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PROJECT REPORT ON

CLAP & PIEZO SWITCH BASED LIGHT BULB CONTROL PROJECT

INSTITUTE NAME

DURGAPUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

PERTICEPANTS
NAME REG NO

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the organisation I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to the SIR,

MAHESH KUMAR SHAW {H.O.D} for providing me with the opportunity
to do this project in an esteemed organisation like DPC. He has taken
care that all necessary help is extended by all the departments of the
organisation and has provided his valuable guidance, support & direction

I am extremely thankful and grateful to SRI, AKSHOY PAUL MY faculty

guide and all the faculty and staff members of my institute, Durgapur, for
their constant support and co-operation during the project period

In the end I would like to thank all the faculty members of Durgapur
polytechnic, college. DURGAPUR, who had helped and co-operated with
me, is making my stay a very pleasant and learning experience.

No matter wherever we stand in our life and career, in the end of these
glorious days of our short stay with all the people connected directly or
indirectly to DURGAPUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE will never fade away
from our life.
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OUR WARMEST THANKS TO

Mr. Mahesh kumar shaw our teacher without whom none o this could
happen. He was willing to give opportunity to all the student of the
institute. This is our first project in our institute. He was supportive from
beginning to end and always encouraged us to follow through

My hostel friend for the support they gave us at home, helping us

through moral support. My brother also helped in gathering information,
working through the creation of our page.

Thank you Thank you

Thank you
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CONTENTS

S. No TOPIC PAGE.NO
1. CERTIFICATE ………………………………………….........
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………
3. CONTENTS ………………………………………………...
4. ABSTRACT ……….…………………………………………...
5. CHAPTER 1 …………………………………………………..
6. CHAPTER 2 …………………………………………………..
7. CHAPTER 3 …………………………………………………..
8. CHAPTER 4 …………………………………………………..
9. CHAPTER 5 ………………………………………………….
10. CHAPTER 6 ………………………………………………….
11. CHAPTER 7 ………………………………………………….
12. REFERENCES …………………………………………………
13. BIBILIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………..
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ABSTRACT

CLAP SWITCH is a switch which can switch on/off any

electrical circuit by the sound of the clap. The basic idea of clap switch is

that the electric microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs,

and the sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces a small

electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage.

Two transistors cross connected as a bi-stable multi-vibrator change

state at each signal. One of these transistors drives a heavier transistor

which controls a lamp. This circuit is constructed using basic electronic

components like resistors, transistors, relay, transformer, capacitors.

This circuit turns ‘ON’ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till the

next clap. For the next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with

12V voltage .Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is

employed . The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-

impaired person . It is generally used for a light, television, radio, or

similar electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from

bed. The major disadvantage is that, it is generally cumbersome to have

to clap one's hands to turn something ON or OFF and it's generally seen

as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light switch.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This is a project on CLAP SWITCH which can switch on/off

any electrical circuit bythe sound of a clap. The operation of the circuit is

simple. If we clap the lamp turns on and to switch it off clap again . The

condenser microphone picks up the sound of your claps, coughs, and the sound of

that book knocked off the table. It produces a small electrical signal which is

amplifiedby the succeedingtransistorstage. Two transistors cross connected as a

bi-stable multi vibrator change state at each signal. One of thesetransistors drives

a heaviertransistorwhichcontrolsa lamp.This circuitcan switchon and off a light, a

fanor aradio etc bythe sound of a clap.

This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like

resistors, transistors, relay,transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns ‘ON’ light

for the first clap. The light turns ON till the next clap. For the next clap the

light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage Therefore a step-down

transformer 12V/300mA is employed. This working of this circuit is based on

amplifying nature of the transistor, switching nature of transistor, relay as an

electronic switch .Basically, this is a Sound operated switch.

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BASIC PRINCIPLE

The basic principle of this clap switch circuit is that it converts

sound signal into electrical energy. The input component is a transducer that

receives clap sound as input and converts it to electrical pulse. The basic idea

of clap switch is that the electric microphone picks up the sound of your claps,

coughs, and the sound of that book knocked off the table. It produces a small

electrical signal which is amplified by the succeeding transistor stage. Two

transistors cross connected as a bi-stable multi vibrator change state at each

signal. One of these transistors drives a heavier transistor which controls a

lamp.

This circuit is constructed using basic electronic components like

resistors, transistors, relay, transformer, capacitors. This circuit turns

‘ON’ light for the first clap. The light turns ON till the next clap. For the

next clap the light turns OFF. This circuit works with 12V voltage.

Therefore a step-down transformer 12V/300mA is employed.

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This working of this circuit is based on amplifying nature of the

transistor, switching nature of transistor, relay as an electronic switch.
Basically this is a Sound operated switch

BLOCK DIAGRAM

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

AUDIO AMPLIFIER:

when we clap our hands , the sound is received by by AUDIO

AMPLIFIER. Here the given sound signal is converted into electrical

signal and then amplified by using transistors.

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FLIP FLOP CIRCUIT:

After amplifying the given input signal (sound of a clap) ,it is

fed to flip flop circuit. It consists of two transistors, one for the on

position and the other for the off position. For this reason it is also

known as bi-stable multi vibrator.

CIRCUIT AMPLIFIER:

The signal after this process the outcome electric signal

becomes very weak. So,it is amplified using another transistor and given

to relay, it acts as a mechanical switch.

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CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

RESISTORS

Resistors are the most common passive electronic component

(one that does not require power to operate). They are used to control

voltages and currents. While a resistor is avery basic component, there

are many ways to

manufacture them. Each style

has its own characteristics that

make it desirable in certain types

of applications. Choosing the

right type of resistor is important

to making high-performance or

precision circuits work well. This

bonus chapter

covers the resistor types and helps with picking the right one for your project.
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All resistors are basically just a piece of conducting material with a

specificvalue of resistance. For that piece of conducting material to be

made into a practical resistor, a pair of electrodes and leads are

attached so current can flow. The resistor is then coated with an

insulating material to protect the conducting material from the

surrounding environment and vice versa. There are several different

resistor construction methods and body styles (or packages) that are

designed for a certain range of applied voltage, power dissipation, or

other considerations. The construction of the resistor can affect its

performance at high frequencies where it may act like a small inductor

or capacitor has been added, called parasitic inductance or capacitance.

CAPACITORS

Capacitor has ability to store

charge and release them at a later time.

Capacitance is the measure of the

amount of charge that a capacitor can

store for a given applied voltage. The

unit of capacitance is the farad (F) or

microfarad. The capacitors used in the

circuit are electrolytic-capacitor.

In the circuit the electrolytic capacitor is used as a bypass capacitor.

Any noise variation inthe circuit is removed by the capacitor.

BATTERY
In electricity, a battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical
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cells that

convert stored chemical energy into

electrical energy.

Since the invention of the first

battery (or "voltaic pile") in 1800 by

Alessandro Volta and especially

since the technically improved

Daniel cell in 1836, batteries have

become a common power source for

many household and industrial

applications. According to a 2005

estimate, the worldwide battery

industry generates US$48 billion in sales each year, with 6% annual growth

There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable

batteries),
which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries
(rechargeable batteries),which are designed to be recharged and used multiple
times.
Batteries come in many sizes,from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby power for
telephone exchanges and computer data centres.

TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch

electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor

material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A

voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the
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current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled

(output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor

can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but

many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

RELAY

A relay is

an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to

operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating

principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control

a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be

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controlled by one signal. Relays were used extensively in telephone

exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly

control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor . Solid-

state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a

semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated

operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are

used to protect electricalcircuits from overload or faults; in modern

electric power systems these functions are performed by digital

instruments still called "protective relays".

SWITCH

Electric switch is a device that interrupts the electron

flow in a circuit. switch are primarily binary device : either fully
on or and light switch have a simple design. When the switch is
turned off the circuit breaks and the power flow is interrupted
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LED

LED is LIGHT EMITTING DIODE. The LED is a PN- junction diode that produces
light as it passes via an electric current in the forward path. Recombining the charge
carrier occurs in the LED. The N side electron and the P side hole are mixed and
provide the energy in the from of light and heat.

DIODE

A diode is the simplest semiconductor component, it is made of only two

pieces the different semiconductor materials. Nonetheless you may find diodes in
almost all electronic circuit. Its function is to let electric current flow in one direction
but to prevent flow in the opposite direction. This is a very important and useful
property. This function is similar to check valve in hydraulics.
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MIC
A microphone is a device that
translates sound vibrations in the air in
to electronic signals and scribes them to a
recording medium or over a loudspeaker.
Microphone enable many types of audio
recording device for purposes including
communications of many kind as well as
music vocals speech and sound recording.

PCB LAYOUT
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 BC547 – Transistor
 IN4148 – Diode
 IN4007 – Diode
 103PF – Capacitor
 1K – Resistor
 1.8K – Resister
 4.7K – Resister
 10K – Resister
 33K – resister
 100K – Resister
 1M – Resister
 J1 – Transistor
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 J2 – Transistor

CHAPTER 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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CHAPTER 4

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT

Clap switch is a circuit that can switch ON & OFF a light, fan,

radio etc. by the sound of clap. The sound of clap is received by a small

microphone that is shown biased by resistor R1 in the circuit. The microphone

changes sound wave in to electrical wave which is further amplified by

Q1.Transistor Q1 is used as common emitter circuit to amplify weak signals

received by the microphone. Amplified output from the collector of transistor

Q1 is then feed to the bi-stable multi vibrator circuit also known as flip-flop. Flip

-flop circuit is made by using two Transistors, in our circuit Q2 and Q3.

In a flip-flop circuit, at a time only one transistor conduct and

other cut off and when it gets a trigger pulse from outside source then

first transistor is cut off and 2nd transistor conducts. Thus output of

transistor is either logic-0 or logic-1 and it remains in one state 0or 1

until it gets trigger pulse from outer source.

The pulse of clap which is a trigger for flip-flop which makes

changes to the output which is complementary (reverse).Output of flip-

flop which is in the low current form is unable to drive relay directly so

we have used a current amplifier circuit by using Q4 which isa common

emitter circuit. Output of Q4 is connected to a Relay (Electromagnetic

switch), works like a mechanical switch. With the help of a relay it is easy
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for connecting other electrical appliance. The relay contact is connected

to the power line and hence turns on/off any electrical application

connected all the way through relay.

WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT COMPONTNTS

TRANSFORMER

230 V ac is converted to 12 V ac by transformer and this ac

current is converted to dcby diode.

MICROPHONE

Sound energy received by microphone is converted to electrical

signals. Microphones are types of transducers, they convert acoustic

energy i.e. sound signal. Basically, a microphone is made up of a

diaphragm, which is a thin piece of material that vibrates when itis struck

by sound wave. This causes other components in the microphone to

vibrate leading to variations in some electrical quantities thereby causing

electrical current to be generated. The current generated in the

microphone is the electrical pulse. The current generated by a

microphone is very small and this current is referred to as mic level and

typically measured in milli-volts. Before it is usable, the signal must be

amplified, usually to line level, with typical value within (0.5 – 2) volts,

which is stronger .So the signal produced by microphone is amplified by

transistor Q1.
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The basic action of this transistor Q1 is to receive an input signal

from the input transducer (microphone), control the amount of power

that the amplifier takes from power source (Vs) and converts it into

power needed to energize the load.

FLIP-FLOP ARRANGEMENT

The transistors Q2,Q3 arranged like flip flop acts as counter and

produces a single output pulse when triggered .So, it is also known as

the triggered pulse producer .If it doesn’t receives 2 claps within 3

minutes the diode D4 doesn’t receives any signal from flip flop

arrangement and the bulb B1 doesn’t glow and in the other case diode D4

acts as switch and allows electric signals .

RELAY

The relay is an electrically operated switch. It is also called as

mechanical switch . If a small voltage is applied to its input terminal, it

activates an electromagnet and closes its contacts. These contacts can

then switch on larger amounts of current and voltage safely. But a low

power transistor is also needed to switch the current for the relay’s coil.

Here the transistor Q4 is a low power transistor. As a result the bulb B1

glows.
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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES

1. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.

2. We can turn something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any

location in the room (e.g.while lying in the bed) simply by

clapping our hands.

3. Low cost and reliable circuit.

4. Complete elimination of man power.

5. Energy efficient.

DISADVATAGES

1. It is generally cumbersome to have to clap one’s hands to turn

something on or off

and it is gerally seen as simpler for most use cases to use a traditional light
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switch.

2. Unless we use a filter in the circuit , it is not that

advantageous. So that circuitactivates only for clap of particular

frequencies and then it becomes accurate.

CHAPTER 6

APPLICATIONS

1. Clap activated switch device will serve well in different phono-

controlled applications.

2. Clap switch is generally used for a light, television, radio or similar

electronic device that the person will want to turn on/off from bed.

3. This circuit functions on using the sound energy provided by the

clap which is converted into electrical energy by condenser

microphone . Using this converted electrical energy which is used

to turn on relay (an electronic switch).

4. The primary application involves an elderly or mobility-impaired person.

5. The major advantage of a clap switch is that you can turn

something (e.g. a lamp) on and off from any location in the room
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(e.g. while lying in bed) simply by clapping your hands.

6. The major disadvantage is that it's generally cumbersome to

have to clap one's hands to turn something on or off and it's

generally seen as simpler for most use cases to usea traditional

light switch

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The clap activated switching device function properly by responding to

both hand claps at about three to four meter away and finger tap sound

at very close range, since both are low frequency sounds and produce

the same pulse wave features. The resulting device is realizable, has

good reliability and it’s relatively inexpensive. Assemble the circuit on a

general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a suitable box. This circuit is very

useful in field of electronic circuits. By using some modification it area of

application can be extended in various fields. It can be used to raised

alarm in security system with a noise ,and also used at the place where

silence needed.
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FUTURE SCOPE

1. We can increase the range of this equipment by using better Mic.

2. We can use this as Remote Controller.

RESULT

We constructed the circuit as per circuit diagram . And we verified the clap
switch circuit. i.e when sound occurs near by the circuit the led in the circuit glows
and for the second clap itis in off condition .
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REFERENCE

BY :-
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MAHESH KUMAR SHAW {HOD}

Reference on the web :-

 www.Google.com
 www.youtube.com