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بحث التخرج2
بحث التخرج2
Maximum penetration of300 μm was seen when 6 % sodium hypochlorite was used for
20 min at 45 °C in coronal and midroot dentin. Several studies have reported that dentin
weakens the antibacterial effectiveness of calcium hydroxide, iodine potassium iodide,
and sodium hypochlorite [ 41 , 42 ]. The survival of the bacteria could therefore also be
attributed to their invasion into the dentinal tubules where they are better protected from
endodontic medicaments than in the main canal. This may be caused by the difficulty
of the solutions to penetrate into the tubules, inactivation of the medicaments by dentin,
or the microbial biomass in the tubules [ 42 ]. During chemomechanical preparation of
the root canal, use of chelating agents and acids results in selective removal of inorganic
dentin components, exposing collagen fi bers. Portenier et al. [ 43 ] studied the potential
inhibitory effect of bovine dentin matrix (collagen), demineralized dentin powder
(treated with EDTA or citric acid), and skin collagen on the antibacterial activity of 0.02
% CHX and 0.1/0.2 % iodine potassium iodide (IPI) solution. Dentin matrix (3 % w/v),
which mostly consists of purified dentin collagen, was a potent inhibitor of both CHX
and IPI, with most E. faecalis cells surviving after 24 h of incubation with the
medicaments in the given concentrations. Dentin matrix was a slightly less effective
inhibitor of IPI than dentin, but on CHX its effect was stronger than that of dentin. This
is in accordance with earlier reports which have shown that IPI was more susceptible to
dentin than to organic compounds, whereas the opposite was true for CHX [ 41 , 42 ].
When EDTA or citric acid was fi rst used to dissolve the apatite, dentin inhibited the
activity of CHX more than untreated dentin powder but less than purifi ed dentin matrix.
No difference was detected between EDTA and citric acid treatment [ 43 ]. When IPI
was tested, demineralized dentin (pretreated with EDTA or citric acid) showed no
inhibitory activity. It can be speculated that rinsing with EDTA or citric acid before
irrigation with disinfecting agents might weaken the effect of CHX but strengthen the
effect of IPI. Comparative experiments have indicated that skin collagen is a weaker
inhibitor of IPI and CHX than dentin matrix [ 34 ]. Together with the observation that
dentin treated with EDTA or citric acid caused inhibition that was stronger than with
skin collagen but weaker than with dentin matrix, this indicates that there are important
differences between type I collagen products obtained from different sources and
through different production and purification methods. In summary, dentin is a complex
chemical and anatomical environment that needs to be carefully considered when
designing studies looking at the effects of irrigation. ). So the present survey was
conducted to ascertain the current trends in irrigation among dental practitioners in Iraqi
cites by following method
(k)Methods of activation
Table (1) table show the information that gathering from this survy .
The questionnaire was made up of 15 questions with multiple-choice answers and
blanks and multiple answers covering all the aspects of irrigation protocol in
endodontics
a- Student
b- Endodontist
c- Specialist but not endodontist
d- General dentist
a. Sodium hypochlorite
b. Chlorhexidine
c. EDTA
d. MTAD
e. Saline
f. Citric acid
g. Sterile water
a. 0.5%-1.5%
b. 1.5-3%
c. 3-5.25%
d. I do not use Naocl
a. 0.2%
b. 0.2%-1.9%
c. 2%
d. More than 2%
e. I do not use Chlorhexidine
9- Which of the following irrigants would you primarily utilize when treating a
tooth with a vital pulp?
a- Sodium hypochlorit
b- Sterile water
c- Chlorhexidine
d- Saline
a-Ultrasonic activation
b -Negative pressure
c- Sonic activation
d- Manually
11-What is the gauge of the needle you use during syringe irrigation? *
a- 21gauge
b- 27gauge
c- 30gauge
a. open-ended needle
b. close-ended needle
a- 10minutes
b- 15minutes
c- 30 minutes
d- 40minutes or more
a- Never
b- Rarly
c- Often
d- Alwase
The questions were so framed to cover all the information regarding irrigation, ranging
from irrigant selection, irrigant concentration, (c) Use of Rubber dam , Adjuncts
irrigation solution used, ) Choice of irrigant used for different clinical situations, Gauge
of needle used, Tip design of needle, Depth of needle penetration, Duration of irrigation,
Irrigation accident, Mلethods of activation. Questions consisted of numeric rankings,
multiple choices, and multiple selections with options for write-in answers where
appropriate. The data were compiled by a single assessor and analyzed using