ˆj d) 2iˆ  4 ˆj  6 kˆ
c) 0.01 d) 0.39

24. (a) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a)
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (c)
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 Scalars And Vectors
36. A sail boat sails 2 km due east, 5 km 37° south    
44. If P . Q  PQ , then angle between P and Q is
of east and finally an unknown displacement.
If the final displacement of the boat from the a) 0° b) 30°
starting point is 6 km dye east, determine the c) 45° d) 60°
 
third displacement. 45. When A . B  | A || B| then
a) 3 km, north b) 4 km, south  
c) 5 km, east d) 3 km, west a) A and B are perpendicular to each other
 
DOT PRODUCT b) A and B act in the same direction
37. Angle between the vectors (iˆ  ˆj ) and ( ˆj  kˆ )  
c) A and B act in the opposite direction
is  
a) 90° b) 0° d) A and B can act in any direction
c) 180° d) 60°
  46. The component of vector A  2iˆ  3 ˆj along the
38. Two forces F  5iˆ  10 jˆ  20 kˆ & F  10iˆ  5 ˆj  15kˆ
1 2
act on a single point. The angle between vector iˆ  ˆj is
 
F1 and F2 is nearly
5
a) 30° b) 45° a) b) 10 2
c) 60° d) 90° 2

ˆ ˆ
39. Let A  iA cos  jA sin be any vector.. c) 5 2 d) 5

Another vector B which is normal to A is CROSS PRODUCT
ˆ cos  jB
ˆ sin  ˆ sin  jB
ˆ cos  
a) iB b) iB 47. Vector A makes equal angles with x, y and z
ˆ sin   ˆjB cos 
c) iB ˆ cos  ˆjB sin 
d) iB axis. Value of its components (in terms of

40. The angles which a vector iˆ  ˆj  2 kˆ makes magnitude of A ) will be
with X, Y and Z axes respectively are A A
a) 60°, 60°, 60° b) 45°, 45°, 45° a) b)
3 2
c) 60°, 60°, 45° d) 45°, 45°, 60°

41. If a vector P making angles  ,  and  3
c) 3A d)
respectively with the X, Y and Z axes A
respectively. Then sin 2   sin 2   sin 2      
48. If for two vectors A and B , A  B  0 , the
a) 0 b) 1
vectors
c) 2 d) 3
 a) are perpendicular to each other
42. Consider a vector F  4iˆ  3 ˆj . Another vector b) are parallel to each other

that is perpendicular to F is c) act at an angle of 60°
a) 4iˆ  3 ˆj b) 6iˆ d) act at an angle of 30°
 
49. What is the angle between ( P  Q) and
c) 7kˆ d) 3iˆ  4 ˆj
     
43. If | V1  V 2 ||V 1  V 2 | and V2 is finite, then ( P  Q) ?
a) V1 is parallel to V2 
  a) 0 b)
b) V1  V 2 2
c) V1 and V2 are mutually perpendicular 
  c) d) 
d) | V1 ||V 2 | 4

36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (c) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (b) 49. (b)
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 Scalars And Vectors
50. What is the unit vector perpendicular to the  
55. Two vectors A and B have equal magnitudes.
 
following vectors 2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and 6iˆ  3 ˆj  2 kˆ ? hen the vector A  B is perpendicular to
   
a) A  B b) A  B
iˆ  10 ˆj  18 kˆ iˆ  10 ˆj  18 kˆ  
a) b) c) 3 A  3B d) all of these
5 17 5 17    
56. The value of ( A  B)  ( A  B) is
iˆ  10 ˆj  18 kˆ iˆ  10 ˆj  18 kˆ a) 0 b) A 2  B 2
c) d)    
5 17 5 17 c) B  A d) 2( B  A)
 
51. If A = 5 units, B = 6 units and | A  B| 15 units,   
57. Three vectors a , b and c satisfy the relation
      
then what is the angle between A and B ? a . b  0 and a . c  0 . The vecor a is parallel
a) 30° b) 60° to
 
c) 90° d) 120° a) b b) c
      
52. Three vectors A , B and C satisfy the relation c) b . c d) b  c
    
A.B  0 and A.C  0 . The vector A is parallel LAMI'S THEOREM
to 58. Three concurrent forces of the same
  magnitude are in equilibrium. What is the
a) B b) C
    angle between the forces? Also name the
c) B  C d) B  C triangle formed by the forces as sides
 
53. If a vector A is parallel to another vector B , a) 60° equilateral triangle
  b) 120° equilateral triangle
then the resultant of the vector A  B will be
c) 120°, 30°, 30° an isosceles triangle
equal to
 d) 120° an obtuse angled triangle
a) A b) A 59. P, Q and R are three
c) zero vector d) zero coplanar forces acting
54. Which of the following is the unit vector at a point and are in
  equilibrium. Given
perpendicular to A and B ?
P = 1.9318 kg wt.,
ˆ  Bˆ
A ˆ  Bˆ
A sin θ1 = 0.9659 , the
a) b)
AB sin  AB cos  value of R is (in kg wt.)
    a) 0.9659 b) 2
AB AB c) 1 d) 1 / 2
c) d)
AB sin  AB cos 

50. (c) 51. (a) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (d) 57. (d) 58. (b)
59. (c)
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