POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
 CONSERVATISM
- doesn’t want change.
- preserves culture.
- PERFECT SOCIETY.
- modest and resilient.
- Society is fixed at birth.
- arose due to reaction of French Revolution
(Age of enlightenment/Industrial Revolution).
- Pinanganak kang bobo, mamamatay kang
bobo.
- “PAST IS THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE”
(HUMAN NATURE)
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. TRADITION- According to EDMUND BURKE, tradition
must be preserved. It is accumulated or tested by
the past.
- So why do you need change if it’s working?
2. HUMAN IMPERFECTION- Humans tend to be security
seeking individuals.
- People should drawn to safe and familiar
places. They call it “THEIR PLACES”.
- You must stay in comfortable place or within
your comfort zone.
3. ORGANIC SOCIETY- They can’t exist outside their
society. They believed that they can’t be separated
from their society. Works an organism. This is called
NEGATIVE FREEDOM.
 NEGATIVE FREEDOM- left alone; isolated.
- have own obligations and rules.
4. HIERARCHY AND AUTHORITY- There should always be
a leader to govern.
- Social Equality was rejected because they say
that this is UNACHIEVABLE AND UNDESIRABLE.
(Necessary and beneficial; Everyone needs
leader support).
5. PROPERTY- They believed that property should be
earned.
- This is an extension of their personality.
“CONSERVATISM FAVORS TRADITION THAT
IS PROVEN AND TESTED BY HISTORY THAT
THEY SHOULD STAY ON THEIR FAMILIAR
PLACES IN WHICH UTILIZES THEIR OWN
PROPERTY THAT DRIVES ON THEIR OWN
ROLES TO FUNCTION AND HAVE NO
AUTHORITY TO GOVERN THEM.”
POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
 LIBERALISM
- Freedom and Progress (words tantamount).
- rights of people and progress.
- revolutionary revolt against monarchs.
- resulted from the break down of Feudalism in
Europe.
- “ALL OF US HAVE TALENTS AND SKILLS, WE
CAN STRIVE FOR THE BETTER.” (HUMAN NATURE)
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. INDIVIDUALISM- Every individual have the right to life,
liberty and property. (John Locke)
- We are free to choose to live our life to the
fullest or full potential.
2. FREEDOM- unifying principle of liberalism.
- importance of choices.
- gives opportunity of people’s interest by
exercising choices. BUT there’s a LIMITATION.
(John Stewart Mill).
> Liberals don’t accept individuals with
ABSOLUTE FREEDOM. (Kung gusto patayin,
papatayin.)
> There’s restriction to freedom. LIMITED
FREEDOM.
- You can do whatever you want as
long as you don’t hurt other people.
HARMING PEOPLE IS AN EXEMPTION.
3. JUSTICE- giving what is due. (Ibigay ang nararapat.)
- Liberalists suggest that everyone must enjoy
the same status in distribution of rights and
exercising justice.
- tantamount to equality of opportunity.
 RULE OF MERITOCRACY- talented and able ;
choices to rise or fall
4. REASON- everyone should be heard through debates.
- every opinions should be discussed in
discussions and debates.
 RATIONALISM- to fulfill individual development.
Liberalism inquire knowledge through
acquisition of knowledge.
 RCT (Randomized Choice Trial) - intelligent
choices and reasoning through discussion and
debates.
5. TOLERANCE AND DIVERSITY- willingness of liberals to
accept moral, cultural, and political differences.
- There should be a balance and harmonious
society.
- Trying to promote social equality.
- Social Equality should be achieved through
balanced and harmonious society by acceptance
of tolerance and diversity.
 POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
“LIBERALISM PROMOTES RIGHTS TO LIFE,
PROPERTY AND LIBERTY OF EVERY
INDIVIDUAL, GIVES IMPORTANCE TO
CHOICES AND EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND
USING THE GIFT OF REASONING TO FULFILL
INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT AS WE ACCEPT
DIFFERENCES.”
 SOCIALISM
- Economic political theory that advocates
properties to be owned by the community not
individual.
- sister of Marxism (classless society; no private
property.)
- Equal distribution and production of goods
and services for the people.
- There should be a support of one another.
- Each should work together.
- Every property should be owned by all.
- Because of the inhuman and harsh condition
of Great Britain, socialism arose.
- Kung ano pinagtrabahuan= ibibigay ang
nararapat.
- “WE ARE TREATING ONE ANOTHER AS
COMRADES, BROTHERS AND SISTERS.” (HUMAN
NATURE)
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. NO MAN IS AN ISLAND.- no one can live without
other’s support.
2. COMMUNITY- Power of community.
- collective action pursuing the goals by working
together.
- people should work together for common
goals.
3. COOPERATION- In a community, Socialists believed in
cooperation than competition. Competition
promotes selfishness and aggression. They only want
unity.
- Individual should work together to develop
bond of sympathy, caring and affection.
- They are only looking forward to moral
incentives. It doesn’t matter how hard, what
matters is Satisfaction, Fulfillment and
Happiness.
4. EQUALITY- They want equality because they were
abused before. (ABOLITION OF HIERARCHY).
- SOCIAL EQUALITY UPHOLDS
JUSTICE/FAIRNESS.
POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- They want all to have satisfaction to their basic
human life.
- Companionship
5. SOCIAL CLASS- They want to empower working class,
with this Socialism will be achieved.
- Everyone should work in a community.
- According to THOMAS MORE (Euthopia),
“Everyone in the social class should share properties
even your wives and husbands.”
6. COMMON OWNERSHIP- private properties are unjust.
- abolish ideas of hierarchy and private
ownership.
 WEALTH- produced by collective effort of every
individual so it should be owned by the
community.
“ SOCIALISM BELIEVES IN THE CONCEPT
THAT NO MAN IS AN ISLAND THAT
EVERYONE IS REQUIRED TO WORK
TOGETHER FOR THEIR COMMON GOALS
TO DEVELOP THE BOND OF SYMPATHY,
CARING AND AFFECTION TO UPHOLD
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND COMPANIONSHIP
AS THEY ABOLISH THE IDEA OF
HIERARCHY AND PRIVATE OWNERSHIP.”
 ANARCHISM
- literally means “without rule”.
- belief in the abolition of government,
overthrow of state, and disregarding political/
any source of authority.
- doesn’t want any shape of power and
authority.
- Government should not exist.
- Equated with chaos and disorder.
- Supporters of terrorism.
- not yet being practiced.
- History started because of the book of
J.PRODHON- What is the essence of property?
// so Government is not supposed to exist.
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. ANTI-STATISM- against state.
- People live whatever they want to be.
- Authority is an offense against principles of
freedom and the state/equality.
- State can deprived right to live, liberty and
 property.
POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- According LORD ACTON, “Power tend to
corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely,
even religion”.
2. NATURAL ORDER- believe in natural goodness.
- Every individual has innate goodness.
- According JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU, “Man
was born free yet he is in chain. Free the people.”
3. ANTI-CLERICALISM- anti religion.
- Individuals are submitting themselves to their
religions.
 RELIGION- They believed that tis is the
source of power and authority.
4. ECONOMIC FREEDOM- economy violates the rights to
property and individual freedom.
- They are against to the statement, Power can
be achieved through wealth.
- Economy source of money and power.
 NPA, ISIS, TERRORIST- modern anarchist.
 RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
- came from Latin word : FUNDAMENTUM-
“base”.
- absolute authority of religion.
- power of religion.
- belief of group of absolute authority by/of
sacred teaching of leaders of Church, prophets
of God. (Basic Premise).
- authority of religion.
- force individual to submit themselves to their
respective religions.
- implies repression (force and coercion)
- follow sacred and religions.
- CHURCH is the state. (Head of Government).
- The one governing is the PEOPLE.
- associated with Islam, Judaism, Hinduism,
Buddhism and Christianity.
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. RELIGION AS POLITICS- Source of power and authority.
- Church should govern the society.
- No Laws only sacred teachings of religion.
2. FUNDAMENTALIST IMPULSE- discusses the contents of
sacred text and teachings.
- Q’oran/Bible=Liberal Truth- True. Must Follow.
3. MILITANCY- consider themselves as Militance
(soldiers/ one protesting).
- have distinctive style of Political activity.
- Warriors and Violent.
- engage in combat for religion
 ISLAMS- modern religious fundamentalist.
- fighting for religion.
POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- BELIEF: Sacrificing themselves for Allah.
- dispatched to heaven.
4. POPULISM- means “the people”
- hearing the instincts and wishes of people.
- guide on political action.
- based on sacred texts.
 FASCISM
- came from ITALIAN word “Fasces” meaning--
“a bundle of rods with an axe blade.” This
signifies authority.
- authority of magistrates in Imperial Rome.
- dictators who possess illiberal views.
- one party dictatorship-- FASCIST > total
authority, submitting lives to leaders;
totalitarian, authoritative.
- FASCISM IS AGAINST DEMOCRACY.
- aim to prepare the nation for armed conflict
and respond to society’s difficulties.
- led by a dictator or fascist.
- tend to be militaristic= their focus is only on
military.
- want to protect society through preparing
the nation’s military.
- conflict and war ready!
- uses force and coercion for the security.
3 FAMOUS DICTATORS
A. JOSEF STALIN (RUSSIA)
- dictator of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic
or Russia).
- known for reign of terror.
- eliminating/killing people who opposed him.
- all the peasants should submit their lands to them.
- What he wants? ABSOLUTE POWER.
- General Secretary of a Communist Party.
- MAN OF STEAL (Leadership and Total Control)
- overthrew the government.
B. BENITO MUSSOLINI (ITALY)
- Prime Minister of Italy.
- Founder of Totalitarian form of ruling.
- After WWII, properties was captured by Russian
but because of Fascism, he reclaimed the land.
- “ACTION NOT TALK” is his slogan.
- War is for MEN (warriors or soldiers) , Maternity is
for WOMEN (factory for babies only.)
- MUSSOLINI IS ALWAYS RIGHT.

POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
C. ADOLF HITLER
- Founder of Fascism.
- Dictator of Germany.
- Famous because of Political Party “Nazi Germany”.
- “Adolf Hitler is Germany, Germany is Adolf Hitler.”
- killed the Jews so he took over.
- Jews- “dating makapangyarihan pero
ayaw ni Hitler.”
 HAULOCAUST- killing of Jews.
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. ANTI-RATIONALISM- “Action Not Talk”
- practiced Politics of the Will(use of politics for
Power)
- Political Will (Good)
- Anti Philosophy, Liberalism, Conservatism,
Capitalism and Communism.
 NIHILISM- belief of nothing.
- rejection of moral and political principles.
- Intellectual Life should be devalued.
2. STRUGGLE- Charles Darwin (Natural Selection) ;
Herbert Spencer (Survival of the Fittest).
- If you are weak, you will be killed. If you are
strong, you will live.
- You will be rewarded if you work hard for the
leaders. Those who are lazy and incompetent
will be punished.
3. LEADERSHIP and ETILISM (Superiority)
3 PERSON WHO LIVES IN A FASCIST SOCIETY
a. SUPREME- possesses all form of power.
b. WARRIORS- guarding/sacrificing lives for
supreme.
c. MASSES- weak and the ignorant; those who are
working for the supreme.
 UBERMENSCH- overman or superman.
- all fascist are this.
- gifted and powerful individuals.
- against personal freedom.
- Superman owning a particular
country.
- “The leader/dictator/fascist alone
defined the destiny of the people”.
 ECOLOGISM
- environment, nature, surrounding, living and
nonliving things.
- newest political ideology based on the
possession that our environment is worthy of
moral consideration.
POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
- People won’t survive without this.
- All ideologies won’t put into action without
environment.
 GREEN POLITICS- history started.
- Last 20th Century, we are full of
environmental Problems.
 KYOTO PROTOCOL- emission of
greenhouse gasses.
- banning to use greenhouse
gasses.
 w/ Carbon Tax- paying tax equal to
amount of factories.
CENTRAL THEMEs
1. ECOLOGY- study of organisms, habitats and ecosystem.
- focuses on state of harmony/ balance of
ecosystem. And to sustain this we must have this
SELF REGULATION..
- State of Equillibrium (Interconnectedness).
2. HOLISM- understood as a whole not through
individual parts.
- idea on a unified creation.
- North and South Pole.
3. SUSTAINABILITY- resources are considered to be finite
or limited now.
- tries to motivate people to conserve and
sustain for living and sustenance of resources.
4. SELF ACTUALIZATION- Environment should be the
highest need of people.
- seeks to develop personal fulfillment.
 FEMINISM
- aims to promote equality of both sexes, social
justice and promotion of women’s rights.
- addresses oppression of women in a
patriarchal society
 PATRIARCHY- social organization wherein the
father or eldest male leads a society or
government.
- “Women are best left in the kitchen.”
 SEX- Biological
 GENDER- influenced by environment.
 BLAME THE VICTIM- occurs when the victim of a
crime or any wrongful act is held
entirely or partially at fault for the
harm that befell them.
 MISCONCEPTION!- Feminism is only for women.
 POLGOV REVIEWER
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
3 BASIC THEMES IN FEMINISM
1. WORKING TO INCREASE EQUALITY- Emma Watson
(UN Ambassadress of Feminist Equal Opportunity).
2. EXPANDING HUMAN CHOICE- own interest and
talent.
3. ENDING SOCIAL VIOLENCE
WAVES OF FEMINISM
 1ST WAVE: LEGAL ISSUES (12th & Early 20th Century)
- surrendered properties to husbands.
- not allowed to public office/jobs.
- rights to suffrage.
- rights to education.
- lots of war happened.
- Men are set to wars and women became
factory workers only.
- Women became sex slaves.
- Prohibited to have jobs, right to vote and
education.
 2ND WAVE: (1960s-1990s)
- addresses sexual equality.
- They are fighting with the slogan “WOMEN’S
LIBERATION” for the freedom of women.
- saw feminine objects such as bras, lipsticks,
and high heels as a form of objectification of
women.
RD
 3 WAVE: (LATE 1980s TO PRESENT)
- fight for stereotyping.
- do not consider feminine objects as artifacts of
objectification but a tool to enrich femininity.
- deals with issues which appears to limit or
oppress women.