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ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 84–88
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of
Things(IIKI2019)

Research on Ship Target Radar Scatttering Characteric

2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and Knowledge in the Internet of
Measurement in Sea Battlefield
Things(IIKI2019)
Yongge Lu, Zhiming Xu, Xiangzhen Li, Jingping Yao
Research on Ship Target Radar Scatttering Characteric
Measurement in Sea Battlefield
Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory. Beijing 100854, P. R. China

Abstract Yongge Lu, Zhiming Xu, Xiangzhen Li, Jingping Yao

Study on electromagnetic scattering
Science and related
Technology to ship target Scattering
on Electromagnetic in the seaLaboratory.
battlefieldBeijing
environment is R.
100854, P. always
China an important topic in
radar seeker detection.。Dynamic measurement of radar cross section (RCS) of surface ship in outfield is an important means to
obtain change in surface ship navigating and measurement environment and so on, the fluctuation of RCS is random and irregular.
Abstract
The statistic analysis for measurement RCS data in outfield of a certain ship is very important. In this paper, based on the
airborne radar belong to Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Lab, the method of ship target measurement, It
Studythe
obtains on statistical
electromagnetic scattering
distribution rule ofrelated
ship’stoRCS
ship fluctuation.
target in theCompared
sea battlefield environment
the measured data iswith
always an important
the numerical topicthe
results, in
radar seeker
similarity detection.。Dynamic
measure measurement
result shows a good of radar
agree. It shows cross
that section (RCS)method
the measurement of surface ship in outfield is an important means to
is valid.
obtain change
Keywords: in surface
ship target; ship navigating
electromagnetic and measurement
scattering; statistic analysisenvironment and so on, the fluctuation of RCS is random and irregular.
© 2020
The The Authors.
statistic analysis Published by Elsevier
for measurement RCSB.V.data in outfield of a certain ship is very important. In this paper, based on the
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
airborne radar belong to Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Lab, the method of ship target measurement, It
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and
1. Introduction
obtains
Knowledgethe statistical distribution
in the Internet rule of ship’s RCS fluctuation. Compared the measured data with the numerical results, the
of Things.
similarity measure result shows a good agree. It shows that the measurement method is valid.
Keywords:
With theship rapid
target; electromagnetic
developmentscattering; statistic
of sensor analysis
detection technology and weapon attack capability, “Found that hit”
probability is bigger and bigger . Radar echo information of surface ship target may be detected, identified and
locked by radar sensor, which can provide effective target signal guidance for weapon attack. Radar cross section
1. Introduction
(RCS) of a target is a physical quantity that characterizes the scattering ability of a radar target to irradiated
electromagnetic waves. The surface ship is the active carrier of the information warfare equipment system, and its
RCSWith
is the
the rapid development
important informationof sensor
in thedetection technology
decision-making and weapon
application attack capability,
of passive “Foundand
countermeasure thatthreat
hit”
probability In
avoidance. is this
bigger andthe
paper, bigger
target. characteristics
Radar echo information
of ships areofstudied,
surfacecombined
ship target may
with be detected, identified
electromagnetic scattering and
key
locked by radar
laboratory sensor,radar,
of airborne which can
this provide
paper effective
introduces thetarget signal
airborne guidance
radar for weapon
ship target attack. and
testing method Radar cross
data section
processing
(RCS) oftoa obtain
method, target the
is areal
physical quantityofthat
environment shipcharacterizes the scattering
target electromagnetic ability characteristics
scattering of a radar target to irradiated
of the data, and
comparing the results of simulation and ships, the results show that the ship target RCS spatial distributionand
electromagnetic waves. The surface ship is the active carrier of the information warfare equipment system, are its
in
RCS is the important information in the decision-making application of passive countermeasure
good agreement, the cumulative probability density error is small, the correctness of the test method was verified. and threat
avoidance. In this paper, the target characteristics of ships are studied, combined with electromagnetic scattering key
laboratory of airborne radar, this paper introduces the airborne radar ship target testing method and data processing
method, to obtain the real environment of ship target electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the data, and
comparing the results of simulation and ships, the results show that the ship target RCS spatial distribution are in
good agreement, the cumulative probability density error is small, the correctness of the test method was verified.
1877-0509 © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and
Knowledge in the Internet of Things(IIKI2019)

1877-0509 ©
1877-0509 © 2019
2020 The
The Authors. Published
Author(s). by Elsevier
Published B.V.B.V.
by Elsevier
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and
Peer-review
Knowledge in under
the responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2019 International Conference on Identification, Information and
Internet of Things.
Knowledge in the Internet of Things(IIKI2019)
10.1016/j.procs.2020.06.060
 Yongge Lu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 84–88 85
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

2. Airborne test method for ship targets

The airborne measurement system of the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of ship target should be able to
track and align the target through both azimuth and range channels, and the stability of the sensitivity system
received in the linear dynamic range of the receiver should meet the requirement of changing the electromagnetic
scattering signal of the target. The antenna beam main lobe can cover the test target, and the side lobe can meet the
measurement requirements.

Fig.1 Structure block diagram of airborne electromagnetic scattering characteristic system

RCS is the general scattering characteristics of electromagnetic signals emitted by ship targets against space-
based, space-based, sea-based and land-based radars, which is the information source of all kinds of radar equipment
to detect, track and attack ship targets. The pulse system and transceiver - Shared single-station radar target
measurement follows the radar equation

 PG 
2 2
Pr  t (1)
 4  R 4 Lt Lr Lp L2m
3

Where: Pr is the target echo power received by the radar; Pt is the peak power transmitted by the radar; G is the
gain of the radar antenna in the target direction; σ is the target RCS; λ is the radar wavelength; R is the distance from
the radar antenna to the target; Lt is the transmission branch loss; Lr is the receiving branch loss; Lp is polarization
loss; Lm is the loss of atmospheric transmission between the radar system and the target. In ship target onboard
measurement, considering the actual situation of airborne survey, mostly used method in engineering application is,
to keep the transmission power frequency antenna gain of the radar system loss, such as constant, respectively to the
target and the governing body calibration of radar cross section (known) is measured, using the comparison method,
the target's RCS can use equation (2):
4 2
 Pr  R   Lm 
      0 (2)
 Pr 0  R0   Lm 0 
Where: σ o is the RCS of the scaler; In the actual test, the echo voltage value is recorded, and the target RCS
represented by the voltage is shown in equation (3)：
2 4 2
 Vr   R   Lm 
       0 (3)
 Vr 0   R0   Lm 0 
In the equation, Vr and Vro are the envelope of the target and the echo voltage of the calibration volume. Currently,
the non-source targets used for radar system calibration, such as the metal sphere, Angle reflector and active
calibrator(ARC), have their own advantages and disadvantages and can be selected according to the specific
situation. Ship target RCS characteristics measurement in all directions, fly around ship circle, automatic tracking
function by airborne measuring system programs, ensure the antenna measured ships, accurate alignment of ship
under different depression angle change with azimuth RCS. Ship RCS characteristics of typical azimuth change with
depression Angle measuring, testing course target ship top fly straight, test from the beginning of the course distal,
radar antenna according to upload real-time target ship longitude and latitude position adjustment, ensure the
accuracy test in the process of radar antenna on target ship, accurate access to the target ship under typical azimuth
change with depression angle of RCS.
86 Yongge Lu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 84–88
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 3

Flight direcion

Fig.2 Flight track around ship circle Fig.3 A schematic diagram of a straight line flight path over the top of a ship
The calibration body measurement adopts multiple calibration bodies to form an array, which can be in the form
of a one-dimensional array, a cross array, a rectangular array, etc., and the spacing of array elements shall be set to
ensure that the echo signals of the calibration body elements are not overlapped.

3. Statistical processing of RCS measurement data

The fluctuation of the RCS is random and irregular due to the influence of the attitude change and the
measurement environment of the ship target during the voyage. The measurement data processing of the
electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the ship target needs to be described by statistical characteristics, and
the statistical characteristic value analysis can be carried out for the sequence of RCS changing with the azimuth
before and after smoothing.
Suppose the sequence of RCS changing with azimuth before smoothing is:
(i , i ), i  1,..., N (4)
 i is the azimuth data of the i-th test ample, unit is °, step size is 0.2°;  i is the RCS data of the i-th test sample,
unit is dBm2; N is the number of test samples. Suppose the sequence of RCS changing with azimuth after
smoothing is:
(i ,  i ), i  1,..., M (5)
 i is the azimuth data after the smoothing of the i-th test sample, unit is°;  i is the RCS data after the smoothing
of the i-th test sample, unit is dBm2; M is the number of test samples after smoothing. The length of the selected
window is ±5°, and the moving step of the window is 0.2°. The smoothing method is used to calculate the arithmetic
mean value of the data in the window. The specific method is as follows:

Fig.4 Arithmetic mean smoothing method schematic diagram

Statistical eigenvalue analysis was carried out on the basis of the sequence before and after smoothing. The main
eigenvalues include mean mean variance and 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, and 90%. The percentage of five probability
points is defined as the percentage of the number of data less than the probability points in the total data.
 Yongge Lu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 84–88 87
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

In order to verify the correctness of the method and eliminate the influence of random factors such as sea clutter
ship attitude change on data evaluation, ship target test data and the calculated data are smoothed before the
correlation coefficient is calculated. Let the measured data sequence be represented by X, and the calculated data
sequence be represented by Y.
X  {x1, x2 , x3,..., xn } (6)
Y  {y1, y2, y3,..., yn} (7)
1 n 1 n ，is respectively the mean of the two sequences.
x  xi y   yi
n i1 n i1
1 n
Sxx  (xi  x)2
n  1 i 1
(8)
1 n
 Syy  (yi  y)2
n  1 i 1
1 n
Sxy
  (xi  x)(yi  y)
n  1 i 1
is respectively the variance of sequence X the variance of sequence Y， and the covariance of two sequences. The
correlation coefficient was calculated as follows:
Sxy (9)
rxy 
Sxx Syy
Probability distribution error analysis is used to analyze the RCS distribution error between test data and
calculated data from a statistical perspective. Error analysis implemented in two steps, first from 0°~ 360°
comprehensive error analysis of distribution, and to assess the test data and calculated data distribution degree of
approximation in a bigger space scope, and then according to the head (location 0° ~ 45° 315° ~ 360°) on the right
side (azimuth 45° ~ 135°) (location, 135° ~ 225°) on the left side of the tail (225° ~ 315°) bearing four local space
range error analysis on the distribution.
N

 ( cdfm (i)  cdfc (i) / cdfc (i)) (10)

Errorcdf  i 1

4. Measurement data processing and error analysis

In combination with the airborne radar of the key laboratory of electromagnetic scattering, this method is applied
in this paper to measure the airborne electromagnetic scattering of a ship target. The measurement curve and
simulation calculation curve are shown in figure 5 and figure 6, and the cumulative probability density error is
shown in table 1.

Fig.5 10o to wipe stude screws under the comparison Fig.6 20o to wipe stude screws under the comparison
of measured data and calculated data smoothing of measured data and calculated data smoothing
88 Yongge Lu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 84–88
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

TAB. 1 ACCUMULATED PROBABILITY DENSITY ERROR OF MEASUREMENT DATA AND THEORETICAL DATA OF A SHIP
Cumulative
azimuth range probability density remark
error
total
0°~360° 0.1189
interval

0°~45°,315°~360° 0.0843 head

45°~135° 0.0421 right

135°~225° 0.0503 tail

225°~315° 0.0837 left

total
0°~360° 0.1272
interval

0°~45°,315°~360° 0.0866 Head

45°~135° 0.1288 right

135°~225° 0.0955 tail

225°~315° 0.1179 left

Fig.5 and Fig.6 show the smoothed comparison between the measured data and the calculated data of the 10° and
20° rubbing angles of a certain ship. Table 1 shows the distribution errors of the ship in each local spatial range and
the simulated approximations of the RCS spatial distribution diagram.

5. Conclusion

In this paper, demand for ship target characteristics research, combined with the electromagnetic scattering key
laboratory of airborne radar, this paper introduces the airborne radar ship target testing method and data processing
method, to obtain the real environment of ship target electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the data, and
comparing the results of simulation and ships, the results show that the ship target RCS spatial distribution are in
good agreement, the cumulative probability density error is small, the correctness of the test method was verified.

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