Unit-I

Basic Terminology

Magnetic flux:( ϕ)

 The magnetic lines of force produced by a magnet is called magnetic flux.

Its unit is weber
 1weber=108 magnetic lines=108 Maxwells.

Magnetic flux density:(B)

 Magnetic flux density is the flus per unit area at right angles to the flux. Its
unit is wb/m2 or tesla.
B= ϕ/a

Magneto motive force(F):

It is the cause for producing flux in a magnetic circuit. It is obtained as the product
of the current flowing through a coil of N turns. Its unit is Ampere.

F=NI

The term M.M.F is normally referred to as Ampere Turns(AT)

Magnetic field intensity(H):

It is defined as M.M.F. per unit length of the magnetic flux path. It is measure of
the ability of a magnetized body to produce magnetic induction in other magnetic
substances. Its unit is Ampere/meter.

H=NI/L

Permeability(μ):

This is the property of the magnetic medium. The flux density is proportional to
the magnetizing force which produces it.

B= μH
Relative permeability(μr):

The relative permeability of a medium or material is defined as the ratio of the flux
density produced in that medium or material to the flux density produced in
vaccum by the same magnetizing force.

The permeability for any other medium is

μ= μ0μr

the relative permeability of vaccum or free space is unity and that of air and other
non-magnetic materials is very nearly equal to unity.

Reluctance(S):

It is the property of an magnetic circuit by which the setting up of flux is opposed.

It is defined as the ratio of the magnetomotive force to the flux.

The unit of reluctance is “Ampere/weber” and is denoted by „S‟.

S=NI/ ϕ

Permeance(P):

It is the reciprocal of reluctance and is the readiness with which magnetic flux is
developed. It is analogous to conductance in an electric circuit.

Its unit is weber per ampere.

Series magnetic circuit:

When the same magnetic flux flows through each part of the magnetic circuit, then
the circuit is called as series magnetic circuit.

Consider a composite series magnetic circuit (a series magnetic circuit that has
parts of different dimensions and materials is called a composite series magnetic
circuit) consisting of two different magnetic materials of different relative
permeability. Each part of this series magnetic circuit will offer reluctance to the
magnetic flux . Since the different parts of the magnetic circuit are in series, the
total reluctance is equal to the sum of reluctances of individual parts.
Referring the figure of series magnetic circuit, we have,
TotalReluctance,ST=l1μ0μr1a1+l2μ0μr2a2
TotalMMF = Magneticflux×TotalReluctance
TotalMMF = (l1μ0μr1a1+l2μ0μr2a2)
TotalMMF = ϕ(B1μ0μr2)×l1+(B2μ0μr2)×l2

TotalMMF = H1×l1+H2×l2
Therefore, total MMF required to set up the magnetic flux in a series magnetic
circuit is the sum of MMF required by individual parts of the circuit.

Parallel Magnetic circuit:

A magnetic circuit which has more one path for the magnetic flux is called as parallel magnetic
circuit.
Consider a coil of N turns wound on limb AF carries an electric current of I amperes.
The magnetic flux φ1φ1 set up by the coil divides at B into two paths viz. −

 The magnetic φ2φ2 passes along the path BE.

 The magnetic flux φ3φ3 passes along the path BCDE.
Therefore, the total flux is,

φ1=φ2+φ3φ1=φ2+φ3
The path BE and BCDE are in parallel and hence form a parallel magnetic circuit. In a
parallel magnetic circuit, the MMF required for the whole parallel magnetic circuit is
equal to MMF required for any one of the parallel paths.
Let

S1=ReluctanceofmagneticpathABEF
S2=ReluctanceofmagneticpathBE
S3=ReluctanceofmagneticpathBCDE
Therefore,

TotalMMF=MMFforpathABEF+MMFforpathBEorBCDE
TotalMMF=φ1S1+ φ2S2+φ3S3
Kirchoff’s law for magnetic circuits:

First law:

The total flux towards a node is equal to the total flux away from the node in
any magnetic circuit.

Second law:

In any magnetic circuit, the sum of the product of the magnetizing force in
each part of the magnetic circuit and the length of that part is equal to the
resultant mmf.

Comparison between Magnetic and Electric circuit:

Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

In an electrical circuit, electric
current flows through the closed path
The number of free electrons or
electric charge particles that move in
the circuit is called „Electric Current
(I)„.
Electric current is measured in
Ampere (A).
In an electrical circuit, an
electromotive force (EMF) is used to
produce the electric current.
In an electrical circuit, the resistance
(R) opposes the flow of electric
current.
The SI unit of resistance is
„Ohm (Ω)‟
Conductance (G) is the reciprocal of
the resistance
Conductance is measured in
„Siemens (S)‟
Current density (δ) is the rate of
the electric currents flowing per unit
cross-sectional area of a material.
In the magnetic circuit, magnetic
flux flows through the closed path.
The number of magnetic lines of the
force passing through a magnet is
called „Magnetic Flux (ɸ)‟.
Electric current is measured in
Ampere (A).
In the magnetic circuit,
magnetomotive force (MMF) is used
to produce the magnetic flux.
In the magnetic circuit, the
reluctance (S) opposes the flow of
magnetic flux
The SI unit of reluctance is „Ampere-
turn/Weber (AT/Wb)
Permeance (P) is the reciprocal of
reluctance.
Permeance is measured in
„Weber/Ampere-turn
Flux density (B) is the rate of the
magnetic fluxes flowing per unit
cross-sectional area of a material
 The current density of an electrical
circuit is measured in
„Ampere/square*meter (A/m*m)‟.
Electric field strength is the
electromotive force per unit electric
charge.
The flux density of a magnetic
circuit is measured in
„Weber/square*meter (Wb/m*m)‟
or „Tesla (T)‟.
Magnetic field strength is the
magnetomotive force per unit length.

Hystersis loss and Eddy current loss:

Hystersis loop:

A hysteresis loop (also known as a hysteresis curve) is a four-quadrant graph that

shows the relationship between the induced magnetic flux density B and the
magnetizing force H. It is often referred to as the B-H loop. From hysteresis loops,
we can determine a number of magnetic properties about a material. Such as the
retentivity, residual magnetism (or residual flux), coercive force, permeability, and
the reluctance.
 Step 1:
When supply current I = 0, so no existence of flux density (B) and
magnetizing force (H). The corresponding point is „O‟ in the graph above.

 Step 2:
When current is increased from zero value to a certain value, magnetizing
force (H) and flux density (B) both are set up and increased following the
path o – a.

 Step 3:
For a certain value of current, flux density (B) becomes maximum (B max).
The point indicates the magnetic saturation or maximum flux density of this
core material. All element of core material get aligned perfectly. Hence
Hmax is marked on H axis. So no change of value of B with further increment
of H occurs beyond point „a‟.

 Step 4:
When the value of current is decreased from its value of magnetic flux
saturation, H is decreased along with decrement of B not following the
previous path rather following the curve a – b.

 Step 5:
The point „b‟ indicates H = 0 for I = 0 with a certain value of B. This lagging
of B behind H is called hysteresis. The point „b‟ explains that after removing
magnetizing force (H), magnetism property with little value remains in this
magnetic material it is known as residual magnetism (Br). Here o – b is the
value of residual flux density due to retentivity of the material.

 Step 6:
If the direction of the current I is reversed, the direction of H also gets
reversed. The increment of H in reverse direction following path b – c
decreases the value of residual magnetism (Br) that gets zero at point „c‟
with certain negative value of H. This negative value of H is called coercive
force (Hc)
 Step 7:
H is increased more in negative direction further; B gets reverses following
path c – d. At point„d‟, again magnetic saturation takes place but in opposite
direction with respect to previous case. At point„d‟, B and H get maximum
values in reverse direction, i.e. (-Bm and -Hm).

 Step 8:
If we decrease the value of H in this direction, again B decreases following
the path de. At point „e‟, H gets zero-valued, but B is with finite value. The
point „e‟ stands for residual magnetism (-Br) of the magnetic core material in
opposite direction with respect to previous case.

 Step9:
If the direction of H again reversed by reversing the current I, then residual
magnetism or residual flux density (-Br) again decreases and gets zero at
point „f‟ following the path e – f. Again further increment of H, the value of
B increases from zero to its maximum value or saturation level at point a
following path f – a.

Eddy current loss:

Pe=KeBm2f2t2v
Pe= Eddy current Loss
Bm=Maximum flux density
f=frequency of supply
t=thickness
v=Volume of the material
Ke=Eddy current constant