ARMY

26/03/21 10:03 AM

Define peace
Motto- service before self
VALUES IMPARTED to you by Army? How will they help in administration?
- Desire to serve the society- Motto of Indian Army is service before self, and that motto has been
inculcated into Army wards ever since their younger years. The feeling of serving the society will help in
my career as a civil servant as this is the primary priority for the country. Civil S is about public interest
and civil servants have Special obligation towards the society.
- Disciplined lifestyle and punctuality- work ethic- Yatha Raja tatha praja- work gets completed on time.
No inadvertent delays.
- Dedication and never-give up attitude
- Comraderie
- ADAPTABILITY
- Patriotic zeal and country first attitude- keeping the welfare of the country above personal gains.
What do you mean by patriotism?
- Patriotism is love and commitment towards the country. Devotion to country can be in many forms
such as tolerance, living in harmony, paying taxes, staying indoors during covid- all constitute patriotism.
Diff between patriotism and nationalism
- In patriotism you love your country. social concept and non comparative.
Nationalism. political and comparative
- Patriotism, on one hand, is the love for the nation to the extent of willingness to sacrifice for the cause
of the nation.
- Nationalism on the other hand is the feeling that the culture and tradition of one nation are superior to
any other.

What can civil administration adopt from Indian Army?

- Respect for all sections of society- Sarv dharm Sthal in every unit where Mandir Mazjid Guradwara .
- Discipline and punctuality
- Comradery and feeling of brotherhood. - army always teaches to work as a team- team spirit
- Motto of service before self
- Continuous on ground training and evaluation.

Does India need a Defence minister from armed forces background?

- While a defense background will be more aware about the problems and required solutions for Army as
well as the technical knowledge, however, it might lead to politicization of the military.
- New post of CODS will help in maintaining the bridge between bureaucracy and army.

Reforms needed in Indian Army

- Making the Army leaner- tooth to tail ratio.
- Human rights cell
- India will have two to five theatre commands to deal with future security challenges along the western
and northern borders and the first such structure is set to be made functional by 2022.
- Women in command positions
- CDS- single point military advisor
- Smart soldier- technology upgradation and AI in defence.
- Atma nirbhar. Less import dependant

Sahayak system and buddy system?

- Roots in the colonial legacy
- Duty does not demand household chores. They are buddy to the officer and not their families. It is for
the purpose of personal bonding during peace time which is carried on to assist the officer for his
mission during war time. But unfortunately some officers are found misusing this facility.
Private entry in Indian Army
- Defence sector reforms under atmanirbhar bharat abhiyan
- Project management unit for faster decision making
- FDI limit in Defence Production has been raised to 74% from existing 49% under Automatic Route
- Modernization of Ordinance factory boards

Rising suicides among Army personnel?

- Stress, isolation in field areas, not able to meet family in absence of leave
- Mental disturbance due to battle casualities of collegues and unit personnels.
- Lack of motivation because of the hard life.
- Work overload.
- Few cases Frustration due to ill treatment or disrespect of soldiers by senior officers.
- WF- mental therapy, counselling system is very nascent. Mission Zindagi campain for Indian Army
where mental health counselling and workshops are being provided by 23 psychiatric centres.

Issue of grievances? Social media grievances?

Role of Indian Army in disaster management
- First responder in disaster situations

WOMEN IN ARMY- freedom of choice first.

- Women empowerment in the society at large
- In 1992, an important landmark in the history of Indian Army was the induction of women into the
officer cadre, and the onerous task of training them was undertaken by the Officers Training Academy.
- Women got permanent commission even in Command positions- Babita Punia case. 2020
- Systemic and indirect discrimination
- While male SSC officers could opt for permanent commission at the end of 10 years of service,
this option was not available to women officers. Women officers, were, thus, kept out of any
command appointment, and could not qualify for government pension, which starts only after 20
years of service as an officer.
- However, in the February 2019 policy statement, the Government endorsed the permanent
commission for SSC women officers in 10 streams of the ‘Combat Support Arms’ and ‘Services’
sections. But it was said that the women officers would not be offered any command
appointments, and would serve only in staff posts.
- The court held that women officers will also be eligible for command posts in non-combat areas since
“an absolute bar on women seeking criteria or command appointments would not go with the guarantee
of equality under Article 14”.
- Females are not allowed to serve in combat units like the Infantry, the Armoured Corps and
Mechanized infantry.

- Under the Short Service Commission (SSC) scheme, women are allowed to enter Army Service Corps,
Ordnance, Education Corps, Judge Advocate General (JAG), Engineers, Signals, Intelligence and
Electronics & Mechanical Engineering branches of the Army.
- Only in certain streams like the Judge Advocate General, Army Education Corps (AEC) , women
are given permanent commission at par with male officers.
- Captain Tania Shergill, an officer with Army's Corps of Signals, will be the first woman parade adjutant
for the Republic Day parade.
- Captain Preeti Choudhary, Indian Army’s Only Woman Contingent Commander, Who Led R-Day
Parade 2021
- Denying PC to women has an economic as well as psychological impact on the females at large because
our institutions are reflective of our society
- One thing we often don't consider is that Not enough female officers at the highest ranks causes a
deficiency of role models for young girls and impacts not just the institution in isolation but has a
much larger impact on the society as a whole and generations to come.
- We must recognize here that structures of our society have been created by the males and for the males.
As a result, certain structures that may seem to be the norm and appear harmless are a reflection of the
insidious patriarchal system.
- The Supreme Court (SC) has been informed by the Centre, that women may not be suitable for
command posts in the Army because male officers aren’t ‘mentally capable’ of accepting orders from
women officers.
- The Centre cited physical and physiological limitations as challenges for women officers to meet the
exigencies of service in the Armed Forces.
- Biological differences must not be seen as physiological incapabilities
- Diversified representation.
- IAF pilots
- COBRA all female regiment of CRPF to fight naxals. -Commando Battalion for Resolute Action
(CoBRA)
- COBRA is a special operation unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) of India.
- Core of Military police
- The Centre’s contentions are contrary to the actual records and statistics of women officers who have
worked at an equal level with all their male officers and performed extremely well in both hostile and
combat situations.
- Lieutenant Colonel Mitali Madhumita (sena medal ) and IAF squad leader Minty Agarwal are
examples of women who stand as a testament to the capabilities of women in commanding positions.
- Lt. General Madhuri Kanitkar- 3 star general- head of integrated medical wing.
- Justice shouldn't just be at an inductive level, but must be continuous.
- However these changes should come endogenically and not imposed.
- Thus, changes have to take place in the culture, norms, and
values of not only the rank and file of the Army but also that of society at
large.
- The United States, Israel, North Korea, France, Germany, Netherlands, Australia and Canada are
among the global militaries that employ women in front-line combat positions.

- There must not be a gendered roadblock to anyone's

aspirations.
Should women be given combat positions?
- Yes, women should be given an opportunity to opt for combat positions and provided with freedom of
choice of occupation. There should not be any blanket restrictions based on the gender.
- While apprehensions exist that the Indian soldiers are not ready for women in combat as put by central
government, as well as less capability due to the gender as well as fear of human rights violations across
the border
- However I believe that capabilities cannot be defined by gender. We see women in various roles
including IAF fighter pilots, women in IPS, COBRA all women force of CRPF. So where ever given the
opportunity, women are proving to be fit.
- Induction of women in the army contributes not just to the Army and their careers but also to the
country and society at large since it changes the perception of women in the society and provides role
models for young girls.
- So I believe the choice should be left on women.

- MINDSET + ADMINISTRATIVE WILL

Women in command positions?
- The reason women were being denied command position lies in inherent patriarchal bias in the society
leading to systemic and indirect discrimination against women in the army.
- The reason given by central govt that male soldiers are not mentally prepared to take command from a
lady reflect this bias.
- We need to understand here that these institutions are created by the males and for the males and
certain practices that might appear as the norm are actually discriminatory.
- We have many women officers who have proved their mettle such as Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar of Army
Medical Corps who handled the covid pandemic very well, as well as Captain Tania Shergil who led the
republic day contingent.
- Thus, equality should not just be there at the inductive stages of women in army but what is required is
continuous equality throughout their careers.

Role of women in Indian Army

- Restricted to non-combat areas such as services- AEC, AMC and combat support- such as Engineers
- Induction of women in the army contributes not just to the Army but also to the country and society at
large since it changes the perception of women in the society and provides role models for young girls.

Percentage of women
Army: 03.80
Medical Officers: 21.63
Dental Officers: 20.75

OTA, Chennai- 6 months training

INDIAN ARMY
- The Indian Army is the land-based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces.
The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Army, and its professional head is
the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who is a four-star general.
- The primary mission of the Indian Army is to ensure national security and national unity, to defend the
nation from external aggression and to maintain peace and security within its borders, aid to civil
authority.
- It conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances, such
as Operation Surya Hope (2013 Uttarakhand floods)
- The army has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with China. Other major
operations undertaken by the army include Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot, and Operation
Cactus.
- The Indian Army is operationally and geographically divided into seven commands, with the basic field
formation being a division. Below the division level are permanent regiments that are responsible for
their own recruiting and training.
- Northern command- Udhampur
- Central- lucknow
- Southern- Pune
- Western- Chandimandir
- South-western- Jaipur
- Eastern- Kolkata
- Army training command- Shimla
- Strategic command- for tactical and strategic nuclear weapon stockpile- Andamans.
Command> Corps> Division> Brigade> regiment > Unit> company> Platoon> Section
- Army Day is celebrated on 15 January every year in India, in recognition of Field marshall K. M.
Cariappa's taking over as the first commander-in-chief of the Indian Army from General Sir Francis
Butcher, the last British commander-in-chief of India, on 15 January 1949.

ARMS and SERVICES-

- Arms- Infantry, Artillery, armoured, air defence, mechanized infantry
- Combat support arms- engineers, signals, aviation
- Services- ASC, AOC, AEC, AMC, ADC, Judge and advocate general. Military police. Army aviation
core.
AEC-
- The Indian Army is categorized into 2 categories- Arms & services.
- AEC is one of the services along with ASC, ADC, AMC.
- The main task of AEC officers revolves around Human Resource Development of Army personells.
- Firstly, career and educational enhancement of personnel below OR at HRD centres at each formation
- Personality dvelopment of army personnel to groom and mentor them to become officers.
- AEC officers are instructors at Training establishments such as IMA, NDA,OTA to impart academic
training to the cadets.
- They also serve as Principals at Sainik schools and Rashtriya military schools.
- Training in foreign languages, and training foreign officers in English.
- Military Music wing- martial bands.
- In field posting- Human resource development cell- map reading classes, general administration etc.

Sainik school society- Ministry of defence

FATHER'S POSTINGS AND PLACES VISITED

Discrimination between Jawans and officers

- The discrimination emanates from the colonial legacy of indian Army where there was a huge gap
between between officers and personnel below officer rank and that has been carried forward till present
day.
- However we see things improving, many infantry combat courses as well as educational courses are
being done by officers and JCOs and NCOs, Wards and families are being given at par facilities and
children of Officers and personnel below officer ranks study together in Army public school.
- Thus as the country is developing the gap between officers and pbors is reducing.
Social media grievance redressal?
- Incidents like these should be complained to the right authorities.
- Using social media without exhausting all other means of grievance redressal was wrong.
- Using social media leading to widespread criticism of Indian Army would affect the morale of all the
soldiers.

Parochialization in Indian Army

- Bon-Homie between the jawans of the army leading to unity and better performance.
- 100% regionalism is not there
- Leadership is diverse
Ranks-
- Recruit
- NCO- Non commissioned Officers
○ Sepoy
○ Lance naik
○ Naik
○ Havaldar
- JCO-
○ Naib Subedar
○ Subedar
○ Subedar Major
- Officers
○ Leutinant
○ Captain
○ Major
○ Lt Colonel
○ Colonel
○ Brigadier
○ Maj Gen
○ Lt Gen
○ Gen- COAS

Chief of Army staff

- Overall responsible for the Indian Army, Head sevices and arms. Seniormost ARMY officer.

COMMANDS
Operational commands- 6-
- Northern command udhampur
- Southern command Pune
- Eastern command Kolakata
- Western command Chandimandir
- Central- Lucknow
- Strategic- Andamans
Army training command- Shimla
- Category A
- Category B
Static formations- Area HQ and Sub-area HQ

MEDICAL-
- Each station has a Military Hospital
- Command Hospitals
- Base hospital
- R&R

Cantonement
Defence budget- The allocation to the Ministry of Defence is the highest allocation among all ministries of the
central government. The expenditure on defence constitutes 15.5% of the central government's budget and
2.1% of India's estimated GDP for 2020-21.
Cantonement
India is buying so many weapons, should defence expenditure be prioritized

RR- Rashtriya Rifles

- Counter insurgency force in JnK and Ladakh.
- Why? Army was guarding the borders and nature of CI was different. Thus a specialized force was
required to occupy a permanent location in JnK.
- 2 RR battalions are made from each infantry regiment. 8 weeks course in counterinsurgency in CI school
Udhampur before getting inducted.
- 2-3 years deputation.
Assam Rifles

Schemes for widows/ Casuality

- Veer Nari
- Age relaxation in Govt exams
- Vocational training grant, ward wedding grant
- Nitika kaul - wife of late major dhoundiyal. Who was killed in action in Pulwama in feb 2019

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENTRIES IN INDIAN ARMY-

- After 12th- NDA
- 10+2 technical entry- OTA Gaya
- Direct entry - Graduates in any stream- CDS- combined defence services- IMA
- Army Cadet College entry- ACC- Jawans after clearing written and ssb
- SSC - OTA Chennai
- TGC- Technical graduate course- for post graduates- IMA
- SCO- Special class officer- Jawans can appear for ssb directly
What is short service commission?

TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
1. IMA- Ddun.
a. Training of-
i. Ex-NDA Army cadets after 3 years training at NDA
ii. Direct enrty after graduation from colleges (through CDS- combined defence services
exam)
iii. Technical entrys after b.tech and pg in specified subjects.
iv. ACC entry- For non comissioned officers- After 3 years graduation course from Army
cadet college (ACC) wing IMA- then 1 year military training
2. OTA chennai
a. Short service officers technical and non-technical and Lady officers.
3. OTA Gaya
a. Opened in 2012 to train - technical 10+2 entry- science + maths. After 6 months - go to
respective technical service colleges. Eg. Those who have been allotted Signals core go to
MCTE (Mil College of Telecom engineering) at MHOW.
b. Electrical Mechanical Engineering- MCEME - Secunderabad- CTW- Cadet training wing.
4. Women entry- women entry scheme- The procedure for becoming a lady officer in army is same as
the followed for the men. The candidates have to clear a written exam CDS Written Exam, After getting
selected in the initial process i.e. written or getting shortlisted, SSB calls are made. The aspirants should
possess graduation degree in any discipline.
5. Courses- YOs course- for infantry training, Commando course, High Altitude course.
6. Triservices colleges- NDA- The National Defence Academy (NDA) is the joint defence
service training institute of the Indian Armed Forces, where cadets of the three services i.e. the Indian
Army , the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force train together before they go on to respective service
academy for further pre-commission training. The NDA is located in Khadakwasla, Pune, Maharashtra.
It is the first tri-service academy in the world.
7. Medical Entry-
a. Lt Gen Madhuri Kanitkar- first 3 start general
b. AFMC- entry- NEET - Permanent commission. Tri-services.
c. Direct entry based on interview

8. Dental Entry-
a. ADCore- Interview call based on Neet PG ranks. Commissioned as captain. Short service
commission. Dental Officers Basic course is conducted at AMC Centre Lucknow. 13 weeks- 7
weeks basic and 6 weeks dental. Interview for PC after 2 years of service.
b. Why didn't you join ADC?
i. Army is hard power but IFS is soft power.
ii. Wanted to work at an international platform.
iii. Areas are limited. Wanted to work at broader area.
c. Role of Dentists in the Army?
i. Physical fitness is of prime importance in the forces and Dental health forms a part of
it.
ii. Ensures Dental hygiene of high standards of army personnel and also their families.
iii. Dental injuries in any physical activity like army
iv. Every year Annual Medical examination which includes dental fitness also.
9. Military Nursing service-
a. The Indian Military Nursing Services is a part of Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS) of
the Indian Army, first formed under British rule in 1888. An officer in the Military Nursing
Services is granted Permanent Commission or Short Service Commission by a Govt Gazette
Notification.

Foreign friendly countries training

REPUBLIC DAY PARADE

WARS INDIA HAS FOUGHT

J&K liberation of kashmir- 1948
Sino- Indian war- 1962
Indo-pak war- 1965
Indo-pak war- 1971
Kargil war- 1999

MAJOR OPERATIONS
- Operation meghdoot- 1984- Siachen
- Operation Vijaya- 1999- Kargil
- "- 1961- Liberation of Goa

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOC AND LAC

Boundary lines-
China-
- Western sector- The Johnson’s line (proposed in 1865) shows Aksai Chin in erstwhile Jammu and
Kashmir (now Ladakh) i.e. under India’s control whereas McDonald Line (proposed in 1893) places
it under China’s control.
- Eastern Sector- Mcmohan line

NEPAL BORDER DISPUTE-

- Kalapani:
○ Kalapani is a valley that is administered by India as a part of the Pithoragarh district of
Uttarakhand. It is situated on the Kailash Mansarovar route. The latest political map of India
reiterated the Indian claims on the region that Nepal says belongs to its westernmost part. India
claims the historic region as part of Uttarakhand.
○ The Kali River in the Kalapani region demarcates the border between India and Nepal.
○ The Treaty of Sugauli signed by the Kingdom of Nepal and British India (after Anglo-Nepalese
War) in 1816 located the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. The discrepancy in
locating the source of the river led to boundary disputes between India and Nepal, with each
country producing maps supporting their own claims.

- Susta:
○ Susta area is one of the disputed territories between India (Uttar Pradesh) and Nepal.
○ Susta is located on the bank of the Gandak river (called Narayani river in Nepal).
○ The change of course by the Gandak river is the main reason for disputes in the Susta area.

BANGLADESH LIBERATION WAR-

An independence movement broke out in East Pakistan which was crushed by Pakistani forces. Due to
large-scale atrocities against them, thousands of Bengalis took refuge in neighbouring India causing a
major refugee crisis there. In early 1971, India declared its full-support for the Bengali rebels, known
as Mukti Bahini, and Indian agents were extensively involved in covert operations to aid them.[citation
needed]

On 20 November 1971, the Indian Army moved 14 Punjab Battalion, of the 45th Cavalry regiment, into
Garibpur, a strategically important town in East Pakistan, near India's border, and successfully captured
it.
Major battles- Battle of Longewala and Battle of Basantar

Bhuj-

SURGICAL STRIKES

A surgical strike is a swift and targeted attack on a specific target that aims to neutralize them while
ensuring minimum collateral damage to the surrounding areas and civilians.

A.
- Uri attacks in 2016 where 20 sodliers were martyred
- Jem took responsibility
- Surgical strikes against militant launch pads across LOC in POK.
- Precision strikes targeting terrorist launchpads and removing them just as we surgically remove a tumor
from body
B. Pulwama attacks
• 14 Feb 2019- attack on convoy of CRPF on Jammu- Srinagar Highway where 40 CRPF jawans lost their
lives.
• India removed MFN status for Pakistan (bestowed in 1996)
Most Favoured Nation is a treatment accorded to a trade partner to ensure non-discriminatory trade
between two countries vis-a-vis other trade partners.
The importance of MFN is shown in the fact that it is the first clause in the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Under WTO rules, a member country cannot discriminate between its trade
partners. If a special status is granted to a trade partner, it must be extended to all members of the
WTO.

• Jaish-e-Muhammad (JEM or Army of Muhammad) is a Pakistan-based armed group that aims to

undermine and overthrow Indian control over Indian-administered Kashmir through attacks on
security and government targets.

C. Balakot Air strike

- 26 Feb 2019 early morning in response Pulwama attacks
- Air force planes crossed PoK and dropped bombs leading to Destruction of terrorist camps at Balakot in
Khyber- Pakhnkhwa province in Pakistan
- 27 Feb 2019 an Indian fighter plane was shot down and the pilot- Wing commander Abhinandan was
held captive in Pakistan for 60 hours and released on 1st March.
- Awarded Vir chakra
- The Geneva Conventions comprise four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish the
standards of international law for humanitarian treatment in war. The Geneva Conventions extensively
defined the basic rights of wartime prisoners (civilians and military personnel), established protections
for the wounded and sick, and established protections for the civilians in and around a war-zone. The
provisions of the conventions apply in peacetime situations, in declared wars, and in conflicts that
are not recognized as war by one or more of the parties.
- The protection of the victims of maritime warfare would later be realized by the third Hague Convention
of 1899 and the tenth Hague Convention of 1907.

D. 2015 counter insurgency operation in Myanmar

- On 9 June 2015, India announced that it had conducted a cross-border operation against insurgents
belonging to NSCN-K. According to India, the operation took place in Myanmar and it was in response
to ambush of Indian Army convoy of 6 Dogra Regiment in Chandel district of Manipur.[7] Indian
officials said that they had crossed the border and inflicted significant casualties against the NSCN-
K.[1] According to Indian media reports, around 38 insurgents belonging to NSCN-K were killed during
the operation.[5][2] The operation lasted around 40 minutes.

ANALYSIS
- India’s right to self-defense
- India said that strike was “non-military preemptive action” was important for two reasons:
○ By calling it non-military, India wanted to reassure everyone that it is not an act against the
Pakistani military.
○ The words “preemptive action” were to suggest that the airstrike was not an act of revenge or
retribution but an act of self-defense to prevent a likely terror attack in the future.

- By calling it an intelligence-led operation, the government was trying to send a message to the global
audience that the airstrikes were not done at some arbitrarily chosen place but were part of a well-
considered action.
- delivers a robust but calibrated message that India can strike deep inside Pakistan for its self-
defense.
- Neutralization of targets with surgical strikes also prevents escalation to a full-blown war.

- Surgical strikes are part of India’s Cold Start doctrine and have proved effective in foiling infiltration
bid by terrorist groups across the LoC.
- The Cold Start doctrine sought to prepare the army in such a manner that offensive operations
could be undertaken within 48 hours of the orders being issued, enabling the Indian troops to take
their Pakistani counterparts by surprise.
- This doctrine aims to allow Indian forces to conduct sustained attacks while preventing a nuclear
retaliation from Pakistan.

UN PEACEKEEPING
- United nations force to monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas
- It was created in 1948. The personnel are often referred to as Blue Berets or Blue Helmets because of
their light blue berets or helmets
They are guided by three basic principles:
○ Consent of the parties
○ Impartiality
○ Non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate.
- Authorised by: Every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the UN Security Council.
- Peacekeeping forces: Member states contribute their manpower for Peacekeeping forces on a voluntary
basis.
- Funding: The financial resources of UN Peacekeeping operations are the collective responsibility of UN
Member States. Every Member State is legally obligated to pay their respective share for peacekeeping.
- India send capf all women contingent

MEDALS-
Wartime gallantry awards
Param Vir Chakra (PVC)
Maha Vir Chakra (MVC)
Vir Chakra (VrC)
Peacetime gallantry awards
Ashok Chakra (AC)
Kirti Chakra (KC)
Shaurya Chakra (SC)
Wartime distinguished service medals
Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal (SYSM)
Uttam Yudh Seva Medal (UYSM)
Yudh Seva Medal (YSM)
Peacetime distinguished service medals
Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM)
Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM)
Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM)
Distinguished Service & Gallantry medals
Sena Medal (Army) (SM)
Nausena Medal (Navy) (NM)
Vayusena Medal (Air Force) (VM)
-
Sainik schools
Indus water treaty conference after 2 years
- 1960
AFSPA
- Afspa came into force in the context of increasing insurgency in NE states in 1958 and JnK in 1990.
- Grants special power to indian armed forces and state and paramilitary force in areas classified as
disturbed areas
- Governor, adminitrator of UT, central govt can declare
- Afspa has landed into controversy due to its nature of operation and cases of HR violations have been
reforted
- Army sees is as an enabling act that gives it the power necessary to conduct CI op effectively
- If afspa is repealed or diluted, the performance of army units will get adversely affected and also there
can be potential of insurgent activities increasing, also working of the army may get hindered.
- National sovereignity and integrity of a nation is must since the nature of threat is unceratin in case of
insurgency unlike tarditional warfare
- Army needs to make quick responses thus normal procedures cannot be taken
- Army does not have police powers under usual circumstances hence special powers need to be given
- Human rights cell established - Stringent Human rights violation mechanism
- CODS gen bipin rawat- 10 point commandments
- 2016 SC judgement- No excessive force, criminal courts to have jurisdiction over armed forces excesses.
Afspa is not invinsible. Preservation of rule of law.
- FAST TRACK COURTS FOR HR VIOLATIONS
- Strict actions are taken against misuse of afspa
- No human rights violation should be done. Accountability mechanism should be set up.
- When normalcy is attained, afspa is gradually being removed
- Ethical code and a separate training for AFSPA areas
- Authority in the absence of responsibility is very lethal.
- SC as the last resort body
- SOLUTION LIES IN REFORMATION AND NOT REPEAL

MILITARY FARMS
- Military farms have been closed after 132 years of service.
- The farms were set up with the sole requirement of supplying hygienic cow milk to troops in garrisons
across British India.
- The first military farm was raised on February 1, 1889, at Allahabad.
- There have been several recommendations in the past to shut down the farms.
- In 2012, the Quarter Master General branch had recommended their closure.
- Again in December 2016 by Lt. Gen. DB Shekatkar (retd) committee was appointed to recommend
measures to enhance
combat capability and rebalance defence
expenditure of the armed forces.

CHIEF OF DEFENCE STAFF-

INTEGRATED BATTLE GROUPS-

- IBGs are brigade-sized, agile, self-sufficient combat formations, which can swiftly launch strikes against
an adversary in case of hostilities.
- Quick mobility will be ensured
- Each IBG would be tailor-made based on Threat, Terrain and Task and resources will be allotted based
on the three Ts
- They need to be light so they will be low on logistics and they will be able to mobilise within 12-48 hrs
based on the location.
- An IBG operating in a desert needs to be constituted differently from an IBG operating in the
mountains.
Structure
• While a command is the largest static formation of the Army spread across defined geography, a corps is
the largest mobile formation.
• Typically each corps has about three brigades.
• The idea is to reorganise them into IBGs which are brigade-sized units but have all the essential
elements like infantry, armoured, artillery and air defence embedded together based on the three Ts.
• The IBGs will also be defensive and offensive. While the offensive IBGs would quickly mobilise and
make a thrust into enemy territory for strikes, defensive IBGs would hold ground at vulnerable points or
where enemy action is expected.
Why need IBGs?
• After the terrorist attack on the Parliament, the Indian military undertook massive mobilization but the
Army’s formations which deep inside took weeks to mobilise losing the element of surprise.
• Following this, the Army formulated a proactive doctrine known as ‘Cold Start’ to launch swift offensive
but its existence was consistently denied in the past.
• Its existence was acknowledged for the first time by Gen Rawat in January 2017.

ONE RANK ONE PENSION

- One Rank One Pension (OROP) is the demand of retired defense personnel for the same amount of
pension for similarly ranked defense personnel, irrespective of the date of retirement, provided the
person concerned had retired from the same rank and they had served for an equal number of years.
- Roughly translated, a sepoy who retired in 1995 with 20 years of service should get the same pension as
a sepoy who retired in 2010 after 20 years of service.
- Currently, the pension for retired personnel is based on the Pay Commission recommendations at the
time when they retired. The pension amount is decided on the basis of their last drawn salary.
- The demand has been going on since about three decades
- Ponits in favour:-
○ The disparity between past and present pensioners has grown with every successive Pay
Commission. A sepoy who retired before 1996 gets 82% less pension than a sepoy who retired
after 2006.
○ Armed forces personnel do not get to serve as long as those in the civil services. While the
retirement age for civil servants is 60 years, 85% soldiers are compulsorily retire between 35 and
37 years of age. Hence, they need appropriate support to live a dignified life
○ We must see OROP as part of the larger goal of making the Armed Forces an attractive career
choice. Truncated career spans are a huge disincentive to joining the forces today
○ One of the arguments for OROP is that personnel serve in Indian armed forces risking their lives
and serve in perilous conditions therefore must be paid more.
- Points against-
○ Rs 8000-10000 crore will be the fiscal load of the implementation of the OROP every year, which
is expected to increase every year especially after every pay commission. Since OROP is being
implemented retrospectively form 1st July, 2014, its arrears from last year will alone cause Rs
12000-14000 crore.
○ Similar demands can erupt from Paramilitary forces
- The demand for OROP had been accepted by the Koshiyari Committee in its report to Parliament in
2011
- Govt in 2014 announced OROP scheme via order of Min of defence. As per the order, Pension will be
re-fixed for all pensioners on the basis of the average of minimum and maximum pension of personnel
retiring in 2013 in the same rank and with the same length of service.
- However, Veterans want pension of old retirees to be fixed at par with new retirees while government is
saying that it will fix the pension as an average of max and min of current retirees.
- Equalization of pension: Veterans want pension to be equalized every year
- Premature Retirement: Few are also protesting against the provision that OROP will not be extended to
military personnel who seek premature retirement now on.

WHAT ARE PARAMILITARY FORCES?

Central Armed Police Forces

- The Ministry of Home Affairs maintains seven CAPFs:

○ The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), which assists in internal security and
counterinsurgency.
○ The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), which protects vital installations (like airports) and
public sector undertakings.
○ The National Security Guards (NSG), which is a special counterterrorism force.
○ Four border guarding forces, which are the Border Security Force(BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border
Police (ITBP), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), and Assam Rifles (AR).
- The term Paramilitary forces are not formally used. Informally it is used, when we talk about:

i. Indian Coast Guard Personnel – Indian Armed Force

ii. Assam Rifles (AR) – CAPF
iii. Special Frontier Force (SFF) – Intelligence
-
ARMY PEOPLE IN POLITICS
- Lt gen Subrato Saha- West Bengal.
- Gen V K singh.

Should Army people be going into politics?

- I believe post retirement Army people can contribute to politics since they have a much clearer
understanding of the security situation of India and the stark ground realities of the border areas.
They can also direct policy makers towards national interest. Along with this 'Trust building' is a
major component of politics
CANTONEMENTS
Territorial Army
The Indian Territorial Army (TA) is a second line of defence after the Regular Indian Army; it is not a profession,
occupation or a source of employment. It is only meant for those people who are already in mainstay civilian
professions; in fact, gainful employment or self-employment in a civil profession is a prerequisite for joining the
Territorial Army.[citation needed]
Volunteers of the Territorial Army usually serve in uniform for 2–3 months every year, so that they can bear arms for
national defence in times of dire need or national emergencies

ROLE OF ARMY IN COVID RELIEF

- Setting up hospitals
- Operation CO-Jeet
- Providing military vehicles and drivers for transport of oxygen
- Calling back retired army docs
- Why ARmy
○ Greater manpower and quick response and huge manpower- units at peace locations. Eg Joshimath
brigade in Kedarnath- 5 units. Reserve units mobilized
○ Capabilities to airlift and carry large equipments at the site of disaster
○ Command and control is easy. Reaction time is fast
○ Easy to mobilize because of units spread throughout India.

CANTONEMENTS
National emblem
1) National flag.
1. Saffron stands for courage and sacrifice
2. White symbolizes truth, peace and purity
3. Green represents prosperity, vibrance and life.
4. The Ashok Chakra (wheel) represents the righteousness, progress and perpetuity. Also represent motion
and growth. The 24 spokes of the wheel represents the 24 hours of a day
2)National Emblem
5. The 4 lions are considered to be symbols of power, courage and victory.
• While the other four animals stands for the four directions.
• The lion of the north,
• The elephant of the east,
• The horse of the south and
• The bull of the west.
6. The Ashok Chakra (wheel) represents the righteousness, progress and perpetuity. The 24 spokes of the
wheel represents the 24 hours of a day

3) Upward crossed swords internationally stands for ready to fight.

ARMY AND OLYMPICS-

Indian Army's 101 Member Contingent To Participate In

International Army Games At Russia
A 101-member Indian Army contingent will be participating in
International Army Games 2021, scheduled to be held in Russia from
22 August to 4 September.
'War Olympics'. It was first organised in August 2015 and the event witnessed close to 30 countries taking part in
dozens of competitions over two weeks to prove which is the most skilled. Meanwhile, this will be the seventh
edition of the event as well.
Spokes in Ashoka chakra-
There are 24 spokes in the Ashoka Chakra which represents 24 qualities of a person. In other words,
these spokes can be termed as the 24 religious paths made for humans. All the paths mentioned in
the Ashok Chakra will lead any country on the path of progress.

Motto(s) Service Before Self

Colours Gold, red and black
red represents the blood shed in
combat, gold represents a soldier's
boldness and blue represents truth
Anniversaries Army Day: 15 January
Commander-in-Chief President Ram Nath Kovind
Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) General Bipin Rawat
PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM, ADC
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) General Manoj Mukund Naravane,

• Indian army vs Chinese army

○ India has the third highest defence expenditure in the world, but China spends
nearly four times more.-
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), in 2019, China’s
defence budget was $261 billion, while the corresponding figure for India was $71.1 billion.
These are the second- and third-highest military spends in the world.

○ In terms of manpower, China- 21 lakh. India- 12 lakh

○ Nuclear warheads - According to SIPRI’s 2020 Yearbook, the Chinese nuclear

arsenal currently stands at 320, while India has 150 weapons.

• Army export import

○ India - second-largest importer of arms between 2016-20, with a share of 9.5% of global
arms imports. After saudi arabia. 3rd- egypt
○ Imports fell by 33% from 2016-2020
○ India's top three arms suppliers during 2016-20 were Russia (accounting for 49% of India's imports),
France (18%) and Israel (13%). France and israel increased while Russia's share dropped
○ India accounted for 0.2% of the share of global arms exports during 2016-20, making the country the
world's 24th largest exporter of major arms.

• Defence budget
○ Rs 4,78,195.62 crore for the year 2021-22, which is 13.73 percent of total Central Government
Expenditure and 2.15 percent of GDP for the year 2021-22
• Defence make in India
○ Make in India- to reduce arms import bill and make India self reliant in defence sector
○ Light Combat Aircraft Tejas
○ AK-203 rifles
○ Reforms taken-
i. increasing the FDI percentage in defence manufacturing
ii. a negative list for imported weapons
iii. separate budget for Indian-made military equipment
iv. corporatisation of the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB)
v. reform of defence procurement
○ Need of close collaboration between military and scientific community

• Defence Atmanirbhar
• Raffle deal
• Private participation
• Defence production and export policy 2020
○ Defence Production Policy of 2018" (DPrP-2018) has a goal of becoming among the top 5 global
producers of the aerospace and defence manufacturing with annual export target of US$5 billion by
2025
○ From November 2019, government exempted the imported defence equipment from the customs and
import duties for a period of five year during which domestic production is unlikely to meet the
technical demand of the forces
○ Defence ministry has decided to earmark 64% of its defence modernization funds (70.000 cr) for
domestic purchase.- will give a boost to make In India
• Defence acquisition corruption and delay
○ complex and lengthy procurement processes
• Defence acquisition procedure 2020
• Defence procurement policy
• Afspa conviction rate
• Article 370
• Court martial