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Chapter 12

IDEAL GAS MIXTURE AND MOIST AIR

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Learning outcomes

LEARNING OUTCOMES
- describe ideal gas mixture(hỗn hợp khí lý tưởng).
- calculate U, H, and S for ideal gas mixtures.
- apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to systems of ideal
gas mixtures.
- understand humidity ratio ( độ chứa ẩm, dung ẩm), relative
humidity (độ ẩm tương đối), mixture enthalpy, and dew point
temperature (nhiệt độ điểm sương).
- use the psychrometric chart (biểu đồ không khí ẩm) to
represent common air-conditioning processes and to retrieve
data.
- apply mass, energy, and entropy balances to analyse air-
conditioning processes.
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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures
12.1 Ideal gas mixtures
12.1.1 Describing Mixture Composition
Consider a gaseous mixture of N components.

-The total mass of the mixture, m

-The total number of moles in a mixture, n

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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures

-The mass fraction (thành phần khối lượng) mfi of component i

-The mole fraction (thành phần mol) yi of component i

-The average molecular weight of the mixture, M

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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures
For example determine molecular weight of dry air(K.khí khô)
The molar analysis of a typical sample of dry air is given in
Table 12.1. Neglecting the trace substances neon, helium, etc.,
Determine the apparent ( average) molecular weight of dry air

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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures
12.1.2 The ideal-gas mixture equation of state(P.trình trạng thái)

The ideal gas mixture can be considered as an ideal gas

For the components, i

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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures

With

(Dalton law)

is partial pressure( áp suất riêng phần)

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12.1 Ideal gas mixtures

12.1.3 Evaluating U, H, S

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12.2 Moist air
12.2 Moist air
12.2.1 Introduction moist air (không khí ẩm)
- Moist air is a mixture of dry air and water vapor

The moist air is considered as an ideal gas mixture

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12.2 Moist air

- A typical state of water vapor in moist air is superheated

water vapor( point 1).

- The Saturated air is a mixture of dry

air and saturated water vapor

- The saturated air can be obtained by two ways:

• Increase the partial pressure pv ( by adding water vapor)

Keep T= const, process 1-2.
• Decrease the mixture temperature T, keep pv = const,
process 1-3. T3 is called the Dew Point Temperature.
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12.2 Moist air
12.2.2 Humidity Ratio, Relative Humidity, Enthalpy, and Entropy
The humidity ratio (ω):the ratio of the mass of the water vapor
to the mass of dry air

ω can be expressed in terms of partial pressures by

Water vapor:

Dry air:

For air-water vapor mixture, Mv=18kg/kmol, Ma=29kg/kmol

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12.2 Moist air

T, p

T, p Thermo-Hygrometer
The humidity ratio and relative humidity can be measured.
- Evaluating H, U, and S for moist Air

Dividing by ma the mixture enthalpy per unit mass of dry air

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12.2 Moist air

At a given T and low vapor pressures, the enthalpy of

superheated water vapor is very closely given by the saturated
vapor

The enthalpy of moist air, h, can be obtained from the

psychrometric chart.

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12.2 Moist air

12.2.3 Psychrometric Charts

Psychrometric charts used retrieve properties of moist air and
present moist air processes.

The specific volume represents volume per unit mass of dry air,
V/ma [m3/kg]. With V is the volume of moist air .
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12.2 Moist air

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12.2 Moist air 6

12.2.4 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes

12.2.4.1 Applying Mass and Energy Balances
Air-conditioning processes: heating, cooling, humidification, or
dehumidification, are analyzed on a control volume basis

+ Mass balance
(dry air)
(water)

With

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12.2 Moist air
+ Energy balance

With and

are evaluated using the psychrometric chart

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12.2 Moist air
12.2.4.2 Conditioning Moist Air at Constant Composition
Example: Heating Moist Air in a Duct
Moist air enters a duct at 100C, 80% relative humidity, and a
volumetric flow rate of 150 m3/min. The mixture is heated as it
flows through the duct and exits at 300C. No moisture is added
or removed, and the mixture pressure remains constant at 1
bar. For steady-state operation, determine (a) the rate of heat
transfer, in kJ/min, and (b) the relative humidity at the exit.
Changes in kinetic and potential energy can be ignored.

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12.2 Moist air
The psychrometric chart
- The state of the moist air at the inlet is defined by ∅1=80%
and a dry-bulb temperature of 100C. The state of the moist air
at the exit is fixed by ω1=ω2 and a dry-bulb temperature of
300C.

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12.2 Moist air
The mass flow rate of the dry air

The rate of heat transfer

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12.2 Moist air
12.2.4.3 Dehumidification (khử ẩm)

Mass Balance

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12.2 Moist air
The energy rate balance

air handling unit (AHU)

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12.2 Moist air
Example Assessing Dehumidifier Performance
Moist air at 300C and 50% relative humidity enters a
dehumidifier with a volumetric flow rate of 280 m3/min. The
moist air passes over a cooling coil and water vapor
condenses. Condensate exits the dehumidifier saturated at
100C. Saturated moist air exits at the same temperature. There
is no significant loss of energy by heat transfer to the
surroundings and pressure remains constant at 1.013 bar.
Determine (a) the mass flow rate
of the dry air, in kg/min, (b) the
rate at which water is condensed,
in kg per kg of dry air flowing
through the control volume, and
(c) the required refrigerating
capacity, kJ/min
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12.2 Moist air
The state of the moist air at the inlet 1 is defined by ∅1=50%
and a dry-bulb temperature of 300C. At 2, the moist air is
saturated at 100C.

With

The specific enthalpy of the exiting condensate is evaluated as

hf at T2:
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12.2 Moist air
12.2.4.4 Humidification ( tạo ẩm)
Used to increase the moisture content of the air

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12.2 Moist air
12.2.4.5 Evaporative Cooling ( làm mát kiểu bay hơi nước)
Evaporative cooling is applied for hot, relatively dry climates.
This involves either spraying liquid water into air or forcing air
through a soaked pad(tấm đệm thấm nước) that is kept
replenished (bổ sung) with water.

Evaporative cooling takes place at a nearly constant wet-bulb

temperature.
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12.2 Moist air
12.2.4.5 Evaporative Cooling

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