Air Conditioning

(Intensive Course)

Prepared by: Eng. Mohammed Suleiman

Samsung – Haggar Limited
Engineer-52@hotmail.com
+2499 140 51919
+2499 228 13363
1. About course

2. Glossary

3. Refrigeration Cycle
Air conditioning:
is the process of altering the properties of air (primarily temperature and
humidity) to more favorable conditions. More generally, air
conditioning can refer to any form of technological cooling, heating,
ventilation, or disinfection that modifies the condition of air.

An air conditioner (often referred to as AC) is a major or home

appliance, system, or mechanism designed to change the air
temperature and humidity within an area (used for cooling and
sometimes heating depending on the air properties at a given time). The
cooling is typically done using a simple refrigeration cycle, but
sometimes evaporation is used, commonly for comfort cooling in
buildings and motor vehicles. In construction, a complete system of
heating, ventilation and air conditioning is referred to as "HVAC".
HVAC :
 (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of
indoor and automotive environmental comfort. HVAC system
design is a major sub discipline of mechanical engineering,
based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,
and heat transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the field's
abbreviation as HVAC&R or HVACR

 HVAC is important in the design of medium to large industrial

and office buildings such as skyscrapers and in marine
environments , where safe and healthy building conditions are
regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh
air from outdoors.
Cyclic refrigeration:

 Main article: Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

 This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed
from a low-temperature space or source and rejected to a high-
temperature sink with the help of external work, and its inverse,
the thermodynamic power cycle.
 The most common types of refrigeration systems use the
reverse-Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle,
although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of
applications.

 Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as:

1. Vapor cycle, and
2. Gas cycle
Refrigeration system

1. Compressor Types

2. Condensers Types

3. Evaporators Types

4. Expansion Devise
 Compressors types.
 Condensers types.
 Evaporators types.
 Expansion devices.
They are Two types: according to

1. Compression methods.
2. Compressors structure.
 Reciprocating Compressors (low efficiency).
 Scroll Compressors (Best efficiency).
 Helical rotary (Height Capacity).
 Centrifugal Compressors (Best Capacity).
 Open type:
(Driven by an external power source, such as electric
motor, an engine or turbine).

 Hermetic type:
(the compressor and motor are connected and housed in
the same housing, which is hermetically Sealed by
welding).
 Open type:
(Driven by an external power source, such as electric motor,
an engine or turbine).
 Hermetic type:
(the compressor and motor are connected and housed in the
same housing, which is hermetically Sealed by welding).
1. Air-Cooled condensers (By means of fan).
2. Water-Cooled condensers
(By means of cooling towers).
 Air-Cooled condensers:
1. Cross fin coil type.
2. Wind fin type.

 Water-Cooled condensers (By means of cooling towers):

1. Shell and Tube type.
2. Double Tube type.

 Evaporative condensers
 Air-Cooled condensers:
1. Cross fin coil type.
2. Wind fin type.
 Water-Cooled condensers (By means of cooling towers):
1. Shell and Tube type.
2. Double Tube type.
 Water-Cooled condensers (By means of cooling towers):
1. Shell and Tube type.
2. Double Tube type.
 Water-Cooled condensers:
cooling towers
 Water-Cooled condensers (By means of cooling towers):
1. Shell and Tube type.
2. Double Tube type.
 Evaporative condensers
1. Air-Cooling Evaporators (Coil or Fan Coil)
2. Water-Cooling Evaporators (Chilled Water)
1. Air-Cooled Evaporators:
Coil or fan coil type.

2. Water-Cooled Evaporators:
Shell and Tube type

3. Evaporative condensers
1. Capillary Tube.

2. Thermostatic expansion valve.

3. Electronic expansion valve.

Air Conditioning
1. Definition

2. System Type

3. Psychometric chart

4. Human Comfort

5. Classification
Air conditioning definition:
 Air condition signifies the automatic control of an
atmospheric environment either for comfort of human
beings or animal or for the proper performance of some
industrial or scientific process.

Purpose of Air conditioning:

 Is to supply sufficient volume of clean air with comfort air
temperature and humidity
Function of Air conditioning:

1. To control the temperature

2. To control the humidity
3. To control the speed of air movement
4. Air cleanliness
Air conditioning system type:

 The air conditioning type is classified to two groups

1. Comfort air condition
2. Industrial air condition

 The essential feature of comfort air condition system is to

provide an environment which is comfortable to the
majority of the occupants.
Comfort air conditioning systems are subdivided to three groups:

1. Summer air conditioning, Reduce the sensible heat and water

vapor content of air by cooling and dehumidification.

2. Winter air conditioning, increase the sensible heat and water vapor
content of air by heating and humidification.

3. Year-round air conditioning, this system assures the control of

temperature and humidity of air in an enclosed space throughout
the year when the atmospheric condition are changed.
Industrial air conditioning system:

 Provides air at the required temperature and humidity to

perform a specific industrial process successfully

 The design conditions are not based on the feeling of

human beings but purely on the requirement of the
industrial plant.
Psychrometry:
is the science dealing with the physical laws of air – water
mixtures.
Temperature and Temperature Scales

°F = 9/5(°C)+32
R = 459.67+(°F)
K = 273.15+(°C)
Relative Humidity:
Air Conditioning Process:
Air Conditioning Process:
Air Conditioning Process:
Air Conditioning Process:
Air Conditioning Process:
 Properties revision:
1. Dry air.
3. Water vapor.
4. Dry–bulb temperature.
5. Wet–bulb temperature: thermometer + wet cloth.
6. Dew‐ point temperature: when water vapor start condensation.
7. Specific Humidity: kg of H2O / kg of Dry air.
8. Absolute Humidity: kg of H2O in unit of volume of air.
9. Degree of saturation.
10. Relative Humidity: actual kg of H2O/ kg of H2O when air is
saturated.
11. Specific heat of air: Quantity of heat which can be measured by
measuring the dry bulb.
12. Total heat: sensible heat + latent heat.
Human comfort:

 Human body consumes food, drink and oxygen to provide

energy to metabolism. This energy is mostly liberated as
heat this heat is lost as sensible heat by convection and as
latent heat by form of respiration and perspiration.

 The rate of heat liberated by body depends on the degree

of activity and temperature of surrounding air.
 1. Classification by expansion methods.
 2. Classification by heat rejection methods.
 3. Classification by structure.
 4. Classification by using positions.
 5. Classification by installation methods of fan coil
(indoor) units.
Classification by expansion methods:
1. Direct Expansion (DX)

2. Indirect Expansion
Classification by expansion methods:
Direct Expansion (DX)
 Heat is directly exchanged between air to be conditioned
and the refrigerant.
Air Conditioner
Classification by expansion methods:
Indirect Expansion
Heat is exchanged indirectly between air to be conditioned
and the refrigerant by means of water.
Chillers
Classification by heat rejection methods:
1. Air - Cooled

2. Water - Cooled

Air - Cooled
Classification by heat rejection methods:
1. Air - Cooled

2. Water - Cooled

Water - Cooled
Classification by structure :
Split Type
Single Package

Air Conditioner
Classification by Using Position:
1. Residential

2. Industrial

3. Commercial

Residential
Classification by Using Position:
1. Residential

2. Industrial

3. Commercial

Residential
Classification by Using Position:
1. Residential

2. Industrial

3. Commercial

Residential
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :

1. Floor Mounted Type

2. Wall Mounted Type

3. Celling Suspended Type

4. Celling Mounted Cassette Type , Duct Type, … ,etc.

Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Floor Mounted Type (Floor standing type)
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Wall Mounted Type
Split Wall Mounted type
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Wall Mounted Type
Widow Wall Mounted type
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Celling Suspended Type

Celling Console
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Celling Mounted (Cassette Type)

4-way Cassette
Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Celling Mounted (Ducted Type)

Duct Split (Gas & Liquid Piping)

Classification by installation methods of fan coil (indoor) units :
Celling Mounted (Ducted Type)

Duct Type (Chilled Water System)

Design & Selection

1. Central AC System

2. Chilled Water System

3. Design Criterion
Air conditioning:

 Central air conditioning systems.

 Design criteria for A/C selection.
 VRV System
1. Classification by thermal transfer medium.

1. Total air method

2. Total water method
3. Water‐air method

2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.

1. Classification by thermal transfer medium.
Total air method
1. Classification by thermal transfer medium.
Total Water method
1. Classification by thermal transfer medium.
Water Air Method
2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Centralized Type (Chiller or VRV)

DVM - Digital Variable Multi - VRF Systems - SAMSUNG

2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Decentralized Type (DVM mini, FJM or MPS)

FJM - Free Joint Multi - Samsung

2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Decentralized Type (DVM mini, FJM or MPS)

MPS - Multi Power System - LG

2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Each Floor VRV System
2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Individual Type
2. Classification by decentralization degree of air conditioners.
Individual Type
Design criteria for the selection of A/C can be divided into
four basic requirements:

1. Functional requirements.
2. Methods of installation.
3. Architectural view.
4. Health care facilities.
(1) Functional requirements:
1. Types of the selected A/C :
1. Central air conditioning system.
a. Fan coils.
b. Air handling unit.
2. VRV.
3. Split units.
4. Package units.
5. Air cooler.

2. Reliability.
3. Performance.
(1) Functional requirements:
4. Efficiency.
5. Availability of spare parts.
6. Low cost.
7. Less headache of maintenance.
8. Low consumption of electrical power ( saving energy).
9. To ensure that, the supplied A/C units from the main
manufactures source, is not to be assembled through other
mediators, (master production).
(2) Methods of installation.
1. Types of installations :
• Wall mounted.
• Ceiling mounted.
• Floor mounted.
2. Air circulation (avoidance of dead corners).
3. Convenience.
4. Foundation:
a. Reinforcement concrete is recommended as for machine base.
b. Precisions and accuracy in taking measurement.
c. In heavy machines like central chillers, springs may be
required in order to absorbs vibration.
(3) Architectural view:
1. Colors.
2. Dimension.
3. Location.

(4) Health care facilities:

1. To avoid dirt air.
2. Changing by fresh air from time by natural ventilation.
3. Accessibility.
4. To avoid contamination of water (biological activities in water).
5. To avoid wrong connection (power supply, pipes and drainage
connection.
VRV System

1. System Component

2. System Advantage

3. VRV VS Chiller
 More energy saving (High COP)
 More space saving (smaller units)
 Longer refrigerant piping length
 Less amount of refrigerant
 Bigger capacity systems
 Small capacity gap between systems (bigger range)
 Easier to handle (less weight, all models to fit in lift)
 Extended operating temperature range
 Better appearance
 Less packing material (less waste)
VRV System Advantage:
Initial Cost Saving
Operating Cost Saving
Efficient Space Utilization
Flexible Partition Changing
Individual Control for Each Room/Zoning
Easy Control Function
Simple & Easy Control
Flexible Duct Work with
Low Ceiling Space
Unnecessary Plumbing Work
Regular Inspection
VRV System

1. Terminology
2. Load Calculations
3. Calculations Principle
4. Calculation Methods
5. Internal Load
6. External Load
TERMINOLOGY:
Commonly used terms relative to heat transmission and load
calculations are defined below in accordance with ASHRAE
Standard 12-75, Refrigeration Terms and Definitions.

Space is either a volume or a site without a partition or a

partitioned room or group of rooms.

Room is an enclosed or partitioned space that is usually treated as

single load.

Zone is a space or group of spaces within a building with heating

and/or cooling requirements sufficiently similar so that comfort
conditions can be maintained throughout by a single controlling
device.
British thermal unit (Btu) is the approximate heat required
to raise 1 lb. of water 1 deg Fahrenheit, from 59 F to 60 F.
Air conditioners are rated by the number of British Thermal
Units (Btu) of heat they can remove per hour. Another
common rating term for air conditioning size is the "ton,"
which is 12,000 Btu per hour and Watts. Some countries
utilize one unit, more than the others and therefore it is good
if you can remember the relationship between BTU/hr, Ton,
and Watts.
􀂃 1 ton is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/hr. and
􀂃 12,000 BTU/hr is equivalent to 3,516 Watts - or 3.516
kW (kilo-Watts).
Cooling Load Temperature Difference (CLTD) an
equivalent temperature difference used for calculating the
instantaneous external cooling load across a wall or roof.

Sensible Heat Gain is the energy added to the space by

conduction, convection and/or radiation.

Latent Heat Gain is the energy added to the space when

moisture is added to the space by means of vapor emitted by
the occupants, generated by a process or through air
infiltration from outside or adjacent areas.
Radiant Heat Gain the rate at which heat absorbed is by the
surfaces enclosing the space and the objects within the space.

Space Heat Gain is the rate at which heat enters into and/or
is generated within the conditioned space during a given
time interval.

Space Cooling Load is the rate at which energy must be

removed from a space to maintain a constant space air
temperature.
Temperature, Dry Bulb is the temperature of air indicated by a regular
thermometer.

Temperature, Wet Bulb is the temperature measured by a thermometer

that has a bulb wrapped in wet cloth. The evaporation of water from the
thermometer has a cooling effect, so the temperature indicated by the wet
bulb thermometer is less than the temperature indicated by a dry-bulb
(normal, unmodified) thermometer. The rate of evaporation from the wet-
bulb thermometer depends on the humidity of the air. Evaporation is
slower when the air is already full of water vapor. For this reason, the
difference in the temperatures indicated by ordinary dry bulb and wet
bulb thermometers gives a measure of atmospheric humidity.

Temperature, Dewpoint is the temperature to which air must be cooled

in order to reach saturation or at which the condensation of water vapor
in a space begins for a given state of humidity and pressure.
Relative humidity describes how far the air is from saturation. It is a
useful term for expressing the amount of water vapor when discussing
the amount and rate of evaporation. One way to approach saturation, a
relative humidity of 100%, is to cool the air. It is therefore useful to know
how much the air needs to be cooled to reach saturation.

Thermal Transmittance or Heat Transfer Coefficient (U-factor) – is

the rate of heat flow through a unit area of building envelope material or
assembly, including its boundary films, per unit of temperature difference
between the inside and outside air. The U-factor is expressed in Btu/ (hr
0F ft2).

Thermal Resistance (R) is the reciprocal of a heat transfer coefficient

and is expressed in (hr 0F ft2)/Btu. For example, a wall with a U-value of
0.25 would have a resistance value of R = 1/U = 1/0.25=4.0. The value of
R is also used to represent Thermal Resistivity, the reciprocal of the
thermal conductivity.
SIZING YOUR AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM:

Concepts and fundamentals of air conditioner sizing is based

on heat gain, and/or losses in a building. It is obvious that
you will need to remove the amount of heat gain.

heat gain and loss, must be equally balanced by heat

removal, and addition, to get the desired room comfort that
we want.

The heat gain or heat loss through a building depends on:

The heat gain or heat los through a building depends on:
1. The temperature difference between outside temperature and our
desired temperature.

2. The type of construction and the amount of insulation is in your

ceiling and walls. Let's say, that you have two identical buildings,
one is build out of glass, and the other out of brick. Of course the
one built with glass would require much more heat addition, or
removal, compared to the other - given a same day. This is because
the glass has a high thermal conductivity (U-value) as compared to
the brick.

3. How much shade is on your building’s windows, walls, and roof?

Two identical buildings with different orientation with respect to the
direction of sun rise and fall will also influence the air conditioner
sizing.
The heat gain or heat los through a building depends on:
4. How large is your room? The surface area of the walls.
The larger the surface area - the more heat can loose, or
gain through it.

5. How much air leaks into indoor space from the outside?
Infiltration plays a part in determining our air conditioner
sizing. Door gaps, cracked windows, chimneys - are the
"doorways" for air to enter from outside, into your living
space.

6. The occupants. It takes a lot to cool a town hall full of

people.
The heat gain or heat los through a building depends on:

7. Activities and other equipment within a building.

Cooking? Hot bath? Gymnasium?

8. Amount of lighting in the room. High efficiency lighting

fixtures generate less heat.

9. How much heat the appliances generate. Number of

power equipment's such as oven, washing machine,
computers, TV inside the space; all contribute to heat.
The heat gain or heat los through a building depends on:

Note:

It is important to use the correct procedure for estimating

heat gain or heat loss. Two groups—the Air Conditioning
Contractors of America (ACCA) and the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE)—publish calculation procedures for sizing
central air conditioners.
Whether it is a sensible or latent gain:
Sensible heat - Heat which a substance absorbs, and while its
temperature goes up, the substance does not change state.
Sensible heat gain is directly added to the conditioned space
by conduction, convection, and/or radiation.

Sensible heat load is total of

 Heat transmitted thru floors, ceilings, walls
 Occupant’s body heat
 Appliance & Light heat
 Solar Heat gain thru glass
 Infiltration of outside air
 Air introduced by Ventilation
Whether it is a sensible or latent gain:
Latent Heat Loads - Latent heat gain occurs when moisture
is added to the space either from internal sources (e.g. vapor
emitted by occupants and equipment) or from outdoor air as
a result of infiltration or ventilation to maintain proper
indoor air quality.

Latent heat load is total of

 Moisture-laden outside air form Infiltration & Ventilation

 Occupant Respiration & Activities

 Moisture from Equipment & Appliances

we can classified the load in two types:
1. Internal Load
2. External Load

Internal Load:
People
Lighting
Equipment's

External Load:
Roof
Walls
Windows
Load Calculations

1. Calculation Technique

2. ARI Standard
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION METHOD:
1.TETD/TA Method
 Originally Developed by Willis Carrier
 Widely used but sources not well-documented

This was the preferred method for hand or simple spreadsheet

calculation before the introduction of the CLTD/CLF method.

2.Transfer Function Method (TFM)

 Rigorous & Complex

 Requires Computer

This is the most complex of the methods proposed by ASHRAE

and requires the use of a computer program or advanced
spreadsheet.
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION METHOD:
3. CLTD/CLF Method 1989
Cooling Load Temperature Differential/Cooling Load Factors
 Hand Calculation Method
 Simplified Factors based on TFM (above)

This method is derived from the TFM method and uses

tabulated data to simplify the calculation process.

4.Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method

 Based on Heat Balance Method (exact solution)

 Requires Computer-Based Solution Techniques

Opaque Surface Cooling Load
q = UA(CLTD corrected )

 U = Assembly U-factor
 A = Opaque Surface Area
 CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference
1. Based on latitude
2. Time-of-day
3. Thermal storage in materials used
4. R-value of component (thermal resistance)
5. Presence of suspended ceiling (for roofs only)
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference
1. Based on latitude
2. Time-of-day
3. Thermal storage in materials used
4. R-value of component
5. Presence of suspended ceiling (for roofs only)

CLTD corrected = (CLTD + LM)k + (78 – t room) + (tm - 85)

 LM = Latitude/Month Correction Factor

 k = Color Correction (Dark = 1.0, Med = 0.83, Light = 0.65)

 T room = design indoor space temperature

 T m = average temperature on the design day

 = Max. Outdoor temperature - (daily range) / 2

Glass Cooling Load, Radiation
q=A(SC)(SHGF)(CLF)
 A = glass area

 SC = Shading Coefficient

SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor, tabulated by

1. Latitude
2. Month
3. Orientation
CLF = Cooling Load Factor, tabulated by
1. Time-of-day
2. Building Mass
3. Floor Treatment (Optional)
Internal Loads

1. Q people-sensible = No. x Heat Gain x CLF

2. Q people-latent = No. x Heat Gain

3. Q lighting = Heat Gain x CLF

4. Q equipment = Heat Gain x CLF

VENTILATION:
Sensible Heat
Q Sensible = 1.08 * CFM * ΔT

Q Sensible = 60 * CFM * ρ * CP * ΔT
Q Sensible = 60 hr/min * CFM (ft³/min) * (0.075) Ibm/ft³ * (0.24)
Btu/Ibm-°F * ΔT (°F)
Q Sensible = 1.08 * CFM * ΔT
ρ = Air density (0.075 Ibm/ft3)
Cp = Specific heat of air (0.24 Btu/Ib F) x CLF
ΔT = Indoor minus Outdoor temperature difference (To - Ti)
VENTILATION:
Latent Heat
Q Latent = 4840 * CFM * ΔW

Where:
CFM (Air flow rate) = Cubic Feet Per Minutes
ΔW = Humidity ratio of indoor air minus humidity ratio of
outdoor air
(Wo - Wi) in lbm water/ lbm dry air
From Psychometric chart
4840 its constant = density of air (0.075 lb/ft^3) x heat content of
water vapor (1076 btu/hr) x 60 min/hr
Note:

1. 1 Ton.R = 12000 Btu = 3.517 kw

2. 1 Ton.R ≈ 420 to 450 CFM

3. 1 BTU = 0.000293071 kWh = 1.05506 kJ

4. 1 Btu = 352 cal

5. 1 kWh = 3412.3 BTU

Note:
Indoor/Outdoor design condition:

Indoor :
T db = 24 to 22 C (75F) , 50% RH

Outdoor:
T db = 46C (115F) , T wb = 23

Khartoum:
1. Degree latitude = 15 Degree
2. Altitude = 382 m
3. Longitude = 32 Degree
Typical Operating Conditions

The design conditions imposed by most water-cooled HVAC

systems work very well for centrifugal chillers. The Air
Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) provides test
Standards and certification for a wide range of HVAC products
including centrifugal chillers.
The ARI standard 550/590-98 is used to test and rate chillers.
Additionally, chillers typically have a certification that provides
engineers and owners with a third party validation that the chiller
will meet the performance the manufacturer indicates. The ARI
test criteria allows an ―apples to apples‖ comparison of different
chillers.
standard ARI rating condition is:

1. Leaving chilled water temperature 44°F

2. Chilled water flow rate 2.4 gpm/ton

3. Entering condenser water temperature 85°F

4. Condenser water flow rate 3.0 gpm/ton

5. 0.0001 evaporator fouling factor and 0.00025 condenser

fouling factor
Standard ARI
The temperature change in the fluid for either the condenser or the
evaporator can be
described using the following formula

Q = W x C x DTF (1)

Where:
 Q = Quantity of heat exchanged (btu/hr or kw)

 W= flow rate of fluid (USgpm or l/s)

 C= specific heat of fluid (btu/lb°F or kJ/(kg°C))

 DTF= temperature change of fluid (°F or°C)

Standard ARI
Assuming the fluid is water, the formula takes the more common
form of ;
Load (btu/hr) = Flow(USgpm) x (°Fin – °Fout) x 500 (2)
Or
Load (tons = Flow(USgpm) x (°Fin – °Fout) / 24 (3)

C of Water = 4.19 (kJ/kg.K) = 1 btu/hr.F

1 gallon per minute = 8.34 lbs/minute * 60 minutes per hour
= 500.4 lbs per hour

Using this equation and the ARI design conditions, the

temperature change in the evaporator is found to be 10°F. The
water temperature entering the evaporator is then 54°F.
 Using this equation and the above design conditions, the
temperature change in the evaporator is found to be 10°F.
The water temperature entering the evaporator is then
54°F.

Most air conditioning design conditions are based on 75°F

and 50% relative humidity (RH) in the occupied space. The
dewpoint for air at this condition is 55.08°F. Most HVAC
designs are based on cooling the air to this dewpoint to
maintain the proper RH in the space. Using a 10°F approach
at the cooling coil means the supply chilled water needs to
be around 44°F or 45°F.
 Recall that the heat that needs to be removed from the
condenser is equal to the heat collected in the evaporator
plus the work of compression. Assuming the work of
compression is 25% of the heat collected in the evaporator,
then the heat rejected in the condenser will be 125% of the
evaporator heat.
 Using the above equation and the ARI design conditions,
the temperature change in the condenser for modern high
efficiency chillers is found to be 9.4°F at 3 gpm/ton. The
water temperature leaving the evaporator is then 94.4°F.
This is often incorrectly rounded off to a 10 degree delta T
and a 95.0°F leaving water temperature.
 The ARI design conditions are frequently used as design
conditions. Although they represent good ―average‖
conditions to use, they may not represent the best design
conditions to use for every project.
Load Calculations
Project 1
1. Calculation Technique

2. Load Calculation

3. Fan Coil Selection

4. Chiller Selection
Load Calculations
Project 1

1. Duct Design

2. Piping Design