UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Centre for Diploma Studies

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL
LABORATORY REPORT
Kod & Nama Kursus FLUID MECHANICAL LABORATORY
Course Name & Code
Tajuk Ujikaji
IMPACT OF A JET
Title of Experiment
Seksyen
SECTION 5
Section
Kumpulan
GROUP 6
Group
Nama Pensyarah/Pengajar
ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Lecturer/Instructor’s Name
Nama Ketua Kumpulan NUR HAZIMAH BINTI No.Matrik :
Name of Group Leader SUHURI DF200052

Ahli Kumpulan No. Matrik Penilaian Laporan (%)

Group Members Matric No. Report Assessment (%)
❖ NUR DINI ARINA BINTI Teori, Objektif & Prosedur
DF200069 10
SHAHARIN Theory, Objectives & Procedures
2. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI Data
DF200075 20
FADZIL Data
3. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. Analisis & Keputusan
AF190193 25
MOHD SHAHARIN Analysis & Result
4. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL Perbincangan
AF190195 25
Discussion
Kesimpulan & Cadangan
4. 15
Conclusion & Recommendation
Rujukan
5. 5
References
Tarikh Ujikaji
Date of Experiment 18 APRIL 2022
Tarikh Hantar JUMLAH
Date of Submission 14 MEI 2022 TOTAL 100

ULASAN PEMERIKSA/COMMENTS COP DITERIMA/RECEIVED STAMP

 Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form) Laboratory: Fluid Laboratory Section : 6
Subject Code: BFC 20601 Group Members:
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI
Experiment Title: 2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built 3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Impact of a Jet 4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN B. MOHD SHAHARIN
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL

Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 SCR WT TSCR (%)

Purpose is not identified
Relevant variables are not
Aim / Purpose
described
There is not a list of the
Materials necessary lab materials
Procedures are listed but not in Procedures are listed in clear
Procedure Procedures are not listed
Data is not represented or is not
accurate
Data
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Analysis /
Questions are not answered
Result
Analysis is not relevant
No discussion was included or
Discussion shows little effort and reflection incomplete with little reflection lab indicates whether results
on the lab
NAME OF LECTURER : ENCIK MUHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN MISWAN
Purpose is somewhat vague
Relevant variables are not
described
Most lab materials included
clear steps
Data lacks precision
Greater than 20% difference
with accepted values
Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
Answers to questions are
incomplete
Analysis is inconsistent
A statement of the results is A statement of the results of the
on the lab
Purpose is identified Purpose is identified Purpose is clearly identified
Relevant variables are Relevant variables are described Relevant variables are described
0.3
described in somewhat unclear
manner
All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials All necessary lab materials included 0.3
included but not listed in any included and listed and listed in an organized manner
particular order
Procedures are listed in clear steps
Procedures are listed in clear
Each step is numbered and in a
steps
steps but not numbered and/or complete sentence 1.6
Each step is numbered and in a
in complete sentences Diagrams are included to describe the
complete sentence
set-up
Accurate representation of the data
Good representation of the data Accurate representation of the using tables and/or graphs
using tables and/or graphs data using tables and/or graphs Graphs and tables are labeled and 1.8
Less than 15% difference with Data is fairly precise titled
accepted values Less than 10% difference with Data is precise with less than 5%
Precision is acceptable accepted values difference with accepted values
Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed for the most part analyzed analyzed
1.8
Questions are answered in Questions are answered in Questions are answered thoroughly
complete sentences complete sentences and in complete sentences
Analysis is general Analysis is thoughtful Analysis is insightful
Accurate statement of the Accurate statement of the results of
results of the lab indicates lab indicates whether results support
whether results support the hypothesis 1.2
hypothesis Possible sources of error and what
support the hypothesis Possible sources of error was learned from the lab discussed
identified
SIGNATURE : DATE TOTAL SCORE :
 MATERIAL & FLUID LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. NUR HAZIMAH BINTI SUHURI (DF200052) FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. NUR DINI ARINA BINTI SHAHARIN (DF200069) ENVIRONMENT
3. NUR SHAFIQAH BINTI FADZIL (DF200075)
4. MUHD ARIF FARHAN BIN MOHD SHAHRIN(AF190193)
5. REDZKHAN BIN WAJIL (AF190195) SECTION. 6

CLO 2 CLO 3

Criteria 5 = Very Good
Student is completely
Practical Ability in Handling prepared to handle the
Equipment equipment effectively
CLO 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Student can explain the Student can answer questions Student can explain the results of
results of the experiment
in detail and the ways in
which they relate to the
research focus. The
Interview / lab report student can also evaluate
CLO 3 the significance of the
experiment to the real
situation
4 = Goo 3 = Moderate 2 = Poor 1 = Very Poor W AVG. Total W AVG. Total
Student is prepared to Student is aware on the Student is aware on the Student requires
handle the equipment procedure but raise some procedure but raise many guidance to conduct
effectively with / less questions and start questions and start laboratory
questions have been requesting for assistance to requesting for assistance to
raised operate the equipment operate the equipment
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Student can answer some Student cannot answer
about the the experiment in detail and questions about the experiment questions about the
experiment and begins to the ways in which they relate to experiment
make connections the research focus
between the experiment
and its applications

1. 0.3
2. 0.3
3. 0.3
4. 0.3
5. 0.3
CONTENT

OBJECTIVE…………………………………………………………………………….…..…2

LEARNING OUTCOMES………………………………………………………………...…..2

THEORY………………………………………………………………………………......…..3

EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………………………..……...5

PROCEDURE………………………………………………………………………..………..7

RESULT AND CALCULATIONS………………………………………………….….…….8

DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………..…11

REFERENCE………………………………………………………………………………...13

1
 1.0 Objective

To verify theories of forces generated by impact of the jet on different shapes of vane.

2.0 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this experiments, student will be able to;

• Describe the deflection of the jet generates forces one the vane.
• Identify the relationship between force and rate of momentum flow in the jet.
• Measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a plate.

2
 3.0 Theory

a. A jet of water is produced when water is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a

tapered nozzle. The jet will impinge on a vane, of different shapes. Vanes
usually used are flat plate, inclined plate, curved plate, and hemispherical cup.
Equation used to determine the force of jet impact (Fy) is given as:

𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 (𝑉𝑦1 − 𝑉𝑦2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃), 𝑉𝑦1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑉𝑦2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Where,

𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴

Figure 1: Flat plate

2
𝑄 𝜌𝑄
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 ( − 0) =
𝐴 𝐴

3
 b. 120° 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑄 1𝑄
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 ( − (− ))
𝐴 2𝐴

2 2 2
𝜌𝑄 𝜌𝑄 3𝜌𝑄
𝐹𝑦 = + =
𝐴 2𝐴 2𝐴

Figure 2: 120° 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

1 1𝑄
Where, from analysis, velocity after impingement 𝑉𝑦2 = − 2 𝑉 = − 2 𝐴

c. Hemispherical cup

2
𝑄 𝑄 2𝜌𝑄
𝐹𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄 ( − (− )) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴

𝑄
Where, velocity after impingement 𝑉𝑦2 = − 𝐴

Figure 3: Hemispherical cup

4
 4.0 Equipment
I. Hydraulic bench
II. Jet impact apparatus
III. Stopwatch
IV. Vernier calliper

Given:

Diameter of nozzle = 10mm

Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81𝑚𝑠 −1

From analysis, slope of the graph as in theory is given by:

𝜌
Flat plate =𝑔𝐴

3𝜌
120° curved plate =2𝑔𝐴

2𝜌
Hemispherical cup = 𝑔𝐴

Figure 4: Jet impact apparatus

5
 Figure 5: Stopwatch

Figure 6: Vernier Calliper

Figure 7: Hydraulic bench

6
5.0 Procedure

1. The top plate and the transparent cylinder were taken off and the diameter of the nozzle
is measured. The flat plate is assembled to the lever that carries aa jockey weight.
2. The top plate and cylinder were assembled to the apparatus. The supply pipe is
connected from the hydraulic bench to the inlet pipe of the apparatus.
3. Then the apparatus was levelled, and the lever was set to a balanced position by placing
the jockey weight at its zero position, the knurled nut is adjusted above the spring.
4. Generated force by impact of the jet on the vane is measured by moving the jockey
weight along the lever until the tally shows that it has been restored to its original
balanced position.
5. Nominal weight is placed on the lever and the water is admitted through the bench
supply valve.
6. The force on the vane displaced the lever and restored to its balanced position by sliding
the jockey weight along the lever. Then, the opening is covered at the base of the
hydraulic bench.
7. The volume of water and time is recorded, and the flow rate is determined. The weight
on the lever is recorded.
8. Step one to seven is repeated for 120° curved and hemispherical cup.

7
 6.0 Results and calculations

Flat plate

Mass of jockey Volume of water Time Flow rate 𝑄2

m(g) V(l) t(s) Q (l/s)
10 5 44 0.144 0.021
20 5 27 0.185 0.034
30 5 19 0.263 0.069
40 5 13 0.385 0.148

𝟏𝟐𝟎° curved plate

Mass of jockey Volume of water Time Flow rate 𝑄2

m(g) V(l) t(s) Q (l/s)
10 5 48 0.104 0.011
20 5 34 0.147 0.022
30 5 23 0.217 0.047
40 5 20 0.250 0.063

Hemispherical cup

Mass of jockey Volume of water Time Flow rate 𝑄2

m(g) V(l) t(s) Q (l/s)
10 5 72 0.069 0.005
20 5 41 0.122 0.015
30 5 28 0.179 0.032
40 5 26 0.192 0.037

8
 (A) Flat plate graph m(g) vs Q^2
45

40

35

30

25
m(g)

20

15

10

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Q^2

(B) 120° curved plate graph m(g) vs Q^2

45
40
35
30
25
m(g)

20
15
10
5
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Q^2

9
 (C) Hemispherical cup graph m(g) vs Q^2
45

40

35

30

25
m(g)

20

15

10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
Q^2

10
 7.0 Discussion
1. For every plate, record and calculate Q and 𝑄 2 and plot graphs of mass of jockey weight
m versus 𝑄 2 . Theoretically, slope of the graphs is given as:
a. Flat plate

𝑦 −𝑦 40−10
Slope graph = 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 =0.148−0.021 = 0.236 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2 1

b. 120° curved plate

𝑦 −𝑦 40−10
Slope graph = 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 =0.063−0.011 = 0.577 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2 1

c. Hemispherical cup

𝑦 −𝑦 40−10
Slope graph = 𝑚 = 𝑥2−𝑥1 =0.037−0.005 = 0.936 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2 1

2. Compare the value between the slope at the graph and the theory value.
𝜌
Flat plate = 𝑔𝐴

1000
= 1.298 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
9.81(𝜋)(0.005)2

3𝜌
120° curved plate = 2𝑔𝐴

3(1000)
= 1.947 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
2(9.81)(0.005)2

2𝜌
Hemispherical cup = = 𝑔𝐴

2(1000)
= 2.596 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6
9.81(𝜋)(0.005)2

11
 3. From the result, comment on the graphs slope and theoretical value.

From the results, the theoretical value can be obtained by using the formula given. The
theoretical value for flat plate is 1.298 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6 and the value of the slope in graph is
0.236 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6. Theoretical value for 120° curved plate and hemispherical cup is
1.947 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6 and 2.596 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6 while their slope in graph value is
0.577 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6 and 0.936 × 106 𝑘𝑔𝑠 2 𝑚−6. Highest theoretical and slope in graph
value is the Hemispherical cup and followed by 120° curved plate and flat plate.

4. Give a conclusion for this test.

As a conclusion, calculated force is correlated with the measured force and both forces are
directly proportional. Based on the theory, calculated forces should be the same as measured
force. This may happen due to error during the experiment. In this experiment, we can found
that Hemispherical cup has the lowest flow rate but take a lot of time compared to flat plate
and 120° curved plate.

12
 8.0 References

Czubai, A., Sopko, N., Patel, A., Ahmari, H., & Kabir, S. M. I. (2019, August 14).
Experiment #5: Impact of a jet. Applied Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual. Retrieved May
10, 2022, from https://uta.pressbooks.pub/appliedfluidmechanics/chapter/experiment-5/

Morshed, A., Hossain, F., & Shetu, R. S. (2018, July 31). (PDF) study of impact of jet on
different vanes for measuring flow rate and impact force. ResearchGate. Retrieved May
10, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326718248_STUDY_OF_IMPACT_OF_JET
_ON_DIFFERENT_VANES_FOR_MEASURING_FLOW_RATE_AND_IMPACT_F
ORCE

Tecquipment impact of a jet. TecSolutions, Inc. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2022, from
https://tecsolutions.us/tecquipment/product/impact-
jet#:~:text=The%20Impact%20of%20a%20Jet,flow%20rate%20in%20the%20jet.

13