Binary PAM

Thursday, June 09, 2011 10:00 AM

Binary pam maps the incoming binary symbols into 2 output signals

We have chosen minimum distance between signal points to be 2 The difference in the energies of the two signals will by 4
Signal space scatter plot for 2 ARY PAM

The energy of signal at -1 is 1 The energy of signal at 1 is 1 Mim distance between signals=d=2 Average energy per symbol = d^2/4=1

PAM Page 1

This signal is passed through AWGN channel Signal to noise ratio at the output of the channel is 10db Channel introduces AWGN Signal energy per by is 1 SNR=10db PAM Signal that Is transmitted
Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

5 6 7 Time (seconds)

10

11

The received signal after passing through the channel

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Thus observation vectors lie the Gaussian cloud surrounding the message signal, we need to observe the received vector and estimate the message signal

Thus we can obtain perfect decoding with 10db SNR

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Thus we can obtain perfect decoding with 10db SNR We increase the SNR and try the same experiment
Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

We see that increasing the SNR ,reducing the noise power Less disturbance is seen No errors in decoding

SNR=2db Error rate=0.42 ie 42%

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

20 10 0 -10 -20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

As we reduce the SNR the errors increase and bit errors start to occur We need to determine the probability of error for binary PAM or the therotical error rate for binary PAM signal

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AFTER INTRODUCTION OF MATCHED FILTER THE RECEIVED SIGNAL IS GIVEN BY

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THE RECEIVED SIGNAL IS GIVEN BY

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

200 100 0 -100 -200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Thus matched filter increases the SNR of the signal Error rate becomes 0.08163 from 0.5 It maximizes the signal power

Scatter plot before application of matched filter

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Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 2:38 PM

Due to error more samples are shifted towards the 0 level and leads to bit errors by decision threshold device

Scatter plot after application of matched filter and normalization

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Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 2:40 PM

Thus after application of matched filter the observation signal point would clustered around the message signal point Matched filter filters the signal in the direction of the basis function of signal vectors maximusing the SNR,reducing the effects of noise,therefore the sample points will be clustered around the message point more closely Below is scatter plot of signal 1 with SNR 2db Thus increasing effect of noise causes the observation vectors to move towards the decision boundayr And if some of the samples cross the decision boundary we get decision errors

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Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 2:45 PM

Therotically Pe=0.5erfc(sqrt(Eb/no)) Eb=dmin*dmin/4; Sqrt(Eb)=dmin/2 Noise variance No/2=1 thus No=2 And Eb=1 2db noise With matched filter error rate is 0.02014 Without matche filter error rate is 0.449 And scatter plot is

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And scatter plot is

Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 2:48 PM

We can see that instead of cluttering near the signal vector due to absence of matched filter samples are cluttered near the decision boundaries And more samples would cause the decision boundary due to high noise vaiance,hence higher error rate is observed

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PSD of random binary wave

Thursday, June 09, 2011 9:07 AM

PAM Page 12

The above is PSD of the random binary wave of duration 10 sec, A symbols is emitted by discrete memory less source every one 1 sec Ts=1 , Rs=1 therefore W=0.5Hz

Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 9:21 AM

The majority of spectrum is confined to 5 rad/sec Bandwidth of wave is

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We increase the length to 100 sec, The spectrum is still confined to frequency of 5 rad/sec Random binary wave is NRZ pulse

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Thus the PSD of random binary wave if a folded spectrum over the frequency 0-1Hz Thus the PSD depends on the symbol time of input tandom binary wave If T is bit duration or symbol duration ,then the PSD is given If the wave is polar NRZ pulse
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If the wave is polar NRZ pulse Or if the wave is unipolar NRZ pulse PSD is

Thus we can see that maximum PSD occurs At the origin

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Thus bandwidth of NRZ unipolar pulse B=(1/T)=Rs

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AWGN channel noise level

Thursday, June 09, 2011 10:24 AM
AWGN Channel Noise Level
The relative power of noise in an AWGN channel is typically described by quantities such as

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per sample. This is the actual input parameter to the awgn function. Ratio of bit energy to noise power spectral density (Eb/No). This quantity is used by BERTool and performance evaluation functions in this toolbox. Ratio of symbol energy to noise power spectral density (Es/No)

Screen clipping taken: 09-Jun-11 10:25 AM

SNR (dB) = 10 log(V/2)

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For real signals Es/No = (0.5)(S/N)(Tsym/Tsamp)

If k=number of bits/symbols Es/No=Eb/No+10log(k) If the number of bits per symbols is 2 Each symbols is represented by 2 coded bits As symbol is twice that of bit duration

Es/No=Eb/No *(Tsym/Tsamp) SNR=2Eb/(No) SNR=

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ISI
Tuesday, June 07, 2011 2:15 PM

Modulated Impulse Train 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train 7 8 9 10

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (seconds) 7 8 9 10

Random binary PAM representation Interpolating function is a rectangular pulse,of duration T,hence no overlap is observed between adjacent pulses

PAM Page 20

Modulated Impulse Train 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train 7 8 9 10

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (seconds) 7 8 9 10

20% overlap between adjacent pulses The interpolating function is again a rectangular function with duration T+(0.2T) If we consider any random pulse of duration greater than the sample duration

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sample duration
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

Thus waveform appears distorted And if we sample the waveform at the sampling instants,incorrect value of the samples is obtained
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The total waveform has folded spectrum in frequency domain And sampling will lead to periodicity of the folded spectrum If we want the sample values to be detected properly We can design the pulse shaping filter at the receiver such that the spectrum of sampled signal is 1 in the entire frequency domain,indicating a impulse in the time domain

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

We employ a half sine pulse

hspulse = sin(pi*[0:0.01:2]/2)

We analyze the spectrum of half sine pulse It is of duration twice that of the samping interval

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Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

5 6 7 Time (seconds)

10

11

Sine the pulse has zero crossings at samping instants When we sample the signal at the ampling instants ,it gives us the correct sample values,it is not affected by the ISI at sampling instants However the half since pulse has sharp transitions at sampling instants we would line smoother transitions for better detection

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1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2 -6

-4

-2

Consider raise cosine pulse The duration of the pulse is 12 ie it 6 samples duration to left and right of the current samples
Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

10 11 Time (seconds)

12

13

14

15

Again we see that at sampling instants proper values are

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Again we see that at sampling instants proper values are detected Hence if we take a pulse that has zero crossings at sampling instants we are able to detect the proper samples values at sampling instant This pulse is better than half sine pulse as at the sampling instants we have gradual change No sharp transition are seen at sampling instants Thus it is more resistant to timing error in sampling
you see that effective detection with the sampling receiver is possible, even with overlapping pulses, provided the pulses satisfy Nyquist's criterion. We can reduce the bandwidth requirement by using gradually varying pulses And also detect the values at sampling instants correctly is impulse response of the transmit filter satisfies nyquist criterion

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Additive Noise Channel

Tuesday, June 07, 2011 2:41 PM

Received waveform in the presence of noise and ISI after equalization to remove channel distortion
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

10

11

12

13

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15

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2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

10

11

12

13

14

15

Increasing noise variance increases the noise More variance,more badly are the samples affected by the noise

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2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

10

11

12

13

14

15

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2

10

11

12

13

14

15

Also a time delay introducted by the channel will lead to more serious errors as the desired values at sampling instants are time shifted
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At the receiver we need to synchronize with the incoming pulse ,performed proceeding to sample the signal to obtain the proper sample values of input binary sequence We pass this waveform through a matched filter

10

-5

-10

12

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15

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Sine we have not used the time shifted version of the transmit filter we have distorted output We can not extract the sample values We use the rc pulse in the receiver filter also

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We use the rc pulse in the receiver filter also

150

100

50

-50

-100

-150 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

We normalize the RC pulse to have unit energy

1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

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Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

10 11 Time (seconds)

12

13

14

15

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

12

13

14

15

16

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19

20

21

Noise variance of 0.01

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1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

We can see that with increase noise variance At some of the sample values the variance between actual values and obtained values in larger Hence quantization levels must be increased so that in spite of noise the correct sample values can be detected.

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Sinc pulse transmit filter

Wednesday, June 08, 2011 11:53 AM

Sinc pulse transmit filter

Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2 12

13

14

15

16 17 18 Time (seconds)

19

20

21

22

If the length of filter is 24 samples We need to shift the received samples by 24/2 to get the proper timing

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2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

The threshould is 0 thus if the samples values us less than 0 we say it is symbol 1 that is transmitted and if the sampled values is greater than 1 it is symbol 0 that has been transmitter

Before the matched filter the output looks likes

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0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

It is corrupted by noise of vaiance 0.05 By introduction of matched filter noise only along the components of signal vectors are condidered Other noise components are filtered out by use of matched filter

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Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

2 1 0 -1 -2

10 11 12 Time (seconds)

13

14

15

16

The above is pulse produced by raised cosine tranmit filter The signal after passing through channel
Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

1 0 -1 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

The signal after matched filtering operation

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The signal after matched filtering operation

Modulated Impulse Train 2 1 0 -1 -2

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

50

-50 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Thus if we set the threshold as 0,we can detect the symbols without error,
We sample at the time instants T to obtain the correct values of the samples These samples are passed to a decision device , The decision device has knowledge of symbols being transmiited,it has map of signal space

The output of matched filter is the observation vector This vector is mapped into signal space Distance is calculated between the signal vector's and observation vector
1.rule in the decision of minimum distance 2.calulcate the likelyhood function for the signal vectors and given observation vector and decide in the favor of symbol
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given observation vector and decide in the favor of symbol correspondin to maximum likelyhood Values 3.

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M Ary PAM
Wednesday, June 08, 2011 12:46 PM

Multi level PAM using raise cosine pulse

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

4 2 0 -2 -4

10 11 12 Time (seconds)

13

14

15

16

Output after passing through the channel

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

2 0 -2

10

11

12

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14

15

16

After processing through matched filter

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

2 0 -2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

After sampling at time instants T

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

100 0 -100 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Modulated Impulse Train 4

-2

-4

5 Time (seconds)

10

4 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0 -1 -2.5 -1.5 -2 -3 -4 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

These extracted sample values are passed to the optimum receiver Which based on the input signal vectors and observation vector estimate the message signal based of using ML detection rule The observation space is divided into decision boundaries We simplify the problem by approximating the probability of error using union bound on probability of error We take tow adjacent sample points and decide error of the transmitted signal corresponding to pairs of samples points

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

We can see that as we increase noise variance some of samples values which we detected correctly ,move close r to the decision boundaries in the observation space As the move closer to boundary that means that probability of error increase since if the point crosses The boundary error has occurred
Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

2 1 0 -1 -2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

We try the same multilevel PAM with rectangular pulse

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Output of matched filter is

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

200

0 -200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

After sampling the signal obtained is

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

200

-200 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Rectangular pulse perform better than raised cosine pulses but require therotically infinite bandwidth Same is carried out using truncated sinc pulses

PAM Page 43

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 12

13

14

15

16 17 18 Time (seconds)

19

20

21

22

Output after passing through channel is

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

2 1 0 -1 -2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

After processing by matched filter

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

-5 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

After sampling

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Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

comparing with the raised cosine pulse

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Multilevel PAM
Wednesday, June 08, 2011 1:22 PM

Variance =0.9
Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds) Modulated Pulse Train

10

4 2 0 -2 -4 12

13

14

15

16 17 18 Time (seconds)

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20

21

22

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

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-4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

-5 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Modulated Impulse Train 4 2 0 -2 -4

4 5 6 Time (seconds)

10

-5 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

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