Belimo 7 Essentials of HIA Philconstruct v5

The 7 Essentials of
Healthy Indoor Air
Belimo Presentation at the

3rd Philconstruct VX 2021
Belimo Speakers
Global Business Development Manager
Reto Raimann
Global Business Development Manager
Phone: +852 9301 9807
E-Mail: reto.raimann@belimo.ch
The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 2

Agenda
 The importance of indoor air quality

 The 7 Essentials of healthy indoor air
 Parameters influencing indoor air quality
 Applications related to indoor air quality
 How Belimo contributes to healthy indoor air

We spend most of our lifetime inside buildings
Indoor air quality is of

paramount importance!
Source: Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology volume 11, pages 231–252 (2001)
Every day we breathe 12,000 liters (3,000 gallons) of air
Good Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) improves comfort, cognitive performance, reduces the
number of sick days and prevents the spread of viruses.
Comfort Productivity Health

Good indoor air quality improves occupant performance
Reduction in decision-making performance: Relationship between ventilation and performance:

 1,000 ppm CO2: Moderate and statistically significant  Ventilation rate increase from 20 cfm/person to 40 cfm/person
 2,500 ppm CO2: Large and statistically significant  Cognitive performance increase of 8% points compared to normative data
 Equivalent to a U$ 6,500 salary increase per person per year in the USA
Source: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,

Source: Is CO2 an Indoor Pollutant? Usha Satish et al. http://forhealth.org/9_Foundations_of_a_Healthy_Building.February_2017.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548274/ Source: RESET, https://www.reset.build/standard/air
The right to healthy indoor air

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air
1. Continuous and reliable measurement, display and monitoring of indoor air quality
2. Accurate amount of air to the zone and controlled removal of contaminated air
3. Well designed air dilution and airflow pattern
4. Active pressurization of envelope and spaces
5. Correct temperature and humidity conditioning
6. Effective filtration
7. Proper amount of outside air



What cannot be measured cannot be controlled
Humidity Temperature
Parameters influencing
comfort and indoor air Indoor Air
quality Quality
Volatile Organic
Air Velocity
Compounds
PM10
Particles
Carbon Dioxide
What cannot be measured cannot be controlled
Humidity Temperature
Parameters influencing
comfort and indoor air Indoor Air
quality Quality
Volatile Organic
Air Velocity
Compounds
PM10
Particles
Carbon Dioxide
Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic
Tech Hour Video with Stephanie Taylor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jCji-mIKVQ

Combating the Covid-19 Pandemic
Tech Hour Video with Stephanie Taylor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jCji-mIKVQ

Why does low humidity affect the spread of viruses?
Source: http://www.defineinstruments.com/blog/scientists-urge-who-to-take-action-on-indoor-air-quality-to-tackle-coronavirus

Not all pathogens are equal
high stability
Pathogens’ stability varies
enveloped
based on its type and
humidity levels.
non-enveloped
studied
Source: Einfluss der Luftfeuchte auf den Menschen und seine Gesundheit,
RWTH Aachen University, Felix Nienaber, Kai Rewitz, Paul Seiwert, Dirk
Mueller, published in 2021. Title (rwth-aachen.de)
relative humidity
Reduce infection risk by controlling relative humidity
Air humidity levels between

40 – 60% RH significantly
reduces the risks of
disease transmission.
Source: Scotfield-Sterling-Diagram, Fachinstitut Gebaeude-Klima e.V.

Volatile Organic Compounds’ impact on our health
Indoor sources of VOC Health impact
 Sore throat
 Itchy eyes,
 Irritated mucosae or skin,
 Fatigue,
Printers, furniture, carpets,
 Headaches,
cleaning agents, perfumes,
 Chemical reactions with
hairsprays, human metabolism
organisms
and many more.
Chemical compounds Threshold at work
Aldehyde, Phenol, Formaldehyde Acceptable work thresholds are

Terpene, Benzol and many more. dependent on the substance

How to measure and monitor Volatile Organic Compounds?

How to measure and monitor Volatile Organic Compounds?
1) Relative VOC
quantification
2) “Total” volatile organic
compounds (TVOC)

What is the influence of CO2 on well-being?
Exhaled by
occupants
Symptoms start:
 Headaches Maximum
 Drowsiness exposure at
 Lower concentration
work
Drop of efficiency
Fresh
outdoor air
400ppm 1,000ppm 5,000ppm 40,000ppm CO2 Concentration

What is the influence of CO2 on well-being?
Exhaled by
occupants
Symptoms start:
 Headaches Maximum
 Drowsiness exposure at
 Lower concentration
work
Drop of efficiency
“CO2 is commonly used as a surrogate indicator
for assessing IAQ and ventilation efficiency. CO2
Fresh concentration shall not exceed 1,000 ppm”
outdoor air
(“Guidelines on ventilation for workplaces and public transport to
prevent and control the spread of COVID-19”, Department of
Labor and Employment)
400ppm 1,000ppm 5,000ppm 40,000ppm CO2 Concentration

CO2 concentration as a proxy for healthy indoor air
CO2
People exhale air with a high concentration of

CO2 as well as fine aerosol particles that
contain viruses.
CO2 CO2 CO2

The three most important parameters to measure
T, RH, T, RH,
CO2 CO2
In buildings with mechanical ventilation

systems, demand controlled ventilation
helps to assure healthy indoor air while
optimizing energy efficiency.
T, RH, T, RH,
CO2 CO2

Standards

Essential 1: Continuous and reliable measurement,
display and monitoring of indoor air quality
https://cdn.facilityexecutive.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/IAQ_Survey_Executive_summary_chart.jpeg

Applications

Application Examples - Improving IAQ with AHU
https://ciqa.net/what-is-air-handling-unit/
AHU – retrofit to Demand Controlled Ventilation
Typical design – CAV AHU
Disadvantages
• High OA even if part load / low
occupancy
• Poor RH control at part loads
Fixed VCD
Fixed
Fan
RAT PDCV
TC

AHU – retrofit to Demand Controlled Ventilation
with VCD
Advantages
• DCV – reduce energy
VCD consumption for conditioning OA
Disadvantages
PID • Poor RH control at part loads
Fixed
Fan
RAT CO2 PDCV
TC

AHU – retrofit to DCV
VAV AHU (but based on RAT, not Duct Pressure) / Single
Zone VAV
VAV for DCV – more Energy Efficient
Advantages
PID VAV • DCV – reduce energy
consumption for conditioning OA
• VAV at OA, independent &
accurate control of flow
• Control valve controlled with
SAT – effective removal of
VSD moisture at all loads
Fan
CO2 RAT PICV SAT Disadvantages
• Single zone control
TC
TC

AHU – retrofit to DCV
VAV AHU
PID VAV Advantages

• DCV – reduce energy
consumption for conditioning OA
• VAV at OA, independent &
accurate control of flow
• Control valve controlled with
SAT – effective removal of
moisture at all loads
VSD
CO2 • Multizone control with VAV
Fan
PICV SAT DP terminals
PID
PID
Better RH control, effective moisture removal by coil at all loads

Zone temp by VAV terminals
VAV sys
https://pdhonline.com/courses/m252/m252content.pdf
VAV vs CAV at part load
https://www.trane.com/content/dam/Trane/Commercial/global/products-systems/education-training/engineers-newsletters/airside-design/admapn047en_0413.pdf
VAV vs CAV at part load

Typical FCU control
Disadvantages:
Control Components: • Uncontrollable
• Thermostat; 3 Humidity
speed fan, on-off • Uncomfortable
valve • Overflow (on-off
• On-off PDCV 3 Speed control)
Fan • Low DT
PDCV
TC
RT
Thermostat

Proposed FCU control
modulating PICV
ECM modulating Fan
Advantages:
• Improved Comfort
• Controlled Humidity
• Accurate CHW control with PICV
(no overflow / low DT)
• Improved Energy Efficiency for
CHW circulation sys
ECM • Improved Energy Efficiency with
Fan ECM Fan
RAT PICV
SAT
PID
PID

AHU – VAV sys
Return Air
Flow
Flow Duct P
Fresh Air Supply Air
Filter
Heating Cooling
Applications considerations
 BACnet over analog

 real data (not prone to error because of scaling / conversion)
 more accurate
 no signal degradation / interference
 0-10V, max 20m
 4-20mA, max 100m
 Accuracy
 acceptable / realistic accuracy
 what’s more important, long term stability / reliability – useable performance

Sensor Technology
0..10V Modbus Modbus IP

BACnet BACnet
passive sensor active sensor Modbus / BACnet DDC Integration through Cloud Integration through
integration integration integration Belimo actuator Belimo actuator
Solutions for Humidity issues
 VAV system is more dependable

 Use Face & Bypass damper control for CAV AHU
 DOAS
 Internal building +ve pressure
 flow sensor at SA & RA
 Control SAT to Dew Point
 Outlet terminals temperature higher than Dew Point (DP) for lobbies where infiltration of OA
may happen even though building is positively pressurized
 have a separate AHU with SAT control to Dew Point
 Series Fan VAV (induction air mix with SA before discharge), if cannot have separate AHU, to raise
the SAT > Dewpoint

Face & Bypass Damper
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-CR-1682-00/images/e-dsn-5.htm

Series Fan VAV
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Simple-schematic-of-a-series-FPTU_fig2_288699051

Not All Sensors are created same
Sensors
The foundation
of comfort

Belimo Temperature Sensors
Reliable measurement of thermal comfort
01/22-DT-xxx 22-MT-xxx 01-CT-xxx
Duct Duct Averaging Bullet/Cable
01-ST-xxx 01/22 HT-xxx 01/22-UT-xxx

Pipe Mount Surface Mount Outside Air
Belimo Temperature Sensors
Better protected – for long-term stability
SI Protection
Protects sensors against
damage caused by moisture,
Sensor without Sensor with *Roller-Burnished
SI-Protection SI-Protection Probe mechanical stress or vibrations.
* Roller-burnishing of the
sensor probe ensures
NEMA 4X / IP67
Belimo Humidity / Temperature Sensors
Reliable measurement of thermal comfort
22DTH-xxx 22UTH-xxX 22UTH-xxx 22HH-xxx

Duct RH/Temp Outside RH/Temp Outside RH/Temp Condensation
High quality sensor with high flexibility
Multi sensor with selectable outputs:

relative humidity, absolute humidity, enthalpy, dew point
Up to four active temperature

measurement ranges
PRODUCT SERIES:
Outdoor Air, Duct, and Condensation
Long term accuracy and stability
Polymer Capacitive Sensing

element not affected by high
humidity and contaminants
±2% accurate relative humidity as

2% standard Long-term drift <±0.25%
Belimo Pressure Sensors
True Auto-zero calibration for long term stability
Competition
 Application Note: How often do pressure transmitters need to
perform auto-zero ?
 Most applications = periodic
Critical applications = 2-3 times a year.
Belimo 22ADP
 True Auto-Zero Automatically Calibrates to Zero every 10 mins
 Saving time, labor and site visits 2-3 times a year
Belimo Room Sensors
CO2, Temperature, Humidity
Fast response times, high measurement accuracy and

minimal drift
Near Field Communication (NFC)
Broad compatibility – analogue or BUS communication

Room Sensor
with
NFC app
Belimo Room CO2 sensor
Easy Commissioning
 Copy/paste configuration
 Read out sensor values
 Configuration without
mechanical switches
 0..10V / 2..10V / 0..5V
 Free mapping of signal to
voltage range
 Check device status
 Check clamp voltage without
multimeter
101
56
Belimo Air Quality Sensors – CO2
Long-term stability thanks to Dual Channel Technology NDIR sensor
CO2, VOC, Temperature, Humidity
CO2 sensor based on Dual Channel technology
Maintenance free and easy installation

User friendly features

THANK YOU
https://medic.upm.edu.my/health_infographics/health_information/indoor_air_quality-48295

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The 7 Essentials of

Healthy Indoor Air

Belimo Presentation at the

Global Business Development Manager

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 2

 The importance of indoor air quality

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 3

Indoor air quality is of

Comfort Productivity Health

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 5

Reduction in decision-making performance: Relationship between ventilation and performance:

Source: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 7

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 8

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 9

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 10

Tech Hour Video with Stephanie Taylor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jCji-mIKVQ

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 13

Tech Hour Video with Stephanie Taylor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jCji-mIKVQ

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 14

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 15

Pathogens’ stability varies

Air humidity levels between

Source: Scotfield-Sterling-Diagram, Fachinstitut Gebaeude-Klima e.V.

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 17

Indoor sources of VOC Health impact

Chemical compounds Threshold at work

Aldehyde, Phenol, Formaldehyde Acceptable work thresholds are

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 18

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 19

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 20

400ppm 1,000ppm 5,000ppm 40,000ppm CO2 Concentration

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 21

400ppm 1,000ppm 5,000ppm 40,000ppm CO2 Concentration

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 22

People exhale air with a high concentration of

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 23

In buildings with mechanical ventilation

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 24

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 25

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 27

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 28

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 30

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 31

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 32

PID VAV Advantages

Better RH control, effective moisture removal by coil at all loads

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 36

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 37

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 38

Fresh Air Supply Air

 BACnet over analog

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 40

0..10V Modbus Modbus IP

 VAV system is more dependable

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 44

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 45

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 46

The 7 Essentials of Healthy Indoor Air 47

01-ST-xxx 01/22 HT-xxx 01/22-UT-xxx

22DTH-xxx 22UTH-xxX 22UTH-xxx 22HH-xxx

Multi sensor with selectable outputs:

Up to four active temperature