Space maker Report

University of Salford

12-3-2021
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Parking Lot.............................................................................................................................................. 1
3.0 Area of the Parking Lot........................................................................................................................... 1
4.0 Topography ............................................................................................................................................. 2
5.0 Orientation .............................................................................................................................................. 2
6.0 Structural Arrangement ........................................................................................................................... 2
6.1 Foundations ............................................................................................................................................. 2
6.2 Shallow Foundations ............................................................................................................................... 3
6.3 Deep Foundations ................................................................................................................................... 3
6.4 Retaining Walls....................................................................................................................................... 3
6..5 Columns ................................................................................................................................................. 4
6.6 Bracing .................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.7 Lift Core Walls ....................................................................................................................................... 4
6.8 Stair Supports .......................................................................................................................................... 5
6.9 Floor Beams: ........................................................................................................................................... 5
6.10 Roof Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 5
7.0 Types of Parking lot ................................................................................................................................ 6
7.1 Perpendicular parking lot .................................................................................................................... 6
7.2 Parallel parking lot .............................................................................................................................. 6
8.0 Challenges of parking lot ........................................................................................................................ 6
9.0 Parking lot orientation............................................................................................................................. 7
10.0 Parking and Infrastructures ................................................................................................................... 7
11.0 Surface parking ..................................................................................................................................... 8
12.0 Characteristics of Parking Lot............................................................................................................... 8
13.0 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................... 9
14.0 References ........................................................................................................................................... 10
 Space maker Report

1.0 Introduction
This report is about the arrangement of space according to the structure of the parking lot which is
designed. Parking lot space arrangement and allocation is one of the most difficult tasks when a
parking lot design is prepared. All the factors are considered which can impact the arrangement of
space when a parking lot structure is designed. The structure according to which a parking lot is
designed is of utmost importance. Parking lots structure design should be prepared according to
the international standards and arrangement of space should be done in the structure with respect
to the needs of the facility for which it is designed. The structure elements which are considered
in this report are position of foundations, retaining walls, columns, bracing, lift core walls, stair
supports, floor beams and roof structure. All of these elements are studied in details so that a report
on the structural arrangement of a parking lot is prepared.

2.0 Parking Lot

Parking lot is a clear area intended for parking vehicles. Parking lot refers to an area that has been
dedicated and has been provided with durable space. Parking areas are common and are present in
every city and area where cars are a major mode of travel and transportation. Churches, Mosques,
shopping malls, sports stadiums have multistorey and immense parking lots. Parking lot structure
is designed with utmost importance so that the maximum space is available for parking and the
proper arrangement of structure in the design of parking lot makes it possible.

3.0 Area of the Parking Lot

The area for site is rather large in size. There is plenty of space available for the development of a
parking lot as part of a space requesting project. A big space with improved access from the
roadways is required for the building of a parking lot, and greater connection of all of the

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university's roads is desirable. Large sitting areas will aid in the design of the building, and
practically all aspects of the design may be readily met.

4.0 Topography
The site topography is really favorable as we can see from the Google Earth preview. Almost all
of the ground has been levelled. As a result, there will be less cut and fill throughout the building
phase. The more the land is levelled, the more it has an influence on the structure's design and
beauty. I investigate the terrain of the place using OS maps.

5.0 Orientation
The relevance of orientation, as the name says, is to identify the way the structure should be viewed
from the front. The aesthetics of the building, the drainage system, and the usage of energy in the
construction are all influenced by the direction. The utilization of natural light and designers who
constantly lower the energy consumption of structures over time benefit greatly from orientation.
It is critical to comprehend the location of the sun on the earth's surface.

6.0 Structural Arrangement

Structural arrangement of the Parking Lot is the most important part of its design. The structure
gives recognition to the design and its arrangement is necessary for design completion. Engineers
arrange its structure according to the needs of the design and then after completion of arrangement
of the structure, the work for construction is started. The structure arrangement covers following
points which are listed below:

6.1 Foundations
The goal which is of utmost importance in terms of structural design of a parking lot, is to make
certain that the site has the right bases so it may stand through its loads obtained through the soil
produced specifically through the weight of the structure, are sometimes too huge and if the soil
stress exceeds the allowable quantities, it may be very risky to the shape. The foundation is the
deepest and helping layer of a structure; their principal goal is to save the structure from any
movement which causes compression and which is damaging to the structure. These movements

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might make the structure worse, and the safety of the people is compromised and it poses threat to
their life.

Foundations are typically of two types:

1.Shallow foundations
2.Deep foundations

6.2 Shallow Foundations

This form of foundation transfers weights to the near-floor soils nearly totally vertically. Engineers
choose to use this type of foundation any place where it is possible, due to the fact they're easy and
cheaper to build. However, we frequently come across conditions in which unfold footings aren't
the satisfactory choice. However, in this parking lot design, it cannot be used as it needs deep
foundation.

6.3 Deep Foundations

The principle motive to apply deep foundations is that spread footings could be too massive while
the soils are too susceptible. The spread footing ceases to be reasonable while the overall plan
region of the footings tops approximately 1/3rd of the building foot print region. Other cause is
while an uplift potential and massive lateral load potential is required. The uplift potential of a
variety footing is confined to its useless load.

Deep foundation is used in the structure arrangement of this parking lot as shallow foundation is
not appropriate for parking lots and for this reason due to suitability of deep foundation, it is used
in this parking lot structure.

6.4 Retaining Walls

A retaining wall is used to provide support to a deepened area or a lower area of a minimum 1 or
1.2 meters or extra from a risen part of the soil. It is the sort of structure use to face up to the lateral
strain due to the soil. These are frequently observed withinside the basement area of a building
shape. When the usage of as critical to basement walls, they're frequently used as a guide for
ground diaphragm and a return wall which leads them too stiff for lively soil strain to develop

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requiring higher and an exceptional design approach. So, that’s why these retaining walls are
included in the structure design of this parking lot as these are necessary in the structure of the
parking lots.

6..5 Columns
A column is a pillar which is used to transfer load from above structural element to bottom with
the help of compression. For example, a column may switch masses from ground. Columns are
usually comprised of substances that have appropriate compressive strength. These substances can
be stone, brick or concrete etc.

The columns take the axial compressive loads which are generating from the top beam and slab
factors and switch them correctly to the footing and to the soil then. It has a vital function with
inside the load switch mechanism of a whole constructing structure. The columns used in this
parking lot are made of steel and they are designed in the structural arrangement of this parking
lot to provide compression from the above structural element to below.

6.6 Bracing
A bracing system is the most vital part of a structure. It provides structural stability and control
during construction to the girders which are main and to distribute the load effects. Bracing
performs many functions such as control buckling of the main beams, dimensional control and
load distribution.

The type of bracing which is going to be used depends on the structure design. In parking lots, the
eccentric bracing is used across the structure because of the fact that it provides unrestricted
circulation throughout the area of the floor.

6.7 Lift Core Walls

Lift core wall provides strength to the structure of the high seismic zone area. They offer a huge
amount of seismic resistance at the building center. Lift core wall system can be built in metal or

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concrete and can both be stable or perforated. The perforations ought to be so proportioned and
organized that the stiffness traits rely particularly on the general shape and now no longer at the
individual elements. This system can encompass a wall which is plain, a part of a curved wall, a
rectangular field of a system of concentric or eccentric cores. This system is designed in the
parking lot structure to save it from earthquakes and other natural disasters.

6.8 Stair Supports

Stair support is designed also in the structure arrangement of the parking lot. The stairs are
designed in the structure arrangement by the engineers according to its use in future. They decide
that what kind of staircase is required after estimating the amount of load that it may bear and in
this way this stair support is designed in this parking lot.

6.9 Floor Beams:

A beam which is used in the floor of buildings at right angles to transfer the loads and to bridge
support. In a bridge deck the lightly loaded longitudinal beams are the stringers; the heavier,
transverse members are called floor beams.

This parking lot is designed with also keeping floor beam in its structure arrangement as it is the
need of it as it provide support to the floor and it will have to bear heavy loads so it is a requirement
of the structure arrangement design of the parking lot.

6.10 Roof Structure

Roof structure is also important in the design of a parking lot. The design of parking lot clearly
indicates about which type of roof will be built.

Purpose of making parking lot:

We make a parking lot for the purpose of space making. Parking lot is a space where we park our
different vehicles in different angles. When we go outside at mall, stadium and shops, we discuss
about parking lot because we need space for parking our vehicles. The space makers make mold a
space into a parking lot so that we can park our vehicles there without any fear or tension.

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7.0 Types of Parking lot
Following are some different types of parking lot:

 Perpendicular parking lot

 Parallel parking lot

7.1 Perpendicular parking lot

In this type of parking, we park the vehicle perpendicular to the parking wall.

Angled echelon parking lot:

In this type of parking, we park a vehicle according to an acute angle directed to the approaching
parking space.

7.2 Parallel parking lot

In this type of parking, we park a car in a line in front of the curb. In it all the cars park in a line so
that the bumper of each car faces the bumper of the next car in front of him.

Double parking lot:

In this type of parking, we park a car against the other car in such a way that we block the way of
each car. This type of parking is illegal.

The best type and method of parking and parking lot is angled parking because in this type of
parking we manage the space very well and make a lot of wider space for the parking lot users.

8.0 Challenges of parking lot

Many people guard and monitor the parking spaces for disability spaces which are bright usually
which brings most people closer to resources multi-story car parks and which can give access to
the people which are less mobile or with low mobility. Garages are a source of income and it can
also generate parking density. The areas which are paved are impervious and can cause floods and
are a major cause of water pollution. Multi-story car parks doing means in urban areas are
destroying existing buildings and are causing repulsion. Ground parking is a major cause of

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expansion of cities in rural areas and suburbs. Urban heat island is also created by the large, dark
paved areas of the parking lot.

9.0 Parking lot orientation

In different orientations, the parking space can be oriented. In parking structures, parking
perpendicular to the other cars and parking at an angle are the two types of car parking in a crowded
parking space, but the best choice is the expected traffic volume, the requirements of the user and
also the space available for parking. The parking space is square to the lane in most parking lots.
People can return to the room after going past the box. This feature has the same advantages as
street parking. The gap is left and the view of existing drivers is not disturbed and they can see all
the traffic without the edges of other vehicles obstructing their view. It causes reduction in rear
parking accidents with pedestrians and other vehicles. Reversal is made difficult for some drivers
because there exists a website called Fancy Parking which is a skill-specific website and appears
in parking lots.

10.0 Parking and Infrastructures

The decisions about vehicle direction, one-way or two-way traffic, bollards around parking lots
and all stops and curbs must be considered by the drivers. To provide safety to pedestrians, drivers
and cyclists, parking lots are the most difficult challenge for engineering and planning students to
manage wastewater, urban heat islands and to optimize safety for all users. The face of parking is
changing day by day by the evolving of the autonomous driver capabilities and driver assistance.
Parking could become less important in the future if autonomous vehicles become common in the
future. Autonomous vehicles pick you up and drop you off instead of waiting for you in the parking
space so the need of parking space will be diminished if autonomous vehicles become the norm in
future. Side-corner parking providers help in increasing safety of the drivers, passengers and
cyclists. The problem is caused only when the driver is inexperienced and is in stress while
reversing the vehicle. This type of parking will become more popular as driver assistance features
are becoming more popular day by day.

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11.0 Surface parking
The parking lots which are available either piled up in the garages or scattered throughout the
buildings like a moat. Destinations for public transport and bikes parking are available in a large
number but it depends on the cars and whether drivers find parking spaces closer to their
destination which helps in choosing one from another. This can make a difference as it is helpful
for the drivers to park their vehicle closer to their destination Some parking lots will continue to
be more beneficial and useful for the people for parking their vehicles until the infrastructure
changes happen. Some smaller markets with less selling items do not need a parking space as much
as some mid-range shops like Costco where a parking space is needed because of the number of
people shopping from this shop. Parking space is also needed in hospitals and emergency spaces
so that people can take their patients to these places for their services and they don’t need to think
and care about their vehicle's safety.

12.0 Characteristics of Parking Lot

The parking lot we are working on has the following features.

 It is a well designed
 It is properly ventilated
 A proper ventilation system through an AC duct have been provided which will help the
people to have a proper ventilated space
 All the Colum are placed keeping in view nesses ties of parking lot which are required for
Its maximum efficiency
 The beam size of the building is kept keeping in view the spacing and economy of the
building.
 People will be benefited with the ease of construction because every single detail to the
structure have been provided in the plan and elevation of the structure.
 People will also get the benefit of aesthetics and the location of the project.
 The sections views of the design will clearly indicate the heights at different levels and the
sizes of beams also.
 The building is also aesthetically beautiful

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  Provision of lawns is a compulsory need of design so that to provide fresh and enchanting
environment to the patients as well as for staff members.
 A large parking space is provided for automobiles of patient and staff members
 An emergency door is also provided rather than main entrance for worst case scenarios or
in case of emergency for better and effective handling of the patients.
 Each and every aspect are designed for the maximum ease to patients and easy mobility in
hospital for staff and patients and another peoples such as visitors etc.
 A hospital should be at place that is easily accessible and should have a wide and separate
emergency center so that hospital can perform on its full efficiency under any emergency
situation.
 The design of the parking lot is that so it become maximum sustainable. Through proper
windows keeping in mind the direction of the sun, so that a lot of natural light can come in
the hospital to minimize the power usage.
 To make it ecofriendly, use of solar power is preferred so that to reduce power use and to
make it more sustainable.

13.0 Conclusion:
We asses from the study that our structure will be very efficient. All the structural members are
completely discussed to the maximum aspect of the structure. A lot number of ideas are
implemented in the designing and floor are management of structure. To make the structure of
parking lot passive design concepts are used which will not only give better feel to the peoples
using the structure but will also maximize the sustainability of the building. Provision of all the
emergency exits are also provided in case of any emergency.

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14.0 References
Bhavana. (2017). Optimum Location Of Lift Core Wall For Flat Slab And Conventional Beam
System Using Generated Response Spectra. Research Gate.

Carlos Urdaneta, J. G. (2012). New WPI Parking Lot-Athletic Field: Deep and Shallow Foundation
Design and Construction Planning. WPI.

Chand, R. (2020, November 22). What is a Column in construction? Rodyogi.

D.J.Newman. (2006). A Parking Lot Design. SIAM REVIEW.

Gao, Y. (2017). Design and optimization of parking lot in an underground container logistics
system. ScienceDirect.

Rushton, B. (2002). Enhanced Parking Lot Design for Stormwater Treatment. ASCE LIBRARY.

Simon P. Anderson, A. D. (2007, November 12). Parking in the City. RSAI.

Solutions, B. (2019, April 10). Retaining Walls 101 - An Introduction to Choosing the Right Wall.
CRH.

transport, t. (2020, May 1). Parking Structures Design. Transform Transport.

Tung, R. I. (1989, March 1). Methodology for Optimal Design of a Parking Lot. ASCE LIBRARY.

WILEM W. FRISCHMANN, S. S. (1967). Case studies of tall buildings with dynamic

modification devices. ScienceDirect.

Young, W. (2007). A review of parking lot design models. Taylor and Francis Online.

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11
 CAR CAR CAR CAR

CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR

ROOM CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR

1st Floor PARKING

AREA
 CAR
CAR CAR
CAR CAR
CAR CAR

CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR

ROOM CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR CAR

2st Floor PARKING

AREA
BEAM DETAIL
 3'
10'
8"

COLUMN SECTION
Elevation
FOUNDATION DETAIL
 NOTE:-
STAIR WIDTH 5'-0"
STAIR TREAD 10"
STAIR RISER 7"

12"
7.2"

R.C.C CONC : (1:2:4)

DETAIL OF R.C.C STAIR