UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre for Diploma Studies

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT
Kod & Nama Kursus FLUID MECHANICAL LABORATORY
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji
FLOW IN PIPE
Title of Experiment
Seksyen
SECTION 5
Section
Kumpulan
GROUP 6
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar
ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name
Nama Ketua Kumpulan NUR HAZIMAH BINTI No.Matrik :
Name of Group Leader SUHURI DF200052

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)

Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
❖ NUR DINI ARINA BINTI Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
DF200069 10
SHAHARIN Theory, Objectives & Procedures
2. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI Data
DF200075 20
FADZIL Data
3. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. Analisis & Keputusan
AF190193 25
MOHD SHAHARIN Analysis & Result
4. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL Perbincangan
AF190195 25
Discussion
Kesimpulan & Cadangan
4. 15
Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
5. 5
References
Tarikh Ujikaji
Date of Experiment 4 APRIL 2022
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
Date of Submission 9 MEI 2022 TOTAL 100

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Fluid Laboratory Section : 6
Subject Code: BFC 20601 Group Members:
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI
Experiment Title: 2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built 3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Flow In Pipe 4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. MOHD SHAHARIN
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is not identified
Relevant variables are not
Aim / Purpose
described
There is not a list of the
Materials necessary lab materials
Procedures are listed but not in Procedures are listed in clear
Procedure Procedures are not listed
Data is not represented or is not
accurate
Data
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Analysis /
Questions are not answered
Result
Analysis is not relevant
No discussion was included or
Discussion shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results
on the lab
NAME OF LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Purpose is somewhat vague
Relevant variables are not
described
Most lab materials included
clear steps
Data lacks precision
Greater than 20% difference
with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Answers to questions are
incomplete
Analysis is inconsistent
A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the
on the lab
Purpose is identified Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified
Relevant variables are Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
0.3
described in somewhat unclear
manner
All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
included but not listed in any included and listed and listed in an organized manner
particular order
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
steps
steps but not numbered and/or complete sentence 1.6
Each step is numbered and in a
in complete sentences Diagrams are included to describe the
complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise titled
accepted values Less than 10% difference with Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
1.8
Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
whether results support the hypothesis 1.2
hypothesis Possible sources of error and what
support the hypothesis Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :
 MATERIAL & FLUID LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI (DF200052) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN (DF200069) ENVIRONMENT
3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL (DF200075)
4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHHARIN(AF190193)
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL (AF190195) SECTION. 6

CLO 2 CLO 3

Criteria 5 = Very Good
Student is completely
Practical Ability in Handling prepared to handle the
Equipment equipment effectively
CLO 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Student can explain the Student can answer questions Student can explain the results of
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in
which they relate to the
research focus. The
Interview / lab report student can also evaluate
CLO 3 the significance of the
experiment to the real
situation
4 = Goo 3 = Moderate 2 = Poor 1 = Very Poor W AVG. Total W AVG. Total
Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the Student requires
handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many guidance to conduct
effectively with / less questions and start questions and start laboratory
questions have been requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to
raised operate the equipment operate the equipment
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Student can answer some Student cannot answer
about the the experiment in detail and questions about the experiment questions about the
experiment and begins to the ways in which they relate to experiment
make connections the research focus
between the experiment
and its applications

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
 FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 20601

Experiment Code MMB – 02

Experiment Title FLOW IN PIPE

Section 6
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report
and make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

FARHAN
……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME: M. ARIF FARHAN BIN SHAHARIN

MATRIC NO: AF 190193
DATE: 09 MEI 2022

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

1. Introduction & Objective 1

2. Theory 2

3. Method or Equations 3

4. Results 6

5. Conclusions 12

6. References 13
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Pipe flow is a type of liquid flow that occurs within a closed conduit, such as a pipe or tube, in
fluid mechanics. Open channel flow is the other form of flow that can occur within a conduit.
In many ways, these two types of flow are similar, yet they differ in one key manner. In contrast
to open-channel flow, pipe flow does not have a free surface. Because pipe flow is limited
within a closed conduit, it does not exert direct atmospheric pressure on the conduit, but it does
exert hydraulic pressure. Pipe flow does not include all flow within a closed conduit.

The Bernoulli equation defines the amount of energy in a pipe flow as head. A hydraulic grade
line is frequently used in diagrams to visualize head along the direction of flow within a pipe.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

To check and verify total energy head losses in pipe flow owing to pipeline frictional resistance.

1
2.0 THEORY

Frictional losses occur when fluid runs through a pipe, whether it is smooth or rough. Friction
loss is caused by frictional resistance between fluid molecules and frictional resistance at the
pipe wall. As a result, the energy head hf would be reduced. In the test, minor head losses such
as those that occur at valves, pipe input and outlet, and bends are minimal. If the Reynolds
number in a pipe is less than 2320, the flow is called laminar; if the Reynolds number is larger
than 4000, the flow is termed turbulent. In between these two points lies the "critical" zone,
where the flow might be laminar, turbulent, or in transition, and is largely unpredictable or
undefined.

2
3.0 METHOD OR EQUATIONS

Flow in pipes analysis calculation examples:

For fully developed flow along a circular pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH20) is given as:

𝐿 𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑑 2𝑔

Where,

L = length between points of pressure measure (m) = 1meter for all pipes

v = mean velocity of flow (m/s)

g = gravity acceleration (9.81m𝑠 −2 )

d = internal pipe diameter (m)

f = pipe friction factor

Notes: When Reynolds number Re of a flow is known, then f is obtainable from Moody diagram

𝜌𝑣𝑑
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇

Where,

𝜇 = Viscosity of fluid

= 1.15 × 10−3 𝑁𝑠/𝑚2 at 15°𝐶

𝜌 = density of fluid = 1000kg / 𝑚3 at 15°𝐶

For expansion and contraction in pipe, head loss due to friction (in mH2O) is given as:

𝑘𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔

3
And the losses coefficient value, k refers table 3.1 & 3.2

For smooth pipe with bend of θ, head loss due friction (in mH2O) is given as:
𝑘𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔

and losses coefficient value k, refer table 3.3

4
5
4.0 RESULTS

Table 1

For smooth pipe, straight pipe (manometer 3 and 4)

Discharge,
V T Diameter Velocity, Reynolds Head Head
Q (𝑚3 /𝑠)
(liter) (sec) of pipe, v (m/s) number f loss, ℎ𝑓 loss, H
𝑉 ×10−3
= d 4𝑄 (Re) (m𝐻2 𝑂) =(ℎ𝐴 −
𝑇 = 𝜋𝑑2
𝜌𝑣𝑑
(m) = ℎ𝑔 )
𝜇

5 116 0.00004 0.0136 0.275 3252.17 0.11 0.0031 86

5 34 0.00015 0.0136 1.032 12204.52 0.11 0.0439 94
5 23 0.00022 0.0136 1.514 17904.70 0.11 0.9449 106
5 21 0.00024 0.0136 1.652 19536.70 0.11 1.1250 122
5 20 0.00025 0.0136 1.721 20352.70 0.11 1.2210 124
5 18 0.00027 0.0136 1.859 21894.70 0.11 1.4247 128

4.1.1 Velocity, v

4𝑄
v = 𝜋𝑑2

4 (0.00004) 4 (0.00015)
a) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 0.275 b) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 1.032

4 (0.00022) 4 (0.00024)
c) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 1.514 d) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 1.652

4 (0.00025) 4 (0.00027)
e) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 1.721 f) 𝜋(0.0136)2
= 1.859

6
4.1.2 Reynolds Number

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Re = 𝜇

(1000)(0.275)(0.0136) (1000)(1.032)(0.0136)
a) = = 3251.17 b) = = 12204.52
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(1.514)(0.0136) (1000)(1.652)(0.0136)
c) = = 17904.70 d) = = 19536.70
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(1.721)(0.0136) (1000)(1.859)(0.0136)
e) = = 20352.70 f) = = 21894.70
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

4.1.3 Head loss

𝐿 𝑣2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 ( )
𝑑 2𝑔

1 0.2752 1 12204.522
a) (0.11) (0.0136) 2(9.81) b) (0.11) (0.0136) 2(9.81)
= 0.0031 = 0.0439
1 17904.702 1 19536.702
c) (0.11) (0.0136) d) (0.11) (0.0136)
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

= 0.9449 = 1.1250
1 20352.702 1 21894.702
e) (0.11) (0.0136) f) (0.11) (0.0136)
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

= 1.2210 = 1.4247

7
 Table 2

For bigger diameter of smooth pipe, pipe contraction (manometer 9 and 10)

Discharge,
V T Diameter Velocity, Reynolds Head Head
Q (𝑚3 /𝑠)
(liter) (sec) of pipe, v (m/s) number k loss, ℎ𝑓 loss, H
𝑉 ×10−3
= d 4𝑄 (Re) (m𝐻2 𝑂) =(ℎ𝐴 −
𝑇 = 𝜋𝑑2
𝜌𝑣𝑑
(m) = ℎ𝑔 )
𝜇

5 116 0.00004 0.0262 0.074 1685.91 0.40 0.00011 0

5 34 0.00015 0.0262 0.278 6333.57 0.40 0.00158 26
5 23 0.00022 0.0262 0.408 9295.30 0.40 0.00340 56
5 21 0.00024 0.0262 0.445 10138.26 0.40 0.00404 66
5 20 0.00025 0.0262 0.464 10671.13 0.40 0.00439 78
5 18 0.00027 0.0262 0.500 11391.30 0.40 0.00510 84

4.2.1 Velocity, v

4𝑄
v = 𝜋𝑑2

4 (0.00004) 4 (0.00015)
g) = 0.074 h) = 0.278
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

4 (0.00022) 4 (0.00024)
i) = 0.408 j) = 0.445
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

4 (0.00025) 4 (0.00027)
k) = 0.464 l) = 0.500
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

8
4.2.2 Reynolds Number

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Re = 𝜇

(1000)(0.074)(0.0136) (1000)(0.278)(0.0136)
g) = = 1685.91 h) = = 6333.57
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(0.408)(0.0136) (1000)(0.445)(0.0136)
i) = = 9295.30 j) = = 10138.26
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(0.464)(0.0136) (1000)(0.500)(0.0136)
k) = = 10671.13 l) = =11391.30
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

4.2.3 Head loss

𝑘𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔

(0.40)(0.074)2 (0.40)(0.278)2
a) = 0.00011 b) = 0.00158
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

(0.40)(0.408)2 (0.40)(0.445)2
c) = 0.00340 d) = 0.00404
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

(0.40)(0.464)2 (0.40)(0.500)2
e) = 0.00439 f) = 0.00510
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

9
 Table 3

For smooth pipe with bend of 90° (manometer 5 and 6)

Discharge,
V T Diameter Velocity, Reynolds Head Head
Q (𝑚3 /𝑠)
(liter) (sec) of pipe, v (m/s) number f loss, ℎ𝑓 loss, H
𝑉 ×10−3
= d 4𝑄 (Re) (m𝐻2 𝑂) =(ℎ𝐴 −
𝑇 = 𝜋𝑑2
𝜌𝑣𝑑
(m) = ℎ𝑔 )
𝜇

5 116 0.00004 0.0136 0.275 3252.17 0.11 0.00042 142

5 34 0.00015 0.0136 1.032 12204.52 0.11 0.00597 174
5 23 0.00022 0.0136 1.514 17904.70 0.11 0.01285 176
5 21 0.00024 0.0136 1.652 19536.70 0.11 0.01530 198
5 20 0.00025 0.0136 1.721 20352.70 0.11 0.01661 208
5 18 0.00027 0.0136 1.859 21894.70 0.11 0.01938 212

4.3.1 Velocity, v

4𝑄
v = 𝜋𝑑2

4 (0.00004) 4 (0.00015)
a) = 0.275 b) = 1.032
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

4 (0.00022) 4 (0.00024)
c) = 1.514 d) = 1.652
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

4 (0.00025) 4 (0.00027)
e) = 1.721 f) = 1.859
𝜋(0.0136)2 𝜋(0.0136)2

10
4.3.2 Reynolds Number

𝜌𝑣𝑑
Re = 𝜇

(1000)(0.275)(0.0136) (1000)(1.032)(0.0136)
m) = = 3251.17 n) = = 12204.52
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(1.514)(0.0136) (1000)(1.652)(0.0136)
o) = = 17904.70 p) = = 19536.70
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

(1000)(1.721)(0.0136) (1000)(1.859)(0.0136)
q) = = 20352.70 r) = = 21894.70
1.15×10−3 1.15×10−3

4.3.3 Head loss

𝑘𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔

(0.11)(0.275)2 (0.11)(1.032)2
a) = 0.00042 b) = 0.00597
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

(0.11)(1.514)2 (0.11)(1.652)2
c) = 0.01285 d) = 0.01530
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

(0.11)(1.721)2 (0.11)(1.859)2
e) = 0.01661 f) = 0.01938
2(9.81) 2(9.81)

11
5.0 CONCLUSIONS

Consequently, when friction decreases, the Reynolds Number rises due to a quicker or faster
flow rate. Smaller diameter pipes have a greater Reynold number than bigger diameter pipes,
according to the studies. The majority of the experiment findings demonstrate turbulent flow,
as evidenced by the Reynold number over 4000.

12
6.0 REFERENCES

1) Sondalini, M. (2021, September 30). How Fluid Flows in Pipes. Accendo Reliability.

https://accendoreliability.com/fluid-flows-pipes/

2) Zoran Savovic - pipeflowcalculations.com. (2017). Flow in pipe. FLOW IN PIPE.

https://www.pipeflowcalculations.com/pipe-valve-fitting-flow/flow-in-pipes.xhtml

3) Pipe Flow Introduction. (2013, December 18). YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BH4iSTv16Y

4) K, N. S. (2020, March 14). What are the Types of Fluid Flow in Pipe? The

Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/fluid-mechanics/types-fluid-flow-pipe/38078/

5) Pipe Flow - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (2019). Pipe Flow.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/pipe-flow

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