Unit 3 2-D CST Elements

FINITE ELEMENT METHODS (16 ME 64)

Compiled by: Dr P R Venkatesh
Associate Professor
ME Dept, RVCE, Bengaluru-59

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

FEM formulation of 2D CST (Constant Strain
Triangular) Element
• Triangular elements, though less accurate compared to
quadrilateral elements, are very useful due to their
adoptivity to complex geometry.

• Constant Strain triangles (CST) are the simplest to

develop mathematically.

• CST elements must be small in size so as to provide a

linear displacement & hence constant strain within the
element.
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Shape Functions for 2 D CST element In terms of
Cartesian coordinates

y
v3

3
u3
( x3 , y3 )

v
u v2
(x, y)
u2
v1 2
( x2 , y2 )
1 u1
( x1 , y1 )
x

Triangular Element

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

y
v3 Consider a 2-D CST element
u3
( x3 , y3 )
3
having three nodes, & each
v
node has two DOF. Let the
u v2
(x, y)
nodal displacements in x- direction
u2
v1 2
( x2 , y2 ) be u1 , u2 , u3 & in the y- direction
1 u1
( x1 , y1 )
x be v1 , v2 , v3 .The variation of
Triangular Element
displacements at any point P (x, y)
within the element is given by;
u ( x, y )  ao  a1 x  a2 y
v( x, y )  a3  a4 x  a5 y
where ao , a1.... are the generalized
coordinates to be found from BC ' s
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Also, the nodal displacements at nodes 1,2 & 3 in x-direction are;
1
 u1  1 x1 y1  ao  ao  1 x1 y1   u1 
        
u2   1 x2 y2   a1    a1   1 x2 y2  u2 
u  1 x y3  a2  a2  1 x3 y3  u3 
 3  3

The inverse is found by transposing the cofactor matrix & dividing

by the determinant of the matrix.
1
( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( y2  y3 ) ( x3  x2 ) 
T
1 x1 y1 
1 x y   1  ( x y  x y ) ( y  y ) ( x  x ) 
 2 2
2 Ae 
3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 

1 x3 y3   ( x1 y2  x2 y1 ) ( y1  y2 ) ( x2  x1 ) 
where A e is the area of the triangle which is equal to half the determinant
1 x1 y1
1
of the coefficient matrix. i.e. A e  1 x2 y2
2
1 x3 y3
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Let ( x2 y3  x3 y2 )  1 , ( x3 y1  x1 y3 )   2 , ( x1 y2  x2 y1 )   3
( y2  y3 )  1 , ( y3  y1 )   2 , ( y1  y2 )  3
( x3  x2 )   1 , ( x1  x3 )   2 , ( x2  x1 )   3
ao  1  2  3   u1 
  1   u 
  a1   
 1  2  3 2
a  2 A u 
 2
e
 
 1  2  
3  3

Substituting for a0 , a1 & a2 in equations of u,

1  2  3   u1   u1 
1      
u  1 x y   1  2 3  u2  u   N1 N 2 N 3  u2 
2 Ae
  1  2  3  u3   
u3 
where; N1 , N 2 & N 3 are shape functions given by;
1 1
N1  1  1 x   1 y  , N 2   2   2 x   2 y  &
2 Ae 2 Ae
1
N3   3   3 x   3 y 
2 Ae
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
  v1 
 
Similarly, v   N1 N2 N 3  v2 
v 
 3
In general, the displacement at any point P( x, y ) is given by;
 u1 
u 
 2
u   N1 N2 N3 0 0 0  u3 
u ( x, y )       
v   0 0 0 N1 N2 N 3   v1 
 v2 
 
 v3 

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

Derivation of Shape functions in Local coordinates :
The fig shows a 2D triangular element with 3 nodes 1, 2 & 3.
Let P be a point inside the element with local coordinates L1 , L2 & L3
A1 A2 A3
such that L1  , L2  & L3  & (A1  A2  A3 )  A, where;
A A A
A = Area of the triangle 123 y

A1  Area of the triangle P23 ( x3 , y3 )

3

(opposite to node 1) L1 = 0
A2  Area of the triangle P13 L2 = 0
A1
P (x , y)
A2
(opposite to node 2) ( L1, L2 , L3 )

A3  Area of the triangle P12 A3 2

( x2 , y2 )
(opposite to node 3) 1
( x1 , y1 )
L3 = 0
x

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE Triangular Element

The areas of a triangles A, A1 , A2 & A3 are;
1 x1 y1 1 x y 1 x y 1 x y
1 1 1 1
A  1 x2 y2 , A1  1 x2 y2 , A2  1 x3 y3 , A3  1 x1 y1
2 2 2 2
1 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 x1 y1 1 x2 y2
 The natural coordinates of the three nodes will be;
Node 1: (1,0,0), Node 2: (0,1,0), Node 3: (0,0,1)
Since Li are determined in terms of areas, they are known as Area Coordinates.
Their sum must be unity & they may be used for interpolation.
L1  L2  L3  1, L1 x1  L2 x2  L3 x3  x, L1 y1  L2 y2  L3 y3  y. In the matrix form;
1
 1 1 1   L1   1   L1   1 1 1   1 
 x x x   L    x    L    x x x   x  After inverting ,
 1 2 3 2    2  1 2 3  

 y1 y2 y3   L3   y   L3   y1 y2 y3   y 
 L1  ( x2 y3  x3 y2 ) ( y2  y3 ) ( x3  x2 )   1 
  1   x
 2
L  ( x y
 3 1 1 3  x y ) ( y 3  y 1 ) ( x1  x 3  
)
L  2 A  y
  3

 ( x1 y 2  x2 y 1 ) ( y1  y 2 ) ( x2  x 1 ) 
 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Shape Functions for 2 D CST element In terms of Natural
coordinates

y
v3

3
u3
( x3 , y3 )  = 0, = 1
2

v
u v2
P (x,y) v
u2 u
v1 2
( x2 , y2 ) P (x,y)
1 u1
( x1 , y1 )
1 
x
3
 = 1, = 0
 = 0, = 0
Linear Triangular Element Parent Element in natural coordinates

Fig shows the master element mapped from global coordinate to natural
coordinates. Let the Shape functions be N1, N2 & N3.
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
To find shape function N1 : Assume N1  ao  a1  a2
At node 1, N1  1,   1 and   0  1  ao  a1
At node 2, N1  0,   0 and   1  0  ao  a2
At node 3, N1  0,   0 and   0  0  ao
 a1  1 and a2  0 Thus, N 1 = 0 + ξ + 0 or N 1  ξ
To find shape function N 2 : Assume N 2  ao  a1  a2
At node 1, N 2  0,   1 and   0  0  ao  a1
At node 2, N 2  1,   0 and   1  1  ao  a2
At node 3, N 2  0,   0 and   0  0  ao
 a1  0 and a2  1 Thus, N 2 = 0 + 0 +  or N 2  
To find shape function N 3 : Assume N 3  ao  a1  a2
At node 1, N 3  0,   1 and   0  0  ao  a1
At node 2, N 3  0,   0 and   1  0  ao  a2
At node 3, N 3  1,   0 and   0  1  ao
 a1  1 and a2  1 Thus, N 3 = 1  ξ  
 Derivation of strain matrix & strain-displacement [B] matrix
for 2D CST element
Strain in a 2D element is given by;
 u 
y
v3

3
u3
 
  x   x 
( x3 , y3 )

   v 
v
   y    
   y 
u v2
(x, y)
v1 2
u2  xy   u v 
( x2 , y2 )
  
 y x 
1 u1
( x1 , y1 )
x

Triangular Element By parametric differentiation;

u  u x   u y 
    
  x    y  
u  u x   u y 
    
  x    y  
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
In the matrix form;
 u   x y   u   u 
        x   x 
      J   where;
 u   x y   u   u 
        y   y 
 x y 
   
J   is known as Jacobian m atrix
 x y 
   

Thus, Jacobian matrix can be defined as a transformation marix used to
transform the values of displacement in natural coordinates to cartesian
coordinates. Inverting the above matrix equation,
 u   u 
 x   
1    1 Adj J
    J   where J 
 u   u  det J
 y     Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Let x  N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3   x1   x2  (1     ) x3
i.e. x   x1  x3     x2  x3   x3
x x
   x1  x3   x13 &   x2  x3   x23
 
Similarly, y  N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3   y1   y2  (1     ) y3
i.e. y   y1  y3     y2  y3   y3
y y
   y1  y3   y13 &   y2  y3   y23
 
 x13 y13   y23  x23 
J    Co factor of J = 
 x23 y23    y13 x13 
-1 1  y23 -y13 
Transposing & dividing by J , J = 
J  23 
-x x 13 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Also, u  N1u1  N 2u2  N 3u3   u1   u2  (1     )u3
u u
   u1  u3  &   u2  u3 
 
Similarly, v  N1v1  N 2 v2  N 3v3   v1   v2  (1     )v3
v v
   v1  v3  &   v2  v3 
 
 u   u   u 
 x    
  x  1  y - y13   (u1  u3 ) 
Substituting in    J 1   ,  u   - x
23
 
 u   u    J  23 x13  (u2  u3 ) 
 y      y 
 v 
 x  1  y - y13   (v1  v3 ) 
Similarly,     23  
 v  J - x23 x13  (v2  v3 ) 
 y 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 u 1
Strain  x    y23 (u1  u3 )  y13 (u2  u3 ) 
x J
u 1
 x    y23u1  y13u2  ( y13  y23 )u3 
x J
Putting  y13  y31 & ( y13  y23 )  y12 we can write;
1
 x   y23u1  y31u2  y12u3  Similarly,
J
1
 y   x32 v1  x13v2  x21v3  Also, shear strain is;
J
u v 1
 xy     x32u1  y23v1  x13u2  y31v2  x21u3  y12 v3 
y x J
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
In the matrix form;
 u1 
v 
x   y23 0 y31 0 y12 0   
1

  1   u2 
    y    0 x32 0 x13 0 x21      B u
  J  x  v2 
 xy   32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12  u 
 
3

 v3 
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0 
where;  B    0 x32 0 x13 0 x21 
1 
J
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12 
is the strain - dispalcement matrix or [B] matrix for a 3-noded
CST element.
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Element stress matrix : The stress in 2D case is given by;
 x  x 
   

 y  D   y  =D where Dis the material property matrix,
   
 
xy  xy 
which depends on whether the given problem is a plane stress or
 
1  0 
E  

(1  2 )  
plane strain case. For plane stress, D = 1 0
1  
0 0 
 2 
 
1   0 
E  
For plane strain, D =   1  0 
(1  )(1  2 ) 
1  2 
 0 0 
Dr P R Venkatesh,
ME Dept RVCE 2 
Derivation of stiffness matrix using strain-displacement matrix

1 T
Strain energy for an element is given by SE     .dV
2V
For 2-D CST element, Volume  c / s area (dA)  thickness of element t
Also,   [ B]u & σ = E[B] u Substituting,

SE    D[B] u  [ B ]u t.dA

1 T

2A
As D is a constant matrix, &  [B] u   u [B] T ,  dA  Ae
T T

Strain energy becomes; SE  u  [B] D[ B]tAe  u  u  ke u

1 T T 1 T

2 2
where ke is elemental stiffness matrix given by  k e  =  [B] T D[ B]tAe 

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Element Force Vector
• One can derive the force vector for a single element, which
is contributed by body force, f and traction force, T.
• Both the body force f and traction T needs to be into the
equivalent nodal forces.
• The concentrated forces or point loads can be included
directly into the global load vector, appropriate DOF
direction.
Body Force:
Suppose body force components, fx and fy, act at the centroid
of a triangular element. The work potential due to these forces
is given by,

WP body force   u  f  te dA  te   uf x  vf y  dA

T
(i)
e e
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Also, u  N1u1  N 2u2  N 3u3 & v  N1v1  N 2v2  N 3v3
Substitiuting for u & v in Eqn (i), we get work potential due to body force as;
WPbody force  te  ( N1u1  N 2u2  N 3u3 ) f x  ( N1v1  N 2v2  N 3v3 )f y dA
e

WPbody force  te f x u1  N1dA  te f xu2  N 2 dA  te f xu3  N 3dA

e e e

 te f y u1  N1dAe  te f y u2  N 2 dA  te f y u3  N 3dA
e e e

1
But  Ni dA 
e
3
Ae  N dA represents the volume of a tetrahedron with
e
i

1 1
base area A e and height of corner equal to 1   Ae 1  Ae
3
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE 3
WPbody force  u f where u  u1 v3 
T e T
v1 u2 v2 u3

 fx 
f 
 y
Aete  f x 
f 
e
&  
3  fy 
 fx 
 
 f y 

Physical representation of force vector {f}e

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Traction Force:
Suppose a linearly varying traction components act along edge
1-2 of a triangular element. The work potential due to the
traction force is;

WP Traction force   u T  te dA  te   uTx  vTy  dl

T
(ii)
le le
Also, u  N1u1  N 2u2 & v  N1v1  N 2v2
Tx  N1Tx1  N 2Tx 2 & Tx  N1Ty1  N 2Ty 2

l1 2   x2  x1   ( y2  y1 ) 2
2

1 1
l i 3 l12 , l 1 2 6 l12
2
Also N dl N N dl
12 12

 n !m ! n m 
 x y   n  m  1! or n  m  1
n m

 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Substitution into Eqn (ii) yields; WP Traction force  u1 v1 u2 v2  T 
T e

 2Tx1  Tx 2 
2T  T 
t l  y1 y 2 
where T   e 1 2 
e

T
6  x1  2Tx2 
Ty1  2Ty 2 
Tx1 & Tx 2 are the horizontal tractions at node 1 & 2
Ty1 & Ty 2 are the vertical tractions at node 1 & 2

Physical representation of theDrnodal force vector {T}e

P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Special Case: If the traction forces are uniform, then,

Tx1  Tx 2  Tx & Ty1  Ty 2  Ty ; The nodal force vector becomes

T 
tel1 2
 Tx Ty 
T

e
Tx Ty
2

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Applications of CST Element

1. Used in areas where strain is small.

2. Used in mesh transition area (Coarse to fine mesh)

3. CST elements to be avoided in stress concentration or

other crucial stress areas such as holes, corners.

4. Recommended for quick & preliminary analysis.

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Problem 1
For the triangular element shown in fig, compute the strain-
displacement matrix using a one element CST model.

y
40 mm

3
2 Data : The cartesian coordinates
30 mm of the nodes are;
( x1 , y1 )  (0, 0)
1
x ( x2 , y2 )  (40,30)
( x3 , y3 )  (0,30)

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution : The coefficents of [B] matrix are;
y
y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (30 - 30)= 0
3 (0,30)
y31 = (y3 - y1 )= (30 - 0)= 30
2 (40,30)
y12 = (y1 - y2 )= (0 - 30)= 30 and
x32 = (x3 - x2 )= (0 - 40)= 40
1 (0,0) x x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (0 - 0)= 0
x 21 = (x2 - x1 )= (40 - 0)= 40
Also J  2  Area of the element
 1 x1 y1 
 1 1 
 Proof : Area of triangle A  1 x2 y 2   x2 3y  x y
3 2  x y
1 3  x y
1 2  x y
3 1  x y 
2 1 
2 2
 1 x3 y3 
 
 x13 y13 
 Also J   x y
13 23  x y
23 13   x1  x3  ( y 2  y3 )  ( x2  x 3 )( y1  y3 ) 
x23 y23
 
 J  x1 y2  x3 y2  x1 y3  x3 y3  x2 y1  x3 y1  x2 y3  x3 y3 Cancelling & rearranging, 
 
 J  x2 y3  x3 y2  x1 y3  x1 y2  x3 y1  x2 y1  2A 
 Solution : The coefficents of [B] matrix are;
y
y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (30 - 30)= 0
3 (0,30)
y31 = (y3 - y1 )= (30 - 0)= 30
2 (40,30)
y12 = (y1 - y2 )= (0 - 30)= 30 and
x32 = (x3 - x2 )= (0 - 40)= 40
1 (0,0) x x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (0 - 0)= 0
x 21 = (x2 - x1 )= (40 - 0)= 40

1 
Also J  2  Area of the element  2    40  30   1200 mm 2
2 
 Strain - displacement matrix is
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  0 0 30 0 30 0 
[ B]   0 x21  
1 1  
x32 0 x13 0 0 40 0 30 0 40
J 1200  
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12   40 0 30 30 40 30 

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Problem 2
For the triangular element shown in fig, obtain the strain-
displacement matrix and determine the strains. The nodal
displacements are {u} = { 2 1 1 -4 -3 7 } x 10-2 mm.

y
( 50 ,80 )
3

( 60 ,50 )
1

( 30 ,40 )
x

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution :
y
( 50 ,80 )
The coefficents of [ B ] matrix are;
3

y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (50 - 80)= 30

y31 = (y3 - y1 )= (80 - 40)= 40
2
y12 = (y1 - y2 )= (40 - 50)= 10 and
( 60 ,50 )
1

( 30 ,40 )
x32 = (x3 - x2 )= (50 - 60)= 10
x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (30 - 50)= 20
x

x21 = (x2 - x1 )= (60 - 30)= 30

x13 y13 20 40

Also, determinant of the Jacobian J =   1000
x23 y23 10 30
 Strain - displacement matrix is
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  30 0 40 0 10 0 
[ B]   0 x21  
1 1  
x32 0 x13 0 0 10 0 20 0 30
J 1000  
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12   10 30 20 40 30 10 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
  u1 
v 
x   1
  u2 
Strain matrix is;  -   y   [ B ]  
   v2 
 xy  u3 
 
 v3 
2
1
x   30 0 40 0 10 0     0.01 
  10  2
 1 -2  

 y   0 10 0 20 0 30     10  0.28 
  1000  10 30 20 40 30 10  4  -0.39 
 xy      
3
 
7

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Problem 3
For the triangular element shown in fig, obtain the Jacobian
matrix & the shape functions at the interior point P.

y
3 (4, 7)

P (3.85,4.8)
2 (7, 3.5)

1 (1.5, 2)

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution :
y
3 (4, 7) The coefficents of Jacobian matrix are;
x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (1.5 - 4)= 2.5
P (3.85,4.8)
2 (7, 3.5)
y13 = (y1 - y3 )= (2 -7)= 5
x23 = (x2 - x3 )= (7 - 4)= 3
1 (1.5, 2)

x
y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (3.5 -7)= 3.5
 x13 y13   2.5 5 
The Jacobian J =     Using isoparametric formulation,
 x23 y23   3 3.5
x = N1 x1 + N 2 x2 + N 3 x3   x1 + x2 + (1     ) x3  ( x1  x3 )  ( x2  x3 )  x3
 x = x13  x23  x3 Similarly y  N1 y1 + N 2 y2 + N 3 y3  y13  y23  y3
Substituting the values from Jacobian, & x  3.85, y  4.8
3.85  2.5  3  4  2.5ξ - 3η = 0.15 
 solving ,
4.8  5  3.5  7  5ξ + 3.5η = 2.2 
  0.3,   0.2  Shape functions are;
N 1 = ξ = 0.3, N 2 = η = 0.2, N 3 =  1 - ξ - η  = 0.5
 Problem 4
The nodal coordinates of the triangular element are shown in
fig. AT the interior point P, the x- coordinate is 3.3 & N1=0.3.
Determine N2 & N3 and also the y- coordinate at P.

y
3 (4, 6)

P (3.3, y)
2 (5, 3)

1 (1, 2)

x
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 y Solution : Area of triangle;
3 (4, 6)
1 x1 y1 1 1 2
1 1
A 1 x2 y2  1 5 3
P (3.3, y) 2 2
2 (5, 3) 1 x3 y3 1 4 6
1
1 (1, 2) A 1  30  12)  1 (6  3)  2  (4  5  
2
x
 6.5 units
1 x y 1 3.3 y
A1 A 1 1
Also N1   0.3  1  A1  1.95 units But A1  1 x2 y2  1.95  1 5 3
A 6.5 2 2
1 x3 y3 1 4 6
i.e. 3.9  1(30  12)  3.3(6  3)  y (4  5)   18  9.9  y   y  4.2 units
By using shape functions, the cartesian coordinates of P may be written as;
x  N1 x1  N 2 x2  N 3 x3  3.3  (0.3 1)  ( N 2  5)  ( N 3  4)
y  N1 y1  N 2 y2  N 3 y3  4.2  (0.3  2)  ( N 2  3)  ( N 3  6)
i.e. 5N 2 + 4N 3 = 3 (i) and 3N 2 + 6N 3 = 3.6 (ii)
Solving, N 2 = 0.2 & N 3 = 0.5
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Problem 5
Obtain the strain-displacement matrices for the element
shown in fig.

1 3

2
e=2
2 units
e =1
2 1
3 3 units

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution : Taking node 3 as origin;
1 3

2 For element 1, coordinates are;

e=2
2 units x1  3, y1  0, x2  3, y2  2
2
e =1
1 & x3  0, y3  0
3 3 units
The coefficents of [ B ](1) matrix are;
y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (2  0)= 2
Determinant of the Jacobian for
y31 = (y3 - y1 )= (0  0 )= 0
x13 y13
element 1 is; = y12 = (y1 - y2 )= (0  2 )= 2 and
x23 y23
x32 = (x3 - x2 )= (0  3 )= 3
3 0
 J
(1)
  (6  0)  6 x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (3  0)= 3
3 2
x21 = (x2 - x1 )= (3 - 3)= 0

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Strain - displacement matrix for element 1 is;
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0
1  
[ B]   0
(1)
x32 0 x13 0 x21 
J
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12 

 2 0 0 0 2 0 
1 
[ B]   0 3 0 3 0 0 
(1)

6
 3 2 3 0 0 2 

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 1 3

2
For element 2, taking node 2
e=2
2 units as origin, the coordinates are;
x1  0, y1  2, x2  0, y2  0
e =1
2 1
3
& x3  3, y3  2
3 units

The coefficents of [ B ](2) matrix are;

y23 = (y2 - y3 )= 0  2 = 2
y31 = (y3 - y1 )= 2  2 = 0
Determinant of the Jacobian for y12 = (y1 - y2 )= 2  0 = 2 and
x13 y13 x32 = (x3 - x2 )= (3  0 )= 3
element 2 is; =
x23 y23 x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (0  3)= 3
3 0 x21 = (x2 - x1 )= (0 - 0)= 0
 J   60  6
(2)

3 2
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Strain - displacement matrix for element 2 is;
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0
1  
(2)
[ B]  0 x32 0 x13 0 x21 
J
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12 

 2 0 0 0 2 0 
1 
(2)
[ B]   0 3 0 3 0 0 
6
 3 2 3 0 0 2 

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Problem 6
Determine the stiffness matrix for the straight-sided
triangular element of thickness t = 1 mm, as shown.
Use E = 70 GPa,  = 0.3 and assume plane stress condition.

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution :
The coefficents of Jacobian matrix are;
x13 = (x1 - x3 )= (1.5 - 4)= 2.5
y13 = (y1 - y3 )= (2 -7)= 5
x23 = (x2 - x3 )= (7 - 4)= 3
y23 = (y2 - y3 )= (3.5 -7)= 3.5
Determinant of Jacobean
x13 y13 2.5 5
J=   23.75
x23 y23 3 3.5
1 1
Area of element Ae  J =  23.75  11.875 mm 2
2 2
Element stiffness matrix is given by;  k   te Ae  B   D  B  where;
(e) T

 B   Strain-displacement matrix &  D   Material property matrix

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Strain - displacement matrix is
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0
1 
[ B]   0 x32 0 x13 0 x21 
J
 x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12 
 3.5 0 5 0 1.5 0 
1  
[ B]  0 3 0  2.5 0 5.5
23.75  
 3 3.5 2.5 5 5.5 1.5
 3.5 0 3 
 0  3  3.5 
 
1  5 0 2.5
[ B ] 
T
 
23.75  0 2.5 5 
 1.5 0 5.5 
 
.5 1.5
 0 Dr P R5Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
For Plane stress condition, the material matrix  D  is

   
 1  0   1 0.3 0 
   
E   70 10 
3

 D  2 
 1 0 
 (1  0.32 ) 
0.3 1 0 
(1  )  
 
1  
 0   1  0.3  
0 
 2 
0 0  
  2 

7.69 2.31 0 
  D   104  2.31 7.692 0 
 0 0 2.69 

Element stiffness matrix is given by;  k   te Ae  B   D  B 

(e) T

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

k   te Ae  B   D  B 
(e) T

 3.5 0 3 
 0 3 3.5
 7.69 2.31 0 
1  5 2.5 4 
0 
0
k   111.875    10  2.31 7.692
(e)

23.75  0 2.5 5 
 0 0 2.69 
 1.5 0 5.5 
 
 0 5.5 1.5
 3.5 0 5 0 1.5 0 
1 
  0 3 0 2.5 0 5.5 
23.75
 3 3.5 2.5 5 5.5 1.5

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Problem 7
A two-dimensional plate is shown in Fig. Determine the
equivalent point loads at nodes 7, 8, and 9 for the linearly
distributed pressure load acting on the edge 7–8–9.

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Solution: Consider the two
edges 7–8 and 8–9 separately
and then merge them.

Note : Here the traction p is

leftwards & hence negative.

For the edge 7 - 8 : p1  1MPa, p2  2 MPa

x1  100 mm, y1  20 mm, x2  85 mm, y2  40 mm

l1 2  ( x1  x2 ) 2   y1  y2   (100  85) 2   20  40   25 mm

2 2

 y2  y1   40  20   x1  x2   100  85 
c    0.8, s      0.6
 l1 2   25   l1 2   25 
Tx1   p1c  1 0.8  0.8, Tx 2   p2 c  2  0.8  1.6
Ty1   p1s  1 0.6  0.6, T
DryP2R   p2 sMEDept
Venkatesh, 2RVCE
 0.6  1.2
For the edge 7 - 8 :
 2Tx1  Tx 2   1.6  1.6   133.33
2T  T   1.2  1.2   100 
tel1 2  y1 y 2  10  25    
T    
(1)
  N
6 Tx1  2Tx 2  6  0.8  3.2  166.67 
Ty1  2Ty 2  0.6  2.4   125 
These forces add to loads F13 , F14 , F15 & F16 respectively.
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
For the edge 8 - 9 : p1  2 MPa, p2  3MPa
x1  85 mm, y1  40 mm, x2  70 mm, y2  60 mm

l1 2  ( x1  x2 ) 2   y1  y2   (85  70) 2   40  60   25 mm

2 2

 y2  y1   60  40   x1  x2   85  70 
c    0.8, s      0.6
 l1 2   25   l1 2   25 
Tx1   p1c  2  0.8  1.6, Tx 2   p2 c  3  0.8  2.4
Ty1   p1s  2  0.6  1.2, DrTPyR2 Venkatesh,
  p2 ME s Dept
3RVCE
 0.6  1.8
For the edge 8 - 9 :
 2Tx1  Tx 2  3.2  2.4   233.33
2T  T   2.4  1.8   175 
tel1 2  y1 y 2  10  25    
T    
(2)
  N
6 Tx1  2Tx 2  6  1.6  4.8 266.67 
Ty1  2Ty 2   1.2  3.6   200 
These forces add to loads F15 , F16 , F17 & F18 respectively.
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
The resulting load vector is;
 F13   133.33   133.33
F    100   100 
 14     
 F15  166.67  233.33  400 
   N
 F16   125  175   300 
 F17   266.67   266.67 
     
 F18   200   200 
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Assignment Problem
A two-dimensional plate is shown in Fig. Determine the
equivalent point loads at nodes 7, 8, and 9 for the linearly
distributed pressure load acting on the edge 7–8–9.

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

Note : Here the traction p is
rightwards & hence positive.
Ans :
 F13   3.2 
 F   0.15 
 14   
 F15   0.4 
   KN
 F16   0.3 
 F17   0.2 
   
 F18  2.85

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

 Lagrange's interpolation function
An alternate and simpler way to derive shape functions is to use
Lagrange interpolation polynomials. This method is suitable to
derive shape functions for elements having higher order of nodes.
The Lagrange interpolation function for 1D element at node k is
n xx
defined as Lk ( x)  N k ( x)   i
(In Cartesian coordinates)
i 1 x  x
ik k i

n   i
Lk ( )  N k ( )   (In Natural coordinates)
i 1   
ik k i

For 2-D elements, N i ( , )  Li ( ) Li ( )

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

Using Lagrange's interpolation function, determine the linear
shape functions for a 1 - D bar element in natural coordinates.
For a 1-D bar element, there are two nodes 1 & 2. (n  2)
At node 1, (k  1)   1, At node 2, (k  2)   1
  2  1  1  1   
 L1 ( )  N1 ( )  = = = 
1   2 1  1 2  2 
  1   (1)   1  1   
L2 ( )  N 2 ( )  = = = 
 2  1 1  (1) 2  2 

1-  N2 =
1 
N1 = 2
2
N1 =1
N2 =1

1 2 1 2
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Using Lagrange's interpolation function, determine the quadratic
shape functions for a 1 - D bar element in natural coordinates.
For a 1-D quadratic bar element , there are 3 nodes 1, 2 & 3 (n  3)
Node 1 & Node 2 are the end nodes & Node 3 is the mid node.

x

  
O
x1 3 2
1
x3

x2

l e = ( x2 - x1 )

At node 1, (k  1)   1, At node 2, ( k  2)   1,

At node 3, (k  3)   0
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 L ( )  N ( ) 
    2   3    1  0 
= =
ξ  ξ - 1
(1   2 )(1  3 ) (1  1)(1  0)
1 1
2

L2 ( )  N 2 ( ) 
  1   3  =   (1  0  = ξ  ξ + 1 
( 2  1 )( 2  3 ) (1  (1)(1  0) 2
  1    2  =   (1  1 =   1  1 
L3 ( )  N 3 ( ) 
(3  1 )(3   2 ) (0  (1)(0  1) 1 (1)
1 - ξ 2

N1(z N(z N(z

N2(z

N1= 1 N2= 1
z
1 1
z 3 2
z 3 2 z z
z z

N3(z N(z

N3= 1
1 z
z
z 3 2
z
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Using Lagrange's interpolation function, determine the linear
shape functions for a 2 - D CST element in natural coordinates.
For a 2-D linear CST element , there are 3 nodes 1, 2 & 3 (n  3)

 At node 1,   1,   0
2
 = 0, = 1 At node 2,   0,   1
At node 3,   0,   0
v
u

P (x, y)

1 
3
 = 1, = 0
 = 0, = 0

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

N ( , )  L ( ) 
   3    0 
= ξ
(1  3 ) (1  0)
1 1

(As node 1 is horizontally connected to node 3 & no vertical

line at node 1)

N 2 ( , )  L2 ( ) 
  3  =   0   η
(2  3 ) (1  0)
(As node 2 is vertically connected to node 3 & no horizontal
line at node 2)
As N1  N 2  N 3  1, N 3 ( , )  1 - ξ - η

Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE

Using Lagrange's interpolation function, determine the linear
shape functions for a quadrilateral element in natural coordinates.
For a quadrilateral element , there are 4 nodes 1, 2, 3 & 4 (n  4)
The Lagrange interpolation function can be obtained from the product
of appropriate interpolation functions in the  &  directions.

(0,0,0,1) (0,0,1,0)
(-1,1) (1,1)
At node 1,   1,   1
4 3

z At node 2,   1,   1
(0,0)
At node 3,   1,   1
1 2 At node 4,   1,   1
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
(1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
( N 1 , N2 , N 3 , N )
4
Linear quadrilateral element Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 
(0,0,0,1) (0,0,1,0)
(-1,1) (1,1)
4 3

z
(0,0)

1 2
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
(1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
( N 1 , N2 , N 3 , N )
4
Linear quadrilateral element

Shape function N 1 :
Node 1 is connected to node 2 along  axis & node 4 along  axis

 N ( , )  L ( )  L ( ) 
    2     4 

(1   2 ) (1   4 )
1 1 1

  1    1 1
N1 ( , ) =   1 - ξ  (1 - η)
(1  1) (1  1) 4 Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 
(0,0,0,1) (0,0,1,0)
(-1,1) (1,1)
4 3

z
(0,0)

1 2
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
(1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
( N 1 , N2 , N 3 , N )
4
Linear quadrilateral element

Shape function N 2 :
Node 2 is connected to node 1 along  axis & node 3 along  axis

 N 2 ( , )  L2 ( )  L2 ( ) 
  1     3 
( 2  1 ) ( 2  3 )

N 2 ( , ) =
  (1    1 1
  1 + ξ  (1 - η)
(1  (1) (1  1) 4 Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 
(0,0,0,1) (0,0,1,0)
(-1,1) (1,1)
4 3

z
(0,0)

1 2
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
(1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
( N 1 , N2 , N 3 , N )
4
Linear quadrilateral element

Shape function N 3 :
Node 3 is connected to node 4 along  axis & node 2 along  axis

 N3 ( , )  L ( )  L ( ) 
    4     2 

(3   4 ) (3   2 )
3 3

  (1    (1  1
N 3 ( , ) =  1 + ξ  (1 + η)
(1  (1) (1  (1) 4 Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 (0,0,0,1)

(0,0,1,0)
Shape function N 4 :
(-1,1)
4 3
(1,1) Node 4 is connected to node 3
along  axis & node 1 along  axis
z
(0,0)
 N 4 ( , )  L4 ( )  L4 ( )

1 2 
  3     1 
(-1,-1) (1,-1) ( 4  3 ) ( 4  1 )
(1,0,0,0) (0,1,0,0)
( N 1 , N2 , N 3 , N
4
)
=
  1    (1
(1  1) (1  (1)
Linear quadrilateral element

1
  1 - ξ  (1 + η)
4
Note : In general, the linear shape functions of a quadrilateral
1
elements may be written as; N i (ξ,η) =  1 - ξξ i  (1 + ηηi )
4
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
 Serendipity Elements
• Higher order Lagrange elements contains internal nodes,
which do not contribute to the inter element connectivity.
However, these can be eliminated by condensation
procedure which needs extra computation.
• The elimination of these internal nodes results in reduction
in size of the element matrices. Alternatively, one can
develop shape functions of two dimensional elements
which contain nodes only on the boundaries.
• These elements are called serendipity elements and their
interpolation functions can be derived by the Lagrange
method. Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE
Dr P R Venkatesh, ME Dept RVCE