BECVE805P PROJECT REPORT

ON

“Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength of

Concrete By Using Coconut Fibres”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Civil Engineering

Submitted By

Pradhnya Wankhede Vaibhav Warhade

Suprit Mankar Aadesh Wadhai
Harshal Langde

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Gopal C. Dhanjode
Assistant professor

Department of Civil Engineering

NAGPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Mahurzari, Katol Road Nagpur-441501
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
2021-2022
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY USING COCONUT FIBRES”
Submitted herein has been carried out by us in the Department of Civil Engineering at
Nagpur Institute of Technology, Nagpur. The presented work is original and has not been
submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any degree / diploma at this or any
other Institution / University.

We also hereby assign to the Department of Civil Engineering of Nagpur Institute of

Technology, Nagpur all rights under copyright that may exist in and to the above work
and any revised or expanded derivatives works based on the work as mentioned. Other
work copied from references, manuals etc. are disclaimed.

Sr. No. Name of the Students Signature

1. Pradhnya Wankhede
2. Vaibhav Warhade
3. Suprit Mankar
4. Aadesh Wadhai
5. Harshal Langde
Date: - / / 2022

Department of Civil Engineering

NAGPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Mahurzari, Katol Road Nagpur-441501
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
2021-202
II
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the BECVE805P Project Report entitled

“Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength of
Concrete By Using Coconut Fibres”

is a bonafide work and is submitted to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University,

Nagpur

By

Pradhnya Wankhede Vaibhav Warhade

Suprit Mankar Aadesh Wadhai
Harshal Langde

in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of

Engineering in Civil Engineering during the academic year 2021-2022 under my
guidance.

Mr.Gopal C. Dhanjode Mr. D.R.Naxine Dr. Sudhir S. Kapgate

Guide Project Coordinator Head

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Dr. A.Y.Deshmukh
Principal
Nagpur Institute of Technology

Department of Civil Engineering

NAGPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Mahurzari, Katol Road Nagpur-441501
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur
2021-2022

III
 PROJECT REPORT APPROVAL SHEET

Project Report Entitled

“Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength of

Concrete By Using Coconut Fibres”

By

Pradhnya Wankhede Vaibhav Warhade

Suprit Mankar Aadesh Wadhai
Harshal Langde

is presented and approved for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Civil Engineering

of

Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur

2021-2022

(Signature) (Signature)
Internal Examiner External Examiner
(Name) (Name)

Date: Date:

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our gratitude to Mr.Gopal C. Dhanjode,

who provided us constructive criticism and a positive feedback during this project
work.
We are indebted to Dr. Sudhir S. Kapgate, Head, Department of Civil
Engineering who were always there whenever we needed any help. Without him
and his co-operation, completion of this project work would have been inevitable
and his presence behind us is totally indispensable.
We also express our sincere gratitude to our respected Principal, Dr.
A.Y.Deshmukh for providing us necessary facilities.
Our sincere thanks to the teaching and supporting staff of “Civil Engineering”,
without their help, we could not have even conceived the accomplishment of this
report. This work is virtually the result of their inspiration and guidance.
We would also like to thank the entire Library Staff and all those who directly or
indirectly were the part of this work. We are also thankful to our parents whose best
wishes are always with us.

Signed By

Pradhnya Wankhede

Suprit Mankar

Harshal Langde

Vaibhav Warhade

Aadesh Wadhai

V
 ABSTRACT

Sustainability is a wide accepted concept in modern construction

scenario. Even though the construction industry is revolutionizing in a
significant manner in terms of both equipment and materials used, the cost of
construction has skyrocketed along with the deteriorative impact on
environment. This resulted in the adoption of a more balanced approach with
the environment as its nerve centre to create a better world to live in. This has
led to the adoption of a natural fibre like Coconut for the strength
enhancement in concrete Coconut fibre is available in abundance at the test
site, which makes it quite viable as a reinforcement material in concrete.
Further, it acts as a new source of income for the coconut producer who gets
the benefits of the new demand generated by the construction industry. In
addition to this, it is an effective method for the disposal of coir mattress
waste which will reduce the demand for additional waste disposal
infrastructure and decrease the load on existing landfills and incinerators.
The problem of high rate of water absorption of the fibre could be reduced by
coating the fibres with oil.

This experiment describes the behavioral study of coconut fibre in concrete

structure. The addition of coconut fibre in concrete improves various
engineering properties of concrete. Coconut fibre is treated as natural fiber
before using in concrete. Addition of coconut fibre improves the compressive
strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength of concrete. The
experiment was conducted on high strength concrete with the addition of fiber
with 5 mix proportions (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) by the weight of cement.
The compressive strength and split tensile strength of cured concrete
evaluated for 7days and 28days.The study found the optimum fiber content to
be at 1%(by the weight of the cement).This results show coconut fiber can be
used in construction.

Keywords: Coconut coir fibre, Compressive Strength.

V
 CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

Declaration I
Certificate II
Examiner’s certificate III
Acknowledgement IV
Abstract V
Content VI
List of figure VII
List of table VIII
List Of Abbreviations IX

Sr.No. Contents Page No.

Chapter -1 1.1Introduction 1-3

1.2Need for the study
1.3Observations and scope

Chapter -2 Literature review 6-9

Chapter -3 Methodology 10-42

Chapter -4 Conclusion and Future scope 43-44

Chapter -5 Reference 45

VI
List Of Figures

Fig. No. List Page No.

Fig 3.1.1 Schematic representation of 7
methodology
Fig 3.1.2 Cement 8
Fig 3.1.3 M sand 9
Fig 3.1.4 Coarse aggregate 12
Fig 3.1.5 Raw coconut fibre obtained from 13
mattress waste
Fig 3.1.6 Processed fibre 14
Fig 3.1.7 Compression testing machine 33
Fig 3.1.8 Tamping Rod 33
Fig 3.1.9 Trowel 34
Fig 3.1.10 Cube Mould 34
Fig 3.1.11 Weighing Machine 35
Fig 3.1.12 Vibrating table 35
Fig 3.1.13 Tilting machine 36
Fig 3.1.14 Casting of cube 37
Fig 3.1.15 Curing of cube 37
Fig 3.1.16 Tested cube 39
Fig 3.1.17 Compressive strength of M20 grade 40
concrete cubes after 7days and 28 days
Fig 3.1.18 Compressive strength 0f M25 grade 42
concrete cubes After 7days and 28 day

VII
List of Tables

Table Nos. List

Table 1 Standard Deviation for M20 grade Concrete –
IS10262 Codebook

Table 2 Maximum water content per cubic meter of concrete

for nominal maximum size aggregate
Table 3 Volume of coarse aggregate to total aggregate ratio
for Mix Design of M20 concrete – IS10262
Table 4 Minimum Cement Content, Maximum water-cement
Ratio for Mix design of M20 grade concrete – IS456
codebook
Table 5 Compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete cube
after 7 days and 28 days

Table 6 Compressive strength of M25 grade of concrete cube

after 7 days and 28 days

VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

 FRC – Fibre Reinforced Concrete

 CFRC – Coconut fibre Reinforced Concrete
 PCC – Plain Cement Concrete
 SFRC – Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
 GFRC – Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete
 SNFRC – Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete
 NFRC – Natural Fibre Reinforced Concrete

IX
Chapter:-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The construction industry is revolutionizing in two major ways.

One way is the development of construction techniques, such as using
automated tools in construction. The other is the advancement in high-
performance construction materials, such as the introduction of high strength
concrete. Among these high-performance materials, fibre reinforced concrete
(FRC) is gradually gaining acceptance from civil engineers. In recent years,
research and development of fibres and matrix materials and fabrication
process related to construction industry have grown rapidly. Their advantages
over other construction materials are their high tensile strength to weight
ratio, ability to be moulded into various shapes and potential resistance to
environmental conditions, resulting in potentially low maintenance cost.
These properties make FRC composite a good alternative for innovative
construction. Their application in construction includes both upgrading
existing structures and building new ones, which can apply to various types of
structure, for example offshore platforms, buildings and bridges (Thou, 2005).

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in all over the world.
Concrete is weak in tension and flexure so it is reinforced with steel
reinforcing bars. Various types of fibres were used in concrete to it make
more strong, durable and economical. Natural fibre such as coconut having
physical and mechanical characteristics that can be used in the development
of reinforced concrete material. These coconut fibres are easily available in
large quantity and are also cheap. The primary goal of this project is to study
the properties of concrete by reinforcing with coconut fibres and the
following objectives have been founded: To determine the Compressive

1
Strength and Split Tensile Strength of concrete after addition of coconut
fibres.To know the performance of coconut fibres in reinforced concrete to
reduce cracking. The advantage of using such fibres provides generally a low
cost construction and the elimination of the need for waste disposal in
landfills. Utilization of these fibres in concrete leads to an effective solid
waste management Technique. The introduction of fibres is a solution to
develop concrete with enhanced Compressive Strength and Split tensile
strength, which is a new form of binder that could combine Portland cement
in bonding with cement.

Fibre Reinforced Concrete, there are four categories namely,

SFRC – Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete

GFRC – Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete

SNFRC – Synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete

NFRC – Natural Fibre Reinforced Concrete

In this project we have used natural fibers.

1.2 NEED FOR STUDY

Coconut fibre with a tensile strength of 21.5 MPa is the toughest among all
natural fibres (Munawar et al., 2003). They are capable of taking strains 4–6
times higher than other fibres (Munawar et al., 2003).Although it is a cheap
and efficient a major hindrance towards its wide scale use is the high rate of
water absorption, which can be reduced by coating it with oil.

The advantages of coconut fibre are :low cost, reasonable specific strength,
low density, ease of availability, enhanced energy recovery, biodegradability,
ability to be recycled in nature in a carbon neutral manner, resistance to fungi
2
moth and rot, excellent insulation to sound, flame, moisture and dampness,
toughness, durability, resilience.

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oil coated coir fibre on
physical properties of concrete

The objectives of this work are:

1. To find out variation in compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of

CFRC using processed fibre strands and raw fibre meshes at varying fibre
contents and to compare it with that of conventional concrete

2. To determine the influence of shape of fibres on strength of concrete

The scope of this project is limited to rural residential constructions.

1.4 AIM OF THE STUDY

Experimental investigation of compressive strength of concrete by using

Coconut fibre

3
Chapter:-2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

(Pravin V Domke et al) Improvement In The Strength of Concrete By Using

Industrial And Agricultural Waste) Use of coconut fibre should be valued
over Steel for the following reasons like low cost, recyclability, non-
corrosiveness, low thermal conductivity (natural cooling), high strength and
low weight ratio. In earthquake prone areas where frequent damage to
infrastructure takes place, the use of Natural fibres such as coir instead of
steel will prove advantageous. Coir fibres have higher tensile strength as
compared to other natural fibres, as the coir does not break easily with hand.
Coir has a high resistance against salt water. The author concludes stating
that, the experimental results show that although utilization of coir pith would
be positive from the economic as well as environmental point of view, its
applicability is limited by final physical properties of concrete. 5% of coir
pith dosage leads to appropriate building material. When 10% of these waste
materials used, physical properties are deteriorated more than what is
acceptable. This makes the matter of adding coir or other organically obtained
fibre in concrete a research with so much more potential and promise as many
more facts can be obtained by including minor differences, be it the amount
of fibre and/or steel

(Yalley P.P et al) The addition of coconut-fibres significantly improved many

of the engineering properties of the concrete, notably torsion, toughness and
tensile strength. The ability to resist cracking and spalling were also
enhanced. However, the addition of fibres adversely affected the compressive
strength, as expected, due to difficulties in compaction which consequently
led to increase of voids. Despite its excellent properties, coconut fibre as an
4
enhancement of concrete is unlikely to replace steel for the vast majority of
structures. Experiments and demonstration projects around the world have
shown that natural fibre enhancement is a viable and cost effective alternative
to conventional building materials. However, the construction industry is
extremely conservative, and so the most likely development route is the use of
the new materials in non-structural applications or in ones where the
consequences of failure are not too severe.

(Natural fibres as construction materials, Majid Ali et al) Most of natural

fibres contain cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin as major composition. The
properties of natural fibres depend on its composition. The pre-treatment of
natural fibres changes the composition and ultimately changes the properties
of the natural fibres. Sometimes it improves the behavior of fibres but
sometimes its effect is not favorable. The use of natural fibres, as
reinforcement of composites (such as cement paste, mortar and/or concrete),
are economical for increasing their certain properties; for example, tensile
strength, shear strength, toughness and/or combinations of these. Since,
variations exist in properties of natural fibres; therefore, such deviations
should be properly addressed as we have categorized the gradation of
aggregates. For all these, natural fibres need to be properly tested and results
should be published in a systematic manner that is, there should be a
guideline for using the specific fibres as construction material.

(Aditya Tom et al) Among the high-performance materials, fibre reinforced

concrete (FRC) is gradually gaining acceptance from civil engineers. In recent
years, research and development of fibres and matrix materials and
fabrication process related to construction industry have grown rapidly. Their
advantages over other construction materials are their high tensile strength to

5
weight ratio, ability to be moulded into various shapes and potential
resistance to environmental conditions, resulting in potentially low
maintenance cost. These properties make FRC composite a good alternative
for innovative construction. Their application in construction includes both
upgrading existing structures and building new ones, which can apply to
various. In his paper “Strength properties of coir fibre concrete,” S.B.Shinde
et al aims to spread awareness of using coconut fibre as the fifth ingredient in
concrete. The author used M 20 grade of concrete, which was produced by
adding coconut fibre (coir).For this purpose, forty five cylinders were casted
and their split tensile strength and workability’s were evaluated at 7, 14 and
28 days. The workability and tensile strength of concrete were found to have
been increased to some extent as the coir increased. Concrete produced by
1%, 2%, 3%, 4% & 5%addition attained 28 days tensile strength of 2.68,
2.90, 3.11,3.25, 2.33 respectively. These results showed that Coir Fibre
Concrete can be used in reinforced concrete construction. Its utilization is
eco-friendly. In conclusion, the author states that -Increase in percentage
addition by coir increased tensile strength. But, if coir added is 5%, then
strength decreases. Coconut Fibre increased the slump value and compaction
factor value of Concrete.

(Shree shail.B.H et al) the materials chosen for structural up gradation should
not pollute the environment and endanger bio reserves. They should be
accessible to the ordinary people and be low in monetary cost. Coconut fibre
is an abundant, versatile, renewable, cheap, lingo cellulosic fibre and more
resistant to thermal conductivity which makes it a suitable and effective
substitute for steel bars as reinforcement unit. After performing a series of
tests on the concrete mixture such as slump test, Vee-Bee, compaction factor
test as well as tests for compressive and split tensile strength concludes by
6
saying that” The addition of coir reduces total production of cement content
there by resulting in less emission of Carbon-dioxide. Thus the coir is found
effective in reducing environmental pollution.”

7
Chapter:-3

3.1 METHODOLOGY

Based on the previous research work, a comparison of strength properties of

fibre reinforced concrete is made with respect to conventional concrete and
the influence of shape of fibres on strength are also studied. Tests are
conducted using processed coconut fibres of length 5cm after coating them
with coconut oil at varying fibre contents of 1%,2%,3%,4% and 5%.Material
tests were carried out initially to determine the suitability of materials to be
used in concrete. The mix was designed as per IS 10262 : 2009 at a suitable
water content and design mix was obtained. The mixing was carried out
according to standard procedure given in IS code with sufficient care to
ensure that no bleeding occurred throughout the entire process. Slump tests
were carried out to ensure that the mix was workable. The cubes were then
cured for 7 and 28 days and were properly dried in sunlight before testing

The primary goal of this project is to conduct experimental studies for

enhancement of properties of concrete by reinforcing it with coconut fibers.
For checking we cast cube of (150X50X150)mm size with M20 grade of
concrete adding with 0%,1%,2%,3%,4% and 5% of coconut fiber on volume
basis . We casted total 36 cube of M20 grade of concrete. 18 cube cured for 7
days and 18 cube cured for 28 days to check compressive strength after 7
days and 28 days. for comparatively study of compressive strength 3 cube
with 0%,1%,2%,3%,4% and 5% so total 18 cube for 7 days and 28 days of
compressive strength. Same procedure done for M25 grade of concrete cube.

8
 • COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

• TESTING OF MATERIALS

• MIX DESIGN

• MIXING AT SPECIFIED PROPORTION

• MOULDING

• REMOULDING AFTER 24 HOURS

• CURING FOR 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS

• TESTING OF SPECIMEN

• RESULT ANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

Figure 3.1.1 : Schematic Representation Of Methodology

9
 The following materials were used for preparing the concrete mix.
1) Portland pozzolana cement
2) Fine aggregate
3) Coarse aggregate
4) Water
5) Coconut fibre
 CEMENT

IS 1489 1991 Part I defines PPC as “An intimately inter ground mixture of
Portland clinker and pozzolana with the possible addition of gypsum (natural
or chemical) or an intimate and uniform blending of Portland cement and fine
pozzolana”. Portland-pozzolana cement can be produced either by grinding
together Portland cement clinker and pozzolana with addition of gypsum or
calcium sulphate, or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement
and fine pozzolana. The pozzolanic materials generally used for manufacture
of PPC are calcined clay or fly ash. Portland-pozzolana cement produces less
heat of hydration and offers greater resistance to the attack of aggressive
waters than normal Portland cement. Moreover, it reduces the leaching of
calcium hydroxide liberated during the setting and hydration of cement.

Figure 3.1.2 : Cement

10
 FINE AGGREGATE

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. They occupy about 70-80
percent of the volume of the concrete. Aggregates shall consist of naturally
occurring (crushed or uncrushed) stones, gravel and sand or combination
thereof. They shall be hard, strong, durable, clear and free from veins and
adherent coating; and free from injurious amounts of disintegrated pieces,
alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances. As far as possible,
flaky and elongated pieces should be avoided. Aggregates can be mainly
classified into fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.

IS 383- 1970 defines fine aggregates as “Aggregate most of which passes

4.75mm IS sieve and contains only so much coarser material as permitted.” It
may be:

i. Natural sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of

rock and which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.

ii. Crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.

iii. Crushed gravel sand: line aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.

In this research work we use Crushed stone sand or M sand

Figure 3.1.3 : M sand

11
 COARSE AGGREGATE

IS 383-1970 defines coarse aggregates as Aggregates most of which is

retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve and containing only so much finer material as is
permitted for the various types described in this standard Figure 3.1.4

Coarse aggregates may be described as:

1. Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of

rock,

2. Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard

stone, and

3. Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of

uncrushed gravel stone and crushed gravel or stone.

Figure 3.1.4 : Coarse aggregate

 WATER

According to IS 456 : 2000, water used for mixing and curing shall be clean
and free from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic
materials or other substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel.

12
Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete. The
pH value of water shall be not less than 6

 COCONUT FIBRE

Coconut fibre both raw and processed are used in this research.

• RAW FIBRE

It is the waste material obtained from mattress manufacturing and possess

high degree of tensile strength of 21.5 MPa . They are properly washed before
use. This will remove dust and other residual particles left on the fibre so as to
augment the surface of contact between the fibre and mix resulting in better
binding between the reinforcement and concrete and ultimately higher
strength. The fibres are then cut into square meshes of size 5cm x 5cm

Figure 3.1.5 : Raw coconut fibre obtained from mattress waste

• PROCESSED FIBRES

They are properly washed and drawn into strands before use. Treatment of
fibres removes dust and other residual particles left on the fibre so as to
augment the surface of contact between the fibre and mix resulting in better
binding between the reinforcement and concrete and ultimately higher
strength. The fibre is washed in tap water for 30 minutes so as to loosen the
13
fibres and to remove the coir dust. Fibres are then washed and soaked again
for 30 minutes. This process is to be repeated three times The softened fibres
are straightened manually and combed with a steel comb. To accelerate the
drying process, the wet long fibres will be then put in oven at 30°C for 10–12
in which most of the moisture will be removed. The fibres are then
completely dried in the open air, combed again and finally cut into the
required length of 5cm and soaked in oil for 15-20 min and dried in sun for 24
hours.

Figure 3.1.6 : Processed fibre

MIX DESIGN

Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of

concrete and determining their relative proportions with the object of
producing concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.

A Mix design was conducted as per IS 10262-1982 to arrive at M20 and M25
mix concrete.

1) Mix design of M20 grade of concrete as per Indian Standard code.

14
 I. STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

A Grade Designation M20

B Type of Cement PPC 53

Maximum Nominal Size of

C 20mm
Aggregate

D Minimum Cement Content 300kg Table 5-IS456

E Maximum Cement Content 450kg As per clause 8.2.4.2

F Maximum W/C ratio 0.55 Table 5-IS456

G Workability 75mm For RCC As per code

15
Table 5 Minimum Cement Content, Maximum water-cement Ratio for
Mix design of M20 grade concrete – IS456 code book

II. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

Values in this section should be based on the laboratory tests. Here, standard
values of different materials are assumed for the mix design of M20 grade
concrete.

16
 Confirming to
A Cement Used OPC 53
IS8112

Specific Gravity
B 3.15 Test – IS: 2720
of Cement

Specific
C Test – IS 2386
Gravity of

Coarse Aggregate 2.74

Fine Aggregate 2.74

D Water Absorption Test – IS 2386

Coarse aggregate 0.5 %

Fine aggregate 1%

E Sieve Analysis Test – IS 2386

Confirming to
Coarse aggregate
Table 2-IS383

17
 Confirming to
Fine aggregate Zone II
Table 4-IS383

III. TARGET STRENGTH

Apart from mix design, the strength of the concrete also depends on other
factors like mixing method, climate etc. Hence Target strength (Fck) of
concrete should be more than designed characteristic strength (fck) for safety.

Target strength for m20 grade concrete can be found from the formula given
in the codebook.

Fck = = fck.+1.65s

Standard deviation (S) value for the M20 grade concrete is given in table 1 of
IS10262.

18
Table 1 Standard Deviation for M20 grade Concrete – IS10262 Codebook

Fck = fck.+1.65s “S” from Table1-IS10262

Fck = 20+(1.65 x 4) S=4

Fck = 26.6 N/mm2

After 28 days of curing, concrete should have more than 26.6 N/mm2 of
compressive strength when tested in the Direct Compressive Testing Machine
(CTM).
19
IV. SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

The maximum water-cement ratio for M20 grade concrete can be found from
Table 5-IS456 given above.

Maximum W/C ratio =0.55 Table 5-IS456

Adopted W/C ratio =0.55

You can reduce the water-cement ratio based on your requirements but
remember that Water-cement ratio directly affects the strength of the
concrete.

V. SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT Maximum water content to get

upto 50mm slump in concrete is given in Table 2 of IS10262.

20
 Table 2 Maximum Water Content per cubic meter – IS10262

For aggregate = 20mm, Slump = 50mm

Maximum Water Content = 186 L

But we need a 75mm slump in our concrete as per the specification given in
section 1. Clause 4.2 suggests an increase of 3% of water content in increase
slump by 25mm slump in concrete.

For aggregate = 20mm, Slump = 75mm

Water-content for 75mm Slump = 186+(0.03*186) As per Clause 4.2

= 191.58 L

Adopted Water Content = 190 L

VI. CALCULATION OF CEMENT

Weight of cement can be calculated from the water-cement ratio and the
water content.

21
Adopted Water Cement Ratio = 0.55

= Water Content / W-C Ratio

Cement required = 190/0.55

= 345.45 kg

Adopted Cement Content = 345 kg

VII COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate ratios for different Zones of Fine aggregates are given in

Table 3 of IS10262. These are ratios are valid for 0.5 Water-cement ratio.

22
 Table 3 Volume of coarse aggregate to total aggregate ratio for Mix Design of
M20 concrete – IS10262

For aggregate = 20mm, Fine aggregate= Zone II, Water-cement ratio = 0.50

Coarse Aggregate ratio

=0.62 Table3-IS10262
(For W/C =0.5)

But we need C.A ratio for 0.55 water-cement ratio. If the water-cement ratio
increase by 0.05 we need to decrease C.A ratio by 0.01 and vice versa. Hence
we need to subtract 0.01 from the above C.A ratio.

For aggregate = 20mm, Fine aggregate= Zone II, Water-cement ratio = 0.55

Coarse Aggregate ratio

=0.62 Table3-IS10262
(For W/C =0.5)

Coarse Aggregate ratio

=0.61 (0.62-0.01 = 0.61)
(For W/C =0.55)

Final Fine Aggregate ratio = 0.39 (1-0.61) = 0.39

VIII MIX CALCULATIONS OF M20 GRADE CONCRETE

23
 This section deals with the calculation of the weight of fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate from the aggregate ratio, cement and water.

A Volume of Concrete = 1 cu.m

B Total Volume of Cement = Cement/(S.G*1000)

= 345/(3.15*1000)

= 0.110 cu.m

C Volume of Water = Water /(S.G*1000)

= 190/(1*1000)

= 0.190 cu.m

D Total Aggregates requirement = A – (B+C+D+E)

= 1 – (0.110+0.190)

= 0.7 cu.m

E Coarse Aggregate (C.A) = F * C.A ratio * S.G * 1000

24
 = 0.7*0.61*2.74 *1000

= 1170 kg

F Fine Aggregate (F.A) = F * F.A ratio * S.G * 1000

= 0.7*0.39*2.74 *1000

= 748 kg

Cement, Fine and Coarse Aggregate needed for M20 grade concrete

Therefore to prepare one cubic meter of m20 grade concrete we need the
following quantities of cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate(stone)
and water.

S.No. MATERIALS QUANTITY

1 Cement 345 kg

2 Fine Aggregate 750 kg

3 Coarse Aggregate (20mm) 1170 kg

25
 4 WATER 190 L

To find the design mix ratio, divide the calculated value of all materials by the
weight of cement. Therefore Mix Design Ratio of M20 Grade concrete by
weight is Cement: F.A: C.A: Water = 1 : 2.17 : 3.4 : 0.55

 2) Mix design of M25 grade of concrete as per indian

standard code

I. STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

A Grade Designation M25

B Type of Cement PPC 53

C Maximum Nominal

Size of Aggregate 20mm

D Minimum Cement Content 300kg Table 5-IS456

E Maximum Cement Content 450kg As per clause

8.2.4.2

F Maximum W/C ratio 0.50 Table 5-IS456

G Workability 75mmFor RCC

As per code

26
II. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

Values in this section should be based on the laboratory tests. Here, standard
values of different materials are assumed for the mix design of M25 grade
concrete.

A Cement Used OPC 53 Confirming to

IS8112

B Specific Gravity of Cement 3.15 Test - IS: 2720

C Specific Gravity of Test - IS 2386

Coarse Aggregate 2.74

Fine Aggregate 2.74

D Water Absorption Test - IS 2386

Coarse aggregate 0.5 %

Fine aggregate 1%

E Sieve Analysis Test - IS 2386

Coarse aggregate Confirming to Table 2-IS383

Fine aggregate Zone II Confirming to Table 4-

IS383

27
III. TARGET STRENGTH

Apart from mix design, the strength of the concrete also depends on other
factors like mixing method, climate etc. Hence Target strength (Fck) of
concrete should be more than designed characteristic strength (fck) for safety.

Target strength for m20 grade concrete can be found from the formula given
in the codebook.

Fck = = fck.+1.65s

Standard deviation (S) value for the M25 grade concrete is given in table 1 of
IS10262.

Fck = fck.+1.65s "S" from Table1-IS10262

Fck = 25+(1.65 x 4) S=4

Fck = 31.6 N/mm2

After 28 days of curing, concrete should have more than 31.6 N/mm2 of
compressive strength when tested in the Direct Compressive Testing Machine
(CTM).

IV. SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO

The maximum water-cement ratio for M25 grade concrete can be found from
Table 5-IS456 given above.

Maximum W/C ratio = 0.50 Table 5-IS456

Adopted W/C ratio = 0.50

28
You can reduce the water-cement ratio for M25 grade concrete based on your
requirements but remember that Water-cement ratio directly affects the
strength of the concrete.

V. SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

Maximum water content to get upto 50mm slump in concrete is given in

Table 2 of IS10262.

For aggregate = 20mm, Slump = 50mm

Maximum Water Content = 186 L

But we need a 75mm slump in our concrete as per the specification given in
section 1. Clause 4.2 suggests an increase of 3% of water content in increase
slump by 25mm slump in concrete.

For aggregate = 20mm, Slump = 75mm

Water-content for 75mm Slump = 186+(0.03*186) As per Clause 4.2

= 191.58 L

Adopted Water Content = 190 L

VI. CALCULATION OF CEMENT

Weight of cement can be calculated from the water-cement ratio and the
water content.

Adopted Water Cement Ratio = 0.50

Cement required = Water Content / W-C Ratio

29
 = 190/0.50

= 380 kg

Adopted Cement Content = 380 kg

VII COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE

Coarse aggregate ratios for different Zones of Fine aggregates are given in
Table 3 of IS10262. These are ratios are valid for 0.5 Water-cement ratio.

For aggregate = 20mm, Fine aggregate= Zone II, Water-cement ratio = 0.50

Coarse Aggregate ratio

(For W/C =0.5) = 0.62 Table3-IS10262

Final Fine Aggregate ratio = 0.38 (1-0.62) = 0.38

III MIX CALCULATIONS OF M20 GRADE CONCRETE

This section deals with the calculation of the weight of fine aggregate and
coarse aggregate from the aggregate ratio, cement and water.

A Volume of Concrete = 1 cu.m

B Total Volume of Cement = Cement/(S.G*1000)

= 380/(3.15*1000)

= 0.121 cu.m

C Volume of Water = Water /(S.G*1000)

30
 = 190/(1*1000)

= 0.190 cu.m

D Total Aggregates requirement = A - (B+C+D+E)

= 1 - (0.121+0.190)

= 0.689 cu.m

E Coarse Aggregate (C.A) = F * C.A ratio * S.G * 1000

= 0.689*0.62*2.74 *1000

= 1171 kg

F Fine Aggregate (F.A) = F * F.A ratio * S.G * 1000

= 0.689*0.38*2.74 *1000

= 717 kg

Therefore to prepare one cubic meter of m25 grade concrete we need the
following quantities of cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate(stone)
and water.

S.No. MATERIALS QUANTITY

1 Cement 380 kg

2 Fine Aggregate 717 kg

3 Coarse Aggregate (20mm) 1170 kg

4 WATER 190 L

31
EQUIPMENTS

 Compression testing machine

A compression test is any test in which a material experiences opposing

forces that push inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is
otherwise compressed , “squashed”, crushed, or flattened. The test sample
is generally placed in between two plates that distribute the applied
load across the entire surface area of two opposite faces of the test
sample and then the plates are pushed together by a universal test
machine causing the sample to flatten. A compressed sample is usually
shortened in the direction of the applied forces and expands in the
direction perpendicular to the force. A compression test is essentially
the opposite of the more common tension test.

Salient feature of compression testing machine are :

• High stability welded assembly

• 500 kN tensile and 1000 Kn compression capacity
• 100 mm piston stroke with safety limit switch
• Upper compression platen with ball seating assembly and lower
platen included
• Set of two tensile grips and jaw faces included
• Platen hardness of min 55 HRC
• Distance pieces included

32
 Fig 3.1.7 :- Compreesion testing machine

 Tamping rod

The tamping rod is a round, straight steel rod used with concrete cylinder
molds, slump cones and unit weight tests. It measures 5/8″ diameter by 24″
length. Both ends are rounded to a hemispherical tip.
Tamping rods are dimensionally accurate rods used to tamp fresh concrete
into concrete cylinder molds and grout sample boxes to eliminate voids and
excess air

Fig 3.1.8 :- Tamping Rod

33
 Trowel

A hand trowel is a gardening tool which is designed for digging small holes,
transplanting seedlings, planting bulbs, and performing similar tasks. Many
gardeners find hand trowels immensely useful, and they are quite common in
gardening sheds as a result.

Fig 3.1.9 :-Trowel

 Cube mould
These Concrete Cube Mould are use for making Concrete /cement Cubes
which are use for preparation of concrete cube specimens of high strength
materials for compression testing. The standard size of concrete cube mould
is 150 mm. the moulds for the specimens must be made of cast iron or cast
steel.

Fig 3.1.10 :- Cube Mould

34
 Weighing machine
A weighing balance is an instrument that is used to determine the weight or
mass of an object. It is available in a wide range of sizes with multiple
weighing capacities and is an essential tool in laboratories, commercial
kitchens and pharmacies.

Fig 3.1.11 :- Weighing Machine

 Vibrating Table

The Vibrating table is entirely constructed of thick steel. The table top is
made of thick mild steel plate and has stops along its edges to prevent moulds
from walking off the table during operation

Fig 3.1.12 :- Vibrating table

35
MIXING OF CONCRETE
• The all ingredient of concrete mixing in tilting machine with proper
proportioning

Fig 3.1.13 :- Tilting machine

CASTING AND CURING

The specimens were removed from the moulds after 24 hours of casting and
they are put in a water pond until for testing. Some of the specimens were
removed from the water after 7 and 21 days of submersion in water for testing

36
Fig 3.1.14 :- Casting of cube

Fig 3.1.15 :- Curing of cube

37
TESTING OF SPECIMEN

Compressive Strength: Compressive strength is defined as resistance of

concrete to axial loading. Cubes were placed in Compressive Testing
Machine (C.T.M), and load was applied. The readings were recorded up to
the final crack of the cube and compressive strength was calculated. The
results of Compressive strength are shown in Table. Calculations:
Compressive Strength = Maximum load/Cross Sectional Area = P/A

Compressive strength N/mm2

Curing Days 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

14 16.30 15.02 13.96 13 12.5

7 days
14.4 16.90 14.96 13.20 12.90 11.91

14.2 16.50 14.88 13.50 13.2 11.98

Average 14.2 16.56 14.95 13.53 13.03 12.13

Compressive strength N/mm2

Curing Days 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
24.88 28.3 26.2 25.70 23.80 22
28 days
25.10 27.79 26 25.79 23.5 22.36
25.10 27.10 25.90 25 22.88 21.69
Average 25.02 27.3 26.03 25.49 23.39 22.01
Table 6 :-Compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete cube after 7
days and 28 days

38
Fig 3.1.16 :- Tested cube

39
 30

Compressive Strength (N/mm2) 25

20

15

7days
10 28days

0
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

% of fiber added

Figure 3.1.17 :- Compressive strength 0f M20 grade concrete cubes after

7days and 28 days

40
 Compressive strength N/mm2

Curing Days 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

21.50 23.01 24.52 24.03 23.87 21.99

7 days
21.10 22.95 24.29 24.95 23.65 22.06

21.05 22.89 24.35 24.99 23.80 22.01

Average 21.21 22.95 24.38 24.65 23.77 22.02

Compressive strength N/mm2

Curing Days 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%
30.50 32.70 33.90 30.90 29.30 28.05
28 days
31.10 32.80 34.10 31.80 29.70 28
31.40 32.88 34.05 31.77 29.65 27.99
Average 31 32.79 34.01 31.49 29.55 28.01

Table 7 :- Compressive strength of M25 grade of concrete cube

after 7 days and 28 days

41
 40

Compressive Strength
35

30
(N/mm2)
25

20

15 7days

10 28days

0
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

% of fiber added

40

35
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

30

25

20

15 7days

10 28days

0
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

% of fiber added

Figure 3.1.18 :- Compressive strength 0f M25 grade concrete cubes after

days and 28 days

42
Chapter:- 4

4.1 CONCLUSION

1) Coconut fibre being low in density reduces the overall weight of the fibre
reinforced concrete thus it can be used as a structural light weight
concrete.
2) By reinforcing the concrete with coconut fibres which are freely
available, we can reduce the environmental waste.
3) Flexural strength increases in case of 3% fibre mix. Thus,
economy can be achieved in construction.
4) Since, 5% & 4 % fibres do not show favourable results, it can be
concluded that fibre content should not be used beyond 3%.

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE

1) The workability of the concrete with fibres was found to be very less.
Hence, it can be improved to have a better slump value. Thus, certain
admixtures such as air entraining agents and super plasticizers can be
used so as to improve the flow characteristic of concrete.
2) Hand mixing becomes very tedious and leads to formation of a non-
homogeneous mix. Certain chemicals can be added so as to replace hand
mixing by machine mixing.
3) Admixtures can also be used to reduce the number of voids which are
formed to the present of fibres in the concrete. It may help improve the
strength characteristics of concrete.
4) It was found that the results did not improve by addition of fibres beyond
5% of the weight of cement in the mix. Hence, the optimum increase in

43
the strength of concrete by addition of fibres lies between addition of
fibres between 0% and 3% of the weight of cement in the mix.

44
Chapter:-5

5.1 REFERENCES

1) Majid Ali, Nawawi Chouw (2012),“Experimental investigations on

coconut-fibre rope tensile strength and pullout from coconut fibre
reinforced concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 41, 681–690
2) Reis J.M.L (2005),“Fracture and flexural characterization of
naturalfiber-reinforced polymer concrete”, Construction and Building
Materials 20 (2005) 673–678
3) Majid Ali, Anthony Liu, HouSou, Nawawi Chouw (2011),“Mechanical
and dynamic properties of coconut fibre reinforced concrete”
Construction and Building Materials 30 (2011) 814–825
4) Noor Md. Sadiqul Hassan, Habibur Rahman Sobuz (2012),“Use of
coconut fibre in production of structural light weight concrete”, Journal
of applied sciences 12(9) 831- 839, 2012
5) Vijay Chavada, A.A Parikh (2013), “An application review of coir fibre
reinforced concrete”, Vol. 2 Issue 4 ISSN: 2278-7844
6) A Zuraida, H Zahurin, I Sopiyan (2011),“Effect of fibre length variation
on physical and mechanical properties of coir fibre reinforced concrete”,
Materials Physics and Mechanics 16 (2013) 107-117.
7) P Nibasumba, X L Liu (2011),”Recent developments in fibre reinforced
concrete and their effect on concrete columns analysis”, Construction
and Building Materials 2011;18(7):549–58
8) Joanna M Ferraz, Sabrina A Martins, Claudio H.S Del Menezzi (2013),
“Effect of coir fibre treatment and coir-fibre ratio on properties of
cement bonded composites”, Bio Resources 6(3), 3481-3492

45
9) Dr.M.Sivaraja (2009), ”Application of Coir Fibres as Concrete
Composites for Disaster prone Structures” International Journal of Civil
and Environmental Engineering Sci., Vol. 33, No. 6, December 2009,
pp. 719–729.
10) Izad Amir Bin Abdul Karim (2012),“Effect of coconut waste on
concrete structure component”ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, 30(2012). 2538 – 2547.
11) Yalley, P. P. and Kwan, A.S K (2008), “Use of coconut fibre as an
enhancement of concrete”, International Journal of Sustainable
Construction Engineering &Technology, 27(5), 2008, pp. 575-582.
12) Bhowmick B.B. and Debnath C. R. (2007), “Properties of coir”, Indian
coconut journal, 15, (5), 2007. p.12
13) Izad Amir Bin Abdul Karim (2012),“Effect of coconut waste on
concrete structure component”ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, 30(2012). 2538 – 2547.

46
Details of Projectees

Sr.No Photo Details

1 Name- Pradhnya Wankhede

Email ID-pradhnyawankhede611@gmail.com
Contact No-9049421129

2 Name- Vaibhav Warhade

Email ID-vaibhavwarhade2000@gmail.com
Contact No-8999626286

3 Name- Suprit Mankar

Email ID-mankarsuprit@gmail.com
Contact No-9370668363

4 Name- Aadesh Wadhai

Email ID-wadhaiadesh@gmail.com
Contact No-7620120393

Name- Harshal Langde

5 Email ID-langadeharshal917@gmail.com
Contact No-8805131884