ck-X{¥w

Ãm≥tU¿Uv IX
`mKw˛2
NT-819-1-CHEMISTRY-9-M-VOL.2

tIc-f-k¿°m¿
s]mXphnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2019
 tZio-bK
- m\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°e - - _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`\ - mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-KW- a- w-Ke- Z- m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p∂p; kºq¿Whpw
sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-ºc
- y-Øn¬ Rm≥
A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Itf,
]co-£-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw \nco-£W-Øn-eq-sSbpw hni-I-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw a\p-jy≥
ssIh-cn® Adn-hmWv imkv{Xw. \mw B¿Pn® F√m t\´-߃°pw ImcWw
imkv{X-cw-K-Øp-≠mb hf¿®-bm-Wv. IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw t\´-ßfpw e£y-
an-Sp∂ F√m-h¿°pw imkv{X]T\w Kuc-hamb hnj-b-am-Wv. AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-
I-fmWv imkv{X ]mT]pkvX-I-߃. imkv{X-]-T-\-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ coXn-I-fmb
]co-£Ww, \nco-£Ww, A]-{K-Y\w, \nK-a-\-cq-]o-I-cWw F∂n-hbv°v Du∂¬
\¬In imkv{X]T\w B\-μI - c
- a
- mb Hc-\p-`h
- a
- mbn amd-Ww. ]pXnb Bi-bß
- fpw
taJ-e-Ifpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-tºmgpw \mw Nne Pohn-X-aq-ey-ßfpw at\m-`m-h-ßfpw
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. ap≥¢mkp-I-fn¬ t\Snb Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Ign-
hp-I-fp-sSbpw XpS¿®bpw hf¿®bpw Dd∏phcpØn IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ß-fn¬ FtØ-
≠-Xp-≠v. Cu e£y-ß-sf√mw ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠m-Wv Cu ck-X{¥]mT-]p-
kvXIw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
am\hkwkvIm-c-Øn\p ]pXnb am\-߃ \¬Ip-Ibpw a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXkuI-
cy-߃ sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X- n¬ \n¿Wm-bIamb ]¶ph-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvX imkv{X-
im-J-bmWv ck-X-{¥w. a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ C{X-am{Xw kzm[o-\n-® as‰mcp imkv{X-
im-J-bn-s√∂p Xs∂ ]d-bmw. Irjn, hymh-km-bw, sshZy-imkv{Xw XpSßn F√m
taJ-e-I-fnepw ck-X-{¥Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \nkvXp-e-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂
ck-X-{¥-]-T\w a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]T-\-am-sW∂v ]d-bmw.
ka{K F∂ hnZym-`ymk t]m¿´epw Iyq.B¿.-tImUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]mT-]p-kvX-
I- ß fpw ¢mkv d qw ]T- \ - { ]- h ¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ Bbm- k - c - l n- X hpw ck- I chpw
B°nØo¿°pw. tZio-bs - Xm-gn¬ ss\]pWn N´-°q-Spw (F≥.-Fk - v.I
- yq.-F^v) Imen-
I-{]-k-‡n-bp-ff Zpc-¥-\n-hm-c-Wam¿§-ßfpw sF.kn.Sn km[y-X-Ifpw Cu ]mT-]p-
kvX-I-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn®n´p-≠v.
]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]T\{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ßfpw
N¿®mkqNI߃ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw kvIqfnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw
et_m-d-´-dn-I-fnepw e`y-amb kuI-cy-߃ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw imkv{X]T\w
a[p-cX
- c
- a
- mb Hc-\p-`h
- a
- m-°n-am-‰m≥ {ian-°p-at- √m. hn⁄m-\k
- º
- m-Z\
- t- ØmsSm∏w
imkv{Xo-b- at\m-`m-hhpw aqey-ßfpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\v Cu ]pkvXIw
hgn-Im-´n-bm-Ipw.
kvt\lmiw-k-I-tfm-sS,

tUm.sP.-{]-kmZv
Ub-d-IvS¿
Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.
 `mc- X - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \
`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø- h y- ß ƒ

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:

(I) `c- W - L - S - \ sb A\p- k - c n- ° p- I bpw AXns‚ BZ¿i- ß - s fbpw ÿm]- \ - ß - s fbpw

tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al-\o-bm-
Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fi-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-
Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ
A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°Xo-X-ambn `mc-
X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-Sb - n¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb kmtlm-Zc - y-at- \m-`m-hhpw
]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-Øp∂ BNm-c-߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-
Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw, At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈
at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \nc¥cw Db-c-Ø-
°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m afi-e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-
jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈
Ip´n-Iƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
 D≈S°w

5. BknUpIƒ, t_kp-Iƒ, ehW߃ ...................................... 79

6. Atem-l-߃ .........................................................................................101

7. Im¿_-Wns‚ temIw ........................................................................ 120

Cu ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn
Nne ap{Z-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p

A[n-I-hm-b-\bv°v
(hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-t°-≠-Xn-√)

Bi-b-hy-‡X hcp-Øp-∂-Xn\v ICT km[yX

hne-bn-cpØmw

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-߃
 BknUpIƒ, t_kp-Iƒ, ehW߃

Bkn-Up-I-sfbpw B¬°-en-I-sf-bpw-Ip-dn®v ap≥ ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-®n-´p≠t√m?

Ahsb Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ GsX√mw am¿K-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw?

Xmsg ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS kz`mhw en‰vakv t]∏¿

D]-tbm-Kn®v Is≠-Øp-I.

]Zm¿Yw en‰va-kns‚ \ndw am‰w kz`mhw

hn\m-Kncn
NpÆmºv sh≈w
tkm∏v emb\n
sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv
]´nI 5.1
Bkn-UpIsfbpw B¬°-en-I-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-™t√m?

Bkn-Up-Iƒ, B¬°-en-Iƒ, eh-W-߃ 79

 C\n asämcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXv t\m¡mw. Nn{X-¯n ImWn-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse sSÌvSyq_n Hcp sNdnb IjWw kn¦v FSp-¡p-I.
t{Um¸À D]-tbm-Kn¨v 2mL t\À¸n¨ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv
tNÀ¡p-I. sSÌvSyq_nsâ hmbv`m-K¯v I¯p¶ Xos¸-«n-s¡mÅn
ImWn-¡pI. \nco-£Ww tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

F´m-bn-cn¡pw ImcWw?

{]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

→ HCl
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + .............

Nn{Xw 5.1 Bkn-Up-IÄ {]hÀ¯-\-tijn IqSnb teml-§-fp-ambn

{]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ ssl{U-P³ hmXIw D­m-Ip-¶p.
Bkn-Up-IÄ ImÀ_-tW-äp-If- p-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ CtX hmXIw
Xs¶ D­m-Iptam? Hcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXp-t\m-¡mw.
Nn{Xw 5.2  ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp t_mbn-enwKv Syq_n A¸w
ImÂkyw ImÀ_-tWäv (amÀ_nÄ IjW-§Ä) FSp-
t\À¸n¨ HCl ¡p-I. Xnkn ^W-en¡qSn AXn-te¡v t\À¸n¨
Xnkn ^WÂ
sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv tNÀ¡pI. ]pd¯p hcp¶
sUen-hdn Syq_v hmX-Is¯ sSÌvSyq-_nse sXfnª Np®m¼v shÅ-
¯n-te¡v IS¯nhnSq.
$ sUen-hdn Syq_n-eqsS ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ hmXIw
sXfnª Np®m¼p

GXmWv?

$ Cu hmXIw sXfnª Np®m¼v shÅ-¯n-te¡v

shÅw

CaCO3+ t\À¸n¨ HCl

IS-¯n-hn-Sp-t¼m-gpÅ \nco-£Ww F´m-bn-cn¡pw?

Bkn-Up-IÄ ImÀ_-tW-äp-I-fp-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-

t¼mÄ ImÀ-_¬ ssUHmIvsskUv (CO ) hmXIw 2

Nn{Xw 5.2 kzX-{´-am-Ip-¶p.

Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ khn-ti-j-X-I-fnÂ\n¶pw Bkn-Up-IÄ¡v
tbmPn-¨h Is­¯n SnIv (ü) sN¿p-I.
o ImccpNn-bp­v.
o \oe enäva-kns\ Nph-¸m¡p-¶p.

80 ck-X{- ´w IX
o ImÀ_-tW-äp-I-fp-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v ImÀ_¬ ssUHm-IvsskUv
hmXIw D­m-Ip-¶p.
o hgp-h-gp-¸p-­v.
o Mg, Zn XpS-§nb {]hÀ¯\tijn IqSnb teml-§-fp-ambn
{]hÀ¯n¨v ssl{U--P³ hmXIw kzX-{´-am-¡p-¶p.
o ]pfn-cpNnbp­v.
o Nph¶ enäva-kns\ \oe-bm-¡p-¶p.
Bkn-Up-I-fnse s]mXp-L-SIw
]cn-Nn-X-amb Nne Bkn-Up-I-fpsS t]cpw cmkkq{Xhpw NphsS
]«n-I-bn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
Bkn-Unsâ t]cv cmk-kq{Xw
sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv HCl
ss\{SnIv BknUv .........................

ImÀt_m-WnIv BknUv .........................

kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUv .........................

]«nI 5.2
Bkn-Up-I-fnse s]mXp-Kp-W-§Ä¡v ImcWw Ah-bnse GXp LS-
I-¯nsâ km¶n-[y-am-bn-cn¡pw?

sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv (HCl), ss\{SnIv BknUv (HNO ) F¶nh 3

Pe-¯n ebn-¡p-t¼mÄ hn]-coX NmÀPpÅ Atbm-Wp-I-fmbn

amdp¶ cmk-k-a-hm-Iy-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
-
→
HCl H+ + Cl
-
HNO3 → H+ + NO3

HCl emb-\n-bnse Atbm-Wp-IÄ Gh?

HNO3 emb-\n-bnse Atbm-Wp-IÄ Gh?

Ch-bnse s]mXp-hmb Atbm¬ GXv?

ssl{UP³ (H ) Atbm-Wp-I-fmWv Bkn-Up-I-fpsS KpW-§Ä¡-Sn-

+

Øm-\w. Bkn-Up-IÄ¡v Hcp \nÀh-N\w cq]o-I-cn-¡mtam?

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 81
 Peob emb-\n-bn ssl{UP³ Atbm-Wp-If- psS (H ) KmVX +

hÀ[n-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ ]ZmÀY-§-fmWv Bkn-Up-IÄ.

H Atbm-Wp-IÄ¡v Ønc-X-bn-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m Ch H O X·m-{X-I-fp-
+
2

ambn IqSn-tNÀ¶v sslt{Um-Wnbw Atbm¬ (H O ) D­m-Ip-¶p.

3
+

H+ + H2O → H3O+

\mc-§m-\o-cv, tamcv, ]pfn, hn\m-Kncn XpS-§n-b-h-bn Nne Bkn-Up-

IÄ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn \n§Ä ]Tn-¨n-«p-­tÃm? Ah Is­¯n
Fgp-Xp-I.

\nXy-Po-hn-X¯
- n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ]pfn-cp-Nn-bpÅ {]Ir-Xn-Z¯
- h
- k
- vXp-
¡-fn HmÀKm-\nIv Bkn-Up-IÄ sNdnb Af-hn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p.
FÃm Bkn-Up-Ifpw cpNn-¨p-t\m-¡m-hp-¶-h-b-Ã. an\-d Bkn-Up-I-
fmb sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Uv, kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUv, ss\{SnIv
BknUv F¶nh iàn-tb-dn-b-h-bm-Wv.
Bkn-Up-I-fpsS t_kn-IX
HCl sâ Atbm-Wo-I-cW ka-hmIyw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
HCl → H+ + Cl-
Hcp HCl X·m{X Atbm-Wo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ kzX-{´-am-Ip¶
ssl{U-P³ Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w F{X?

Hcp BknUv X·m-{X¡v {]Zm\w sN¿m³ Ign-bp¶ ssl{U-

P³ Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®-amWv AXnsâ t_kn-I-X.
t_kn-IX 1 BsW-¦n AXns\ GI-t_-knI BknUv
(mono basic acid) F¶v ]d-bp¶p.
ss\{SnIv BknUnsâ (HNO ) Atbm-Wo-I-cW ka-hmIyw FgpXn
3

t_kn-IX Is­-¯p-I.

kÄ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Unsâ (H SO ) Atbm-Wo-Ic- W ka-hmIyw \ÂIn-

2 4

bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
H SO → H + HSO - (ss_kÄt^äv Atbm¬)
2 4
+
4

82 ck-X{- ´w IX
HSO4- → H+ + SO4 2- (kÄt^äv Atbm¬)

H2SO4 sâ Hcp X·m{X Atbm-Wo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ kzX-{´-am-¡-

s¸-Sp¶ ssl{U-P³ Atbm-Wp-If
- psS F®w F{X? t_kn-IX F{X-
bm-bn-cn¡pw?

Hcp Bkn-Unsâ t_kn-IX 2 BsW-¦n AXns\ Zznt_-

knI BknUv (dibasic acid) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

t^mkvt^m-dnIv Bkn-Unsâ (H3PO4) Atbm-Wo-I-cW ka-hmIyw

]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

H3PO4 → ............. + PO43- (t^mkvt^äv Atbm¬)

H3PO4 sâ t_kn-IX F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

Hcp Bkn-Unsâ t_kn-IX 3 BsW-¦n AXns\ {Xnt_-

knI BknUv (tribasic acid) F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.

Nne Bkn-Up-I-fpsS cmk-hm-Iy-§Ä t_mIvkn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-

¶p. Ah-bn \n¶v tamtWm-t_-kn-Iv, ssUt_knIv Bkn-Up-IÄ
sXc-sª-Sp¯v Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

H2CO3, HNO3 , H3PO4 , H2SO3 , HCl, H2SO4

tkmUm-hm-«À \n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-am-W-tÃm. F§-s\-bmWv tkmUm-

hm-«À D­m-¡p-¶Xv? {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ka-hmIyw Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p.

H2O + CO2 → H2CO3 (ImÀt_m-WnIv Bkn-Uv)

CXp-t]mse kÄ^À ssUHmIvsskUv (SO2) hmXIw Pe-¯nÂ

ebn-¨p-­m-Ip¶ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.

............. + ............. → H2SO3 (kÄ^yq-dkv Bkn-Uv)

F¶nh Ateml HmIvssk-Up-If- m-Wv. s]mXpsh

CO2, SO2, NO2
Ateml HmIvssk-Up-IÄ Pe-hp-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v D­m-Ip¶
]ZmÀY§Ä BknUv KpWw ImWn-¡p-¶p.
^mIv S - d n- I Ä, tamt«mÀ hml- \ - § Ä, Xm]sshZypX \ne- b - § Ä
F¶nh A[n-I-apÅ Øe-§-fn hmbpaen-\o-I-cW km[yX hfsc
IqSp-X-em-Wv. A¯cw taJ-e-I-fn SO2, NO2 t]mepÅ hmX-I-§Ä

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 83

 [mcm-f-ambn A´-co£hmbp-hn F¯n-t¨-cp¶p. C¯cw hmX-I-
§Ä agshůn ebn¨v Bkn-Up-I-fmbn `qanbnse¯p¶p. CXv
"A¾ag' F¶v Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. (Nn{Xw 5.3).
(Acid rain)

kÄ^À ssUHmIvsskUv,
ss\{S-P³ HmIvssk-Up-IÄ
XpS§n BknUv kz`m-h-apÅ
HmIvssk-Up-IÄ A´-co-£-¯n-
te¡v kzX-{´-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
hmX-I-§Ä ag-sh-Å-
hmX-I-§sf ¯n ebn¨p tNÀ¶v
Imäv hln-¡p¶p A¾-agD­m-Ip-¶p.

Nn{Xw 5.3
A¾ag Fs´Ãmw ]mcnØnXnI {]iv\§Ä D­m¡mw? NÀ¨ sN¿q.
$ Ce-Isf \in-¸n-¡p-¶Xp ImcWw {]ImikwtÇ-j-W-¯n-eqsS
A¶Pw \nÀan¡m\pÅ Ignhv kky-§Ä¡v CÃm-sX-bm-Ip-¶p.
$ ITn-\-amb A¾-ag Hcp `q{]-tZ-is¯ lcn-Xm`aÃm-X-m-¡p-¶p.
$ Pe-¯n\v A¾-KpWw D­m-Ip-¶-Xn-\m aÕy-§-fpsSbpw ]hng
¸päp-I-fp-sSbpw \mi-¯n\p Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p.
$
A¾-ag D­m-¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI{]iv\-§Äs¡Xnsc Fs´Ãmw
ap³I-cp-X-ep-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡m³ Ignbpw? NÀ¨sN¿q.
$ t^mkn CÔ-\-§-fpsS Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw Ipd-bv¡p-I.
$ t^mkn CÔ-\-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼v Ah-bnse
kÄ^À kwbp-à-§Ä ]c-am-h[n \o¡w sN¿p-I.
$
B¡en-IÄ
B¡-en-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-§Ä ap¼v ]Tn-¨n-«p-­tÃm? enÌv
sN¿q. Hcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXv t\m¡mw. \¶mbn Dc¨v hr¯n-bm-
¡nb aKv\ojyw dn_¬ I¯n-¡p-¶p. \nco-£Ww tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
e`n¨ shfp¯ s]mSn F´m-bn-cn¡pw?
Cu D¸¶w hm¨v ¥mkn FSp¯v ct­m aqt¶m XpÅn- Pew
84 ck-X{- ´w IX
tNÀ¡pI. enävakv t]¸À D]-tbm-Kn¨v kz`mhw Is­-¯p-I.
Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw {i²n-¡q.
→
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
aKv\ojyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv
C\n asämcp {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXp-t\m-¡mw.
Hcp _o¡-dnse Pe-¯n A¸w \oäp-I¡ (ImÂkyw HmIvsskUv)
tNÀ¯v Cf-¡p-I. _o¡-dnÂ\n¶pw A¸w sXfnª emb\n Hcp
sSÌvSyq_n-se-Sp¯v AXn-te¡v Hcp XpÅn Nph¶ enävakv emb\n
tNÀ¡pI.
F´mWv \nco-£n-¨Xv?
ImÂkyw HmIvsskUv Pe-hp-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v D­mb ]ZmÀYw
F´mWv ? {]hÀ¯- \ - ¯ nsâ cmk- k - a - h mIyw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n
Is­¯q.
CaO + H2 O → ...........

Cu ]ZmÀY-¯nsâ kz`m-hs- ¯-¡p-dn¨v enävakv ]co-£W

- ¯
- n \n¶v
F´mWv hyàamIp¶Xv?
MgO, CaO Ch teml-Hm-Ivssk-UmtWm? Ateml HmIvssk-
UmtWm?

teml HmIvssk-Up-IÄ s]mXpth t_knIv kz`mhw ImWn-¡p-

¶p. Pe-¯n ebn-¡p¶ t_kp-IfmWv B¡-en-IÄ.
NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ HmIvssk-Up-I-fn \n¶v t_knI kz`m-h-
ap-Å-hsb Is­¯n Fgp-Xp-I.
K2O, SO2 , P2O5 , MgO , CaO, NO2

\n§Ä¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Nne B¡-en-I-fpsS cmk-\m-ahpw cmk-

kq-{Xhpw ]«n-I-bn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
]«n-I-bnÂ\n¶pw B¡-en-I-fn AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ s]mXp-L-S-
Is¯ Is­-¯mtam?
B¡-en-I-fpsS cmk-\maw cmk-kq{Xw
tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv NaOH
ImÂkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv .........................

Atam-Wnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv NH OH 4

s]m«mkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv .........................

]«nI 5.3
BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 85
 tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv Pe-¯n ebn-¡p-
t_kp-Ifpw B¡-en-Ifpw t¼mÄ \S-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmkka-hmIyw
{i²n-¡q.
FÃm t_kp-Ifpw B¡-en-IÄ
AÃ. Pe-¯n ebn-¡p¶ t_kp-I- NaOH → Na+ + OH- (-ssl-t{Um-IvsskUv Atbm¬)
fmWv B¡-en-IÄ ImÂkyw sslt{Um-Ivssk-Unsâ AtbmWoIcW
NaOH, KOH F¶nh B¡-en-If
- mWv cmk-k-a-hmIyw Fgp-Xnbn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.
F¶mÂ- Al(OH) , Cu(OH) 3 2
F¶nh
Ca2+
Ca(OH)2 → .................. + .................
t_kp--If
- msW¦nepw Pe-¯n ebn-
¡m- ¯ - X n- \ m Ahsb B¡- e n- B¡-en-IÄ Pe-¯n ebn-¡p-t¼mÄ kzX-{´-am-Ip¶
Ifmbn IW¡m¡pIbnÃ. s]mXp-hmb Atbm¬ GXmWv?
teml HmIvssk-Up-IÄ s]mXpth
t_knIv kz`mhw ImWn-¡p-¶-
Peob emb- \ n- b n sslt{Um- I v s skUv ( OH -)
hbmWv. F¶m Npcp¡w Nne
HmIvssk-Up-IÄ¡v Bkn-Unsâbpw, Atbm-Wp-IfpsS KmVX hÀ[n-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶

t_kn-sâbpw kz`m-h-ap-­v. Chsb ]ZmÀY-§fmWv B¡-enIÄ.

Bwt^m-sä-dn-Iv (amphoteric) HmIvs
- sk-
Nne B¡-en-IÄ km[m-c-W-bmbn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶
Up-IÄ F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.
t]cp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS cmk-\m-ahpw cmk-kq-{Xhpw ]«nI
DZm: - Al2O3, ZnO 5.4Â \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²n-¡q.
Chbv¡v Bkn-Up-If
- p-ambpw t_kp-
I- f p- a mbpw cmk- { ]- h À¯- \ - ¯ nÂ
GÀs¸-Sm³ km[n-¡pw.

km[m-cW \maw cmk-\maw cmk-kq{Xw

ImÌnIv tkmU tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv NaOH

an¡v Hm^v ssew ImÂkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv Ca(OH)2

ImÌnIv s]m«mjv s]m«mkyw sslt{Um-IvsskUv KOH

]«nI 5.4
Ado-\n-bkv kn²m´w
Nne Bkn-Up-I-fp-sSbpw B¡-en-I-fp-sSbpw AtbmWoIcWs¯
kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ cmkka-hm-Iy-§Ä NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p. hn«p-
t]m-b `mK-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.
HCl → H+ + Cl-

KOH → K + + OH-
H2 CO3 → ............+ CO32-
kzmtâ Ado- \ n- b kv
NH4 OH → NH+4 + ..................
(1859-þ1927)
HNO3 → ................ + NO-3

86 ck-X{- ´w IX
 1887Â kzoUnjv imkv{X-Ú\- mb kzmtâ Ado-\n-bkv (Svante

Bkn- U p- I - s fbpw t_kpI- s fbpw Ipdn¨pÅ

Arrhenius)

t\À¸n¨ HCl imkv{Xobamb kn²m´w Ah-Xc- n-¸n-¨p. GsXmcp BknUpw

t_kpw Pe-¯n ebn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah Atbm-Wp-If- mbn hn`-
Pn-¡s¸Sp¶psh¶v At±lw {]kvXm-hn-¨p. Peob emb-\n-bnÂ
H Atbm-Wp-IÄ kzX-{´-am-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶h
+
- b- mWv Bkn-Up-
Isf¶pw OH AtbmWpIÄ kzX-{´-am-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶h- b- mWv
-

t_kpIsf¶pamWv At±-l¯ - nsâ kn²m-´w.

\nÀhoco-I-cW {]hÀ¯\w (Neutralisation reaction)

^nt\m-^vXe
- n³ t\À¸n¨ sslt{Umt¢mdnIv BknUpw t\À¸n¨ tkmUnbw
tNÀ¯ sslt{Um-IvsskUv emb-\nbpw tNÀ¯m F´v kw`-hn¡pw? Hcp
NaOH emb\n
{]hÀ¯\w sNbvXv t\m¡mw.
Hcp _yqdän 50 mL t\À¸n¨ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv (HCl)
FSp-¡p-I. ]n¸äv D]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp tImWn-¡Â ^vfmkvIn 20 mL
t\À¸n¨ tkmUnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv ( NaOH ) emb\n FSp-
¡p-I. AXn-te¡v Ht¶m ct­m XpÅn ^nt\m-^vX-eo³ tNÀ¡p-I.
emb-\n¡v F´p \nd-amWv e`n-¨Xv?

tImWn- ¡  ^v f mkv I nte¡v t\À¸n¨ HCl kmh- [ m- \ - ¯ nÂ

Nn{Xw 5.4
hogv¯pI. tImWn-¡Â ^vfmkvInse emb\n Cf-¡n-s¡m-­n-cn-¡-
Ww. NaOH emb-\n-bpsS \nd-¯n\p kw`-hn-¡p¶ amäw \nco-£n-
¡p-I. \ndw a§p¶ L«¯nse¯p-t¼mÄ HCl XpÅn XpÅn-bmbn
tNÀ¯v Cf-¡p-I. Hcp Xpffn HCl tNÀ¡pt¼mÄ \ndw ]qÀ®-ambn
\jvS-s¸-Sp¶ kµÀ`-¯n BknUv tNÀ¡p-¶Xv \nÀ¯p-I. D]tbm-
Kn¨ HClsâ Afhv _yqd-änse Bkn-Unsâ \nc¸v t\m¡n tcJ-s¸-
Sp-¯pI.
$ ^nt\m-^vX-eo³ tNÀ¯-t¸mÄ NaOH emb-\n-bpsS \ndw F´m-
bn-cp-¶p.

$ NaOH emb-\n-bpsS GXv kz`m-h-s¯-bmWv CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-

¶Xv?

$ HCl tNÀ¡p-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v NaOH emb\n-bpsS \ndw Ipdªp

hcp-¶-XnÂ\n¶v F´mWp a\-Ên-em-t¡-­Xv?

$ \ndw ]qÀ®-ambn \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ kµÀ`-¯n tImWn-¡Â

^vfmkvIn NaOH Ah-ti-jn-¡p-tam?

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 87

 $ \ndw ]qÀW-ambpw amdnb emb-\n-bn-te¡v A¸w NaOH
emb\n tNÀ¡pI.
F´mWp ImWp-¶Xv? \nco-£-W-¯nsâ Imc-W-sa´v?

$ AXn-te¡v ho­pw t\À¸n¨ HCl XpÅn XpÅn-bmbn tNÀ¯v

Cf-¡pI
\nco-£Ww F´mWv?

BknUpw t_kpw X½n {]hÀ¯n¨v Ah-bpsS KpW-§Ä ]c-

kv]cw CÃm-sX-bm-Ip-¶p. C¯cw cmk-{]h- À¯-\§- Ä \nÀho-co-
I-cW{]hÀ¯-\§- Ä F¶dnb- s- ¸-Sp-¶p.
(Neutralisation reaction)

tkmUnbw sslt{Um- I v s skUpw t\À¸n¨ sslt{Um- t ¢m- d nIv

BknUpw X½n-epÅ \nÀho-co-I-cW{]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-k-a-
hmIyw FgpXnt\m¡q.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

20 mL NaOH emb\n \nÀhocyam¡p-¶-Xn\v F{X Afhv t\À¸n¨

HCl D]-tbm-Kn¨p? ap¼p \S-¯nb ]co-£-W¯n CXp tcJ-s¸-Sp-
¯n-bn-«p-­tÃm.
Bkn-Unsâ KmVX hyXym-k-s¸-Sp-¯n ]co-£Ww BhÀ¯n¡q.
D]-tbm-Kn¨ HCl sâ Af-hn hyXymkw hcp-¶pt­m?

\nÀho-co-I-c-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Is­-

¯mtam?
$
$
\nÀho-co-I-cW{]hÀ¯-\-¯n KmVX Hcp {][m\ LSI-am-sW¶v
a\-knembtÃm.
\½psS Bam-i-b-¯n \S-¡p¶ Zl\{]hÀ¯-\s¯ sslt{Um-
t¢mdnIv BknUv klm-bn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v _tbm-fPn ¢mkn ]Tn-¨n-
«p-­v.
Bam-i-b-¯n Bkn-Unsâ Afhv A[n-I-am-bmtem?

C¯cw kml-N-cy-¯n \mw F´mWv sN¿p-¶Xv?

Bam-i-b-¯nse Akn-Unän Ipd-bv¡m\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Huj-

88 ck-X{- ´w IX
 NT-819-2-CHEMISTRY-9-M-VOL.2







 ]ZmÀY-§-fpsS BknUv /t_kv kz`mhw I­p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
imkv{Xob amÀKw pH aqeyw \nÀW-bn-¡-em-Wv. Um\njv imkv{XÚ-
\mb tkmd³k¬ BWv pH kvsIbn Bhn-jvI-cn-¨-Xv. emb\n-
bnse H Atbm-Wnsâ KmVX ASn-Øm-\a- m-¡n-bmWv Cu kvsIbnÂ
+

cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. NphsS pH kvsIbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv \nco-

£n-¡q.
BknUv t_kv
\nÀhocyw
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pH kvsIbn (25 C) o

pH kvsIbn- \nco-£n¨v Xmsg \ÂInb tNmZy-§Ä¡v D¯cw

Is­-¯p-I.
\nÀhocy-em-b-\n-bpsS pH aqeyw F{X?

pH aqeyw 7 Â IqSnb emb-\n-IÄ GXv kz`mhw ImWn-¡p¶p?

pH aqeyw 7 Â Ipd-hmb emb-\n-IÄ GXv kz`mhw ImWn-¡p¶p?

Peob emb-\n-bn-epÅ H Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS KmVX ASn-Øm-\-

+

am¡n ]ZmÀY-¯nsâ Bkn-Uv, t_kv kz`mh§Ä {]kvXmhn-¡p¶

coXn-bm-Wv pH kvsIbnÂ. pH kvsIbn {]Imcw \nÀhocy emb-
\n-bpsS pH aqeyw 7 BWv. BknUpIfpsS pH aqeyw 7Â Ipdhpw
t_kpIfptSXv 7Â IqSpXepw Bbncn¡pw.
hyXykvX emb-\nIfpsS pHaqeyw Is­¯n Xmc-Xayw sN¿m³
Ign-bpw. CXn-\mbn pH t]¸À, pH emb-\n, pH aoäÀ F¶nh D]-tbm-
Kn-¡mw.
pH ImtW­ emb-\n-bn pH t]¸À ap¡nsbSp-¡p-Itbm Hcp XpÅn
pH emb\n tNÀ¡p-Itbm sN¿pI. Ch-bv¡p-­m-Ip¶ \nd-hy-Xymkw
pH IfÀNmÀ«p-ambn (Nn{Xw 5.5) XmcXayw sNbvXv emb-\n-bpsS
pH aqeyw I­p-]n-Sn¡mw.

IT@School Edubuntu hnse

PhETtkm^vävsh-bdnÂ
\n¶pw pH Scale
Application Xpd¶v Bi-b-
hy-àX hcp¯q. \nd-§fpw pH aqey-§fpw
Nn{Xw 5.5

90 ck-X{- ´w IX
 NphsS X¶n«pff ]ZmÀY-§-fpsS pH aqeyw, pH t]¸À D]-tbm-Kn¨v
Is­¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I
]ZmÀY-¯nsâ t]cv t]¸-dnsâ \ndw pH aqeyw BknUv/t_kv
hn\m-Kncn .................. ................... ..................
Np®m-¼p-shÅw .................. ................... ..................
t\À¸n-¨ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUv .................. ................... ..................
Pew \nd-amäanà 7 \nÀhocyw
Ae-¡p-Imc emb\n .................. ................... ..................
Atam-Wnb emb\n .................. ................... ..................
s]m«mkyw ss\t{Säv emb\n .................. ................... ..................
tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb\n \ndamäanà ................... \nÀhocyw
]«nI 5.5
pH aoäÀ
Peob emb-\n-If- psS pH \nÀW-bn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp D]-Ic- W - -
amWv pH aoäÀ. km[m-c-W pH aoä-dp-IÄ c­v Ce-Ivt{Sm-Up-IÄ¡n-S-bn-
epÅ thmÄt«Pv Af¶ tijw AXns\ X¯p-ey-amb pH aqey¯n-te¡v
amäp-Ib
- mWp sN¿p-¶X - v. Cu D]-Ic- W
- ¯
- nsâ Gähpw {][m-\s- ¸« `mKw
Hcp t{]m_v BWv. ZÞv BIr-Xn-bn ¥mkv sIm­v \nÀan¨ cq]-
(Probe)

¯nsâ A{K-`m-K¯p LSn-¸n¨ sk³k-dmWv pH \nÀW-bw km[y-am-¡p-

¶-Xv. t{]m_v emb-\n-bn \nt£-]n¨mWv pH \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶Xv.

pH aqeyw IqSp-¶-X-\p-k-cn¨v BknUv KpW-

ImÀjnI hnf-Ifpw pH aqeyhpw
am-tWm t_knI KpW-amtWm IqSp-¶-Xv?
`qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-¯n FÃm- pH aqeyw IqSp-t¼mÄ H Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS
+

bn- S - ¯ p- a pÅ a®nsâ KpWw Afhv IqSp-tam Ipd-bptam?

Hcp-t]m-se-bÃ. a®nsâ KpW-
hpw ImÀjnIhnf-Ifpw X½nÂ
_Ô- a p­v . temI- ¯ nsâ
hnhn[ `mK-§f - n-epÅ ImÀjn-I-
hnf- I - f psS sshhn- [ y- ¯ n\v
CXmWv ImcWw.
Hcp {]tZ- i s¯ Imem- h - Ø ,
Pee`y- X , a®nsâ LS\ F¶n- h - s bms¡
ImÀjnIhnf-Isf kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§-fm-Wv.
s]mXpth 6.5 apXÂ 7.2 hsc pH aqey-apÅ a®mWv
A[nI hnf-IÄ¡pw tbmPn-¨X - v. Imc-äv, Imt_Pv XpS-
§nb hnf-IÄ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb pH 7 apXÂ 8
hscbmWv. F¶m pH 5 t\mSv ASp¯ a®mWv Dcp-
f-¡n-g§v t]mep-ff hnf-IÄ¡v A`n-Im-ayw.
ImÀjnIhnf-IÄ¡v a®nsâ pH Hcp {][m-
\-s¸« LS-I-am-Wv. Hcp {]tZ-is¯ a®v
Hcp {]tXyI ImÀjnI hnfbv¡v tbmPn-
¨XmtWm F¶p Is­-¯p¶Xp {]m[m-\y-
aÀln-¡p-¶p. Nne hnf-IÄ¡v BknUv kz`m-
h-apÅ a®mWv tbmPn-¨-sX-¦n aäp Nne-
Xn\v t_knI KpW-apÅ a®mWv tbmPn-
¡p-¶Xv.
Irjnbn-d-¡p¶ L«-¯n a®nsâ pH
aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-t¡-­-Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX
t_m[y-s¸-«tÃm.
BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 91
 eh-W-§Ä (Salts)

t\À¸n¨ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUpw tkmUnbw sslt{Um-

IvsskUv emb-\nbpw X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-¯n D¸-¶-§Ä
Fs´-Ãm-amWv?

Na+ OH- + H+ Cl- → Na+Cl- + H2O

Bkn-Unsâ s]mXpLS-Ihpw B¡-enbpsS s]mXpLS-Ihpw tNcp-

t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ D¸¶w GXmWv?

tkmUnbw sslt{Um-Ivssk-Unse t]mkn-äohv Atbm¬ GXmWv?

sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Unse s\K-äohv Atbm¬ GXmWv?
Ch tNÀ¶p-­m-Ip¶ kwbp-à-¯nsâ cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-I. Cu
]ZmÀYw F´mWv?

HCl Dw NaOH Dw X½n {]hÀ¯n¨v D­m- I p¶ tkmUnbw

t¢mssdUv Hcp eh-W-am-Wv.
BknUpw B¡-enbpw ]qÀW-ambpw {]hÀ¯n¨v eh-Whpw
Pehpw D­m- I p¶ {]hÀ¯- \ - a mWv \nÀho- c o- I - c - W w
(Neutralisation reaction).

eh-W-§Ä s]mXpsh Atbm-WnI kwbp-à-§fmWv.

t\À¸n¨ kÄ^yq-cnIv BknUpw (H2SO4) aKv\ojyw sslt{Um-
IvsskUv [Mg(OH)2] emb-\nbpw X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-
ka-hmIyw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
→
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO4 ................ + 2H2O
D­mb D¸-¶-§Ä GsXms¡?

Xmsg ]«n-I-bn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ eh-W-§Ä a\-Ên-em¡n Ah

e`n-¡m³ {]hÀ¯n-¸n-t¡­ Bkn-Uv, B¡en Ch Is­-¯pI.
ehWw cmk-kq{Xw BknUv B¡en
aKv\ojyw t¢mssdUv MgCl2 HCl Mg(OH)2

ImÕyw kÄt^äv CaSO4

Aep-an-\nbw kÄt^äv Al2(SO4)3

tkmUnbw ss\t{Säv NaNO3
s]m«mkyw t^mkvt^äv K3PO4
]«n-I 5.6

92 ck-X{- ´w IX
 eh-W-§Ä Dcp-Ip-Itbm Pe-¯n ebn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-t¼mÄ
t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wmbpw s\K-äohv Atbm-Wmbpw thÀ]n-cn-bp-¶p.
GXm\pw t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw s\K-äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fp-
sSbpw t]cv, {]XoIw F¶nh ]«n-I- 5.7Â \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
t]mkn-äohv AtbmWnsâ {]XoIw s\K-äohv Atbm-Wnsâ t]cv {]XoIw
t]cv
s]m«mkyw Atbm¬ K+ sslt{Um-IvsskUv Atbm¬ OH–

kn¦v Atbm¬ Zn2+ ImÀ_-tWäv Atbm¬ CO32–

s^dkv Atbm¬ Fe2+ ss_ImÀ_-tWäv Atbm¬ HCO3–

s^dnIv Atbm¬ Fe3+ ss\t{Säv Atbm¬ NO3–

Ip{]kv Atbm¬ Cu+ kÄt^äv Atbm¬ SO42–

Ip{]nIv Atbm¬ Cu2+ ss_kÄt^äv Atbm¬ HSO4–

Atam-Wnbw Atbm¬ NH4+ t^mkvt^äv Atbm¬ PO43–

amwK-\kv Atbm¬ Mn2+ ssUssl-{U-P³t^mkvt^äv Atbm¬ H2PO4–

]«nI 5.7
Nne eh-W-§-fpsS t]cpw Ah-bpsS cmk-kq{Xhpw ]«n-I- 5.8 Â
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. IqSp-X eh-W-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ Iq«n-t¨À¯v
Ah-bnse t]mkn-äohv Atbm¬, s\K-äohv Atbm¬ F¶nh
Is­¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
eh-W-¯nsâ t]cv cmk-kq{Xw t]mkn-äohv s\K-äohv
Atbm¬ A-tbm¬
tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv NaCl Na +
Cl-
aKv\ojyw kÄt^äv MgSO 4 Mg2+ SO24-

ImÂkyw ImÀ_-tWäv CaCO3 .............. ..............

.............. .............. .............. ..............
.............. .............. .............. ..............
]«nI 5.8
NaCl- "X·m-{X'-bnse t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w F{X?
NaCl- "X·m-{X'-bnse s\Käohv Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w F{X?
NaCl- "X·m-{X'-bnse t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-If
- p-sSbpw s\K-äohv Atbm-
Wp-I-fp-sSbpw NmÀPnsâ BsI XpI F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 93

 MgCl-2 "X·m-{X'-bnse t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w F{X? ....
MgCl-2 "X·m-{X'-bnse s\Käohv Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS F®w F{X? ....
MgCl-2- "X·m-{X'-bnse t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw s\K-äohv
Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw NmÀPnsâ BsI XpI F{X-bm-bn-cn¡pw?

eh-W§- Ä sshZyp-X] - c- a- mbn \nÀho-cy-am-Wv. Ah-bnse t]mkn-

äohv Atbm-Wp-I-fp-sSbpw s\K-äohv AtbmWp-IfpsSbpw
NmÀPp-If- psS XpI ]qPyw Bbn-cn-¡pw.
ehW-§-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp¶ hn[w
$ cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ BZyw t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wnsâ {]Xo-
Ihpw XpSÀ¶v s\K-äohv Atbm-Wnsâ {]Xo-Ihpw Fgp-Xp-¶p.
$ Hmtcm Atbm-Wn-sâbpw NmÀPv kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ kwJy-IÄ ]c-
kv]cw amän ]mZm-¦-ambn Fgp-Xp-¶p.
$ ]mZm-¦-§Ä eLq-I-cn¨v Gähpw sNdnb ]qÀW-kwJy Awi-_-
Ô-¯n Fgp-Xp-¶p

aKv\ojyw Atbm¬ ( Mg2+ ) t^mkvt^äv Atbm-Wp-ambpw PO4

3
( -
)
( -
)
ImÀ_-tWäv Atbm-Wp-ambpw CO3 kwtbm-Pn-¨p-­m-Ip¶ kwbpà-
2

§-fpsS cmk-kq{Xw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶ L«-§Ä a\-kn-em-¡q.

3− 2+ 2−
1 Mg 2+
. PO 4 Mg CO3
Mg3 (PO4)2 Mg2 (CO3)2

Mg2/ (CO3)2/
2 2

MgCO3

Nne t]mkn-äohv Atbm-Wp-Ifpw s\K-äohv Atbm-Wp-Ifpw ]«n-I-

bn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah tNÀ¶p-­m-Im³ km[y-X-bpÅ ]c-am-
h[n eh-W-§-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS cmk-kq-{Xhpw Fgp-Xp-I.
t]mkn-äohv A-tbm¬ s\Käohv A-tbm¬
Ca2+ (ImÂkyw Atbm¬) Cl- (t¢m-ssdUv Atbm¬)
NH+4 (A-tam-Wnbw Atbm¬) SO24- (kÄt^äv Atbm¬)
PO34- (t^m-kvt^äv Atbm¬)
]«nI 5.9
]«nI 5.7 se {]Xo-I-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨v IqSp-X kwbp-à-§-fpsS
cmk-kq{Xw Is­-¯p-I.
eh-W-§-fpsS D]-tbm-K-§Ä
kky-§-fpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v At\Iw aqe-I-§Ä Bh-iy-ap-s­¶v

94 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Adn-bm-atÃm? Cu aqe-I-§Ä a®n-eqsSbmbn-cn-¡ntà kky-§Ä¡v
e`n-¡p-¶Xv?
FÃm-¯cw a®nepw C¯cw aqeI§Ä e`y-amtWm?
Cu aqe-I§- f- psS A`mhw ]cnl- c- n¡
- m³ Fs´Ãmw amÀK-§Ä kzoI-
cn¡mw?
cmk-h-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Nne ehW-§Ä NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-
¡p-¶p.
$ Atam-Wnbw kÄt^äv ( ) NH4 SO4

$ s]m«mkyw t¢mssdUv
2

KCl
$ tkmUnbw ss\t{Säv NaNO3

\nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ At\Iw eh-W-§fp­v. Ah-

bn Nne eh-W-§fpw Ah-bpsS cmk-\m-ahpw ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶Xv (]«nI 5.10) hni-I-e\w sNbvXp ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡q.
eh-W-¯nsâ t]cv cmk-\maw cmk-kq{Xw D]-tbmKw
Idn-bp¸v tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv $ioXan{inX\nÀamWw
$
NaCl

C´p¸v s]m«mkyw t¢mssdUv $

$
KCl

Xpcniv tIm¸À kÄt^äv CuSO 4 .5H2 O $IpanÄ\min\n

$
A¸-¡mcw tkmUnbw ss_ImÀ_-tWäv NaHCO3 $
$
Ae-¡p-Imcw tkmUnbw ImÀ_-tWäv Na2 CO3 .10H2 O $¥mkv \nÀamWw
$
Pn]vkw ImÂkyw kÄt^äv CaSO 4 . 2H2 O $
$
]«nI 5.10
apI-fn sImSp-¯n-«pÅ eh-W-§-fpsS hnhn[ D]-tbm-K-§Ä
Is­¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI. IqSpX ehW§fpsS t]cpIfpw
D]tbmK§fpw Is­¯m³ {ian¡q.

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 95

 1. NphsS X¶n-cn-¡p¶ Atbm-Wo-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS cmk
ka-hm-Iy-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
KCl → K+ + .................

HNO3 → H+ + .............

Mg(OH)2 → ................ + 2OH–

H2SO4 → 2H+ +................

NH4Cl → NH4+ + ...................

CaSO4 → ............. + SO42–

2. Atbm-Wp-I-fpsS {]Xo-I-§Ä t_mIvkn \n¶pw Is­¯n

Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw t]cn\v t\sc Fgp-Xp-I.

2−
SO32– , NO3– , HCO3– , OH–, CO 3 , HSO4–

ImÀ_-tW-äv -þ

ss_kÄt^-äv -þ

kÄss^-äv -þ

ss\t{S-äv -þ

sslt{Um-Ivssk-Uv -þ

ss_ImÀ_-tWäv -þ

3. a) aKv\ojyw sslt{Um-IvsskUpw [Mg(OH) 2 ] t\À¸n¨

sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUpw [HCl] X½n {]hÀ¯n-¨p-­m-

Ip¶ ehWw GXmWv?

b) {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmkka-hmIyw Fgp-Xp-I.

c) aáojyw kÄt^äv ehWw \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bhiyamb

BknUv GXmWv?

96 ck-X{- ´w IX
4. ]«n-I-bn X¶n-«pÅ ]ZmÀY-§-fnse Imä-tbm¬, B\-tbm¬

F¶nh ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

]ZmÀYw cmk-kq{Xw Imä-tbm¬ B\-tbm¬

s]m«m-kyw t¢mssdUv KCl K+ Cl-

aKv\ojyw t¢mssdUv MgCl2 ............ ............

tkmUnbw ss\t{S-äv NaNO3 ............ ............

Atam-Wnbw t¢mssdUv NH4Cl ............ ............

Aeq-an-\nbw kÄt^äv Al2(SO4)3 ............ ............

ImÂkyw t^mkvt^äv Ca3(PO4)2 ............ ............

5. Hcp _o¡-dn Ipd¨v UnÌnÂUv hm«À FSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p

A. UnÌnÂUv hm«-dnsâ pH aqeyw F{X-bmWv?

B. _o¡-dnse Pe-¯n-te¡v NphsS X¶n-cn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-§Ä

tNÀ¡p-t¼mÄ pH aqey-¯n\vv F´p amä-amWv D­m-Ip-¶Xv?
D¯cw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.
i) ImÌnIv tkmU

ii) hn\m-Kncn

6. ]«n-I-bn A tImf-¯n sImSp-¯n-«pÅ eh-W-§-fpsS icn-

bmb cmk-kq{Xhpw D]-tbm-Khpw B, C tImf-§-fn \n¶pw
Is­¯n Fgp-Xp-I.

ehWw cmk-kq{Xw D]-tbmKw

Ae-¡p-Imcw CuSO4.5H2O Aán ia\n
Pn]vkw NaHCO3 IpanÄ\m-in\n
Xpcniv Na2CO3.10H2O knaâ v\nÀamWw
A¸-¡mcw CaSO4.2H2O ¥mkv\nÀamWw

BknU- p-IÄ, B¡-enI- Ä, eh-W§- Ä 97

 7. Nne ]ZmÀY-§-fpsS pH aqeyw ]«nIbn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
]«nI \nco-£n¨v NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ tNmZy-§Ä¡v
D¯cw Is­-¯pI

]ZmÀYw pH aqeyw

hn\m-Kncn 4. 2
Np®m-¼p- shÅw 10.5
]m 6. 4
Pew 7
Sq¯v t]Ìv 8. 7

càw 7. 4

a. càw BknUv KpW-ap-ÅtXm? t_knIv KpW-ap-ÅtXm?

b. ip²-amb ]mensâ pH aqeyw 6.4 BWv.

]mev ssXcm-Ip-t¼mÄ pH aqeyw IqSptam? Ipd-bptam? D¯cw
km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.

c. ]«n-I-bn \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-h-bnÂ,
i) iàn-tb-dnb t_knIv -KpWw ImWn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀYtaXv?
ii) iàn-Ip-dª BknUv KpW-apÅ ]ZmÀY-ta-XmWv?

1. ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-¯n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ [mcmfw ]ZmÀY-§-

fn HmÀKm\nIv Bkn-Up-IÄ AS-§n-bn-«p-­v.
(D-Zm. X¡m-fn, Hmd-©v, B¸nÄ, ap´n-cn, ssXcv apX-em-b-h)
Ch Hmtcm-¶nepw AS-§n-bn-«pÅ HmÀKm\nIv BknUv GsX¶v
Is­¯n ]«nI Xbm-dm-¡p-I.

2. hnhn[ hnf-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v a®nsâ pH aqeyw Is­-¯p-¶-

Xn-\pÅ Hcp ]T\ {]hÀ¯\w sNbvXncn-¡p-atÃm? hnhn[ {]tZ-
i-§-fn \n¶pw tiJ-cn¨ a®nsâ pH aqeyw Is­-¯p-I.
pHaqey¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n Hmtcm {]tZ-is¯ a®pw
GtXXv hnf-IÄ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-sa¶v Is­-¯p-I.

98 ck-X{- ´w IX
3. a) t^mkvt^m-dnIv Bkn-Unsâ Atbm-Wo-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-
fpsS cmk-k-a-hm-Iy-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

H3PO4 → H+ + H2PO4–

(ssUssl{U-P³t^mkvt^-äv Atbm¬)

H2PO4– → H+ + .....................

(ssl-{U-P³t^mkvt^-äv Atbm¬)

3−
......... → H+ + PO 4

(t^m-kvt^-äv Atbm¬)

b) t^mkvt^m-dnIv Bkn-Un\v F{X-Xcw eh-W-§Ä D­m-¡m³

Ignbpw? F´p-sIm­v?

c) NphsS X¶n-«pÅ eh-W-§-fpsS cmk-\maw Fgp-Xm³ Ign-

bptam? {ian-¨p-t\m-¡q.

Mg(H2PO4)2

MgHPO4

Mg3(PO4)2

4. tkmUnbw ImÀ_-tWäv, s]m«mkyw t¢mssd-Uv, Atam-Wnbw

kÄt^äv F¶o eh-W-§-fpsS emb-\n-IÄ shtÆsd _o¡-dp-
I-fn FSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Na2CO3 KCl (NH4)2SO4

emb\n emb\n emb\n

A B C

Bkn-Up-IÄ, B¡-en-IÄ, eh-W§

- Ä 99
 Hmtcm emb-\n-bnepw enävakv t]¸À (Np-h-¸v, \oe) ap¡n ]pd-
s¯-Sp¡pI.
i enävakv t]¸-dnsâ \ndw amäw \nco-£n¨v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

ehWw enävakv t]¸-dnsâ \ndw ]ZmÀY-¯n-sâ kz`mhw

A

ii GsXÃmw BknUpw B¡- e nbpw tNÀ¶mWv Hmtcm

eh-Whpw D­m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv?
iii eh-W-§Ä D­m-Ip¶-Xn\v ]c-kv]cw kwtbm-Pn¨ Bkn-Un-
sâbpw B¡-en-bp-sSbpw kz`m-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
enävakv t]¸-dnsâ \nd-hyXymkw km[q-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bptam?
(kqN\: iàn-tb-dnb BknUpw iàn-tb-dnb B¡-enbpw ]c-
kv]cw {]hÀ¯n¨v D­mb eh-W-amWv s]m«mkyw t¢mssdUv)

100 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Atem-lß
- ƒ

aqeIßsf teml-߃, Atem-l-߃ F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-

s≠∂v \n߃°-dn-bmw. teml-ß-sf-°p-dn®v ap≥¢m- n¬ ]Tn-®n-´p-
≠-t√m.
F∂m¬ \n߃°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb Atem-l-߃ GsXm-s°-bmWv?
GsX√mw kμ¿`-ß-fn-emWv \mw Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?
$ hmbp-hn¬ Db¿∂p t]mIp-∂ _eq-Wp-Iƒ ck-I-c-amb ImgvN-
bt√? GXp hmX-I-amWv AXn¬ \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv?
$ izk-\m-h-iy-߃°mbn Bip-]{Xn-I-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ knen-
≠-dp-I-fn¬ \nd-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw GXp hmX-I-amWv?
$ {]h¿Ø-\£
- a
- X Iq´p-∂X
- n-\mbn Sb-dp-If
- n¬ \nd-b°
v p∂ hmXIw
GXmWv?

Atem-l߃ 101
 Cu kµÀ`-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ aqe-I-§Ä FÃmw Xs¶ Atem-
l-§f- m-Wv. teml-§s- f-t¸mse Xs¶ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ GXm\pw
Atem-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Cu A[ym-b-¯n IqSp-X ]Tn-¡mw.
A´co£hmbphn GsXÃmw hmXI§Ä AS§nbn«p­v?
NphsS ImWp¶ Nn{Xw 6.1, ]«nI 6.1 F¶nh hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I.
BÀtKm¬
0.9% kot\m¬
0.000009% LSI§Ä iXam\w
HmIvkn-P³
20.95%
\ntbm¬
0.0018% ss\{SP³ .
78 08
ssl{U-P³
0.00005% HmIvknP³ .
20 95
ss\{S-P³
78.08%
loenbw
0.0005% BÀtKm¬ .
09
ImÀ_¬
ssUHmIvsskUv
0.038% ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUv .
0 038

aäpÅh .
0 032

Nn{Xw 6.1 ]«nI 6.1

A´co£hmbphn Gähpw IqSpX Afhn AS§nbncn¡p¶
hmXIw GXmWv?
Blmc ]ZmÀY§fnepÅ LSIaqeI§Ä GsXms¡sb¶p
t\m¡mw.
A¶Pw (Carbohydrate) ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³
:

t{]m«o³ (Protein) ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³,

:

ss\{S-P³
sImgp¸v (Fat) : ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³
C\n Nne ¹mÌn¡pIfnse LSIaqeI§Ä t\m¡q.
]n.hn.kn ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, t¢mdn³
:

t]mfn¯o³ ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³

:

ImÀ_¬, ssl{U-P³, HmIvkn-P³,ss\{S-P³, t¢mdn³ F¶n-h-

sbÃmw Atem-l-§-fm-W-tÃm. PohÂ{]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p am{XaÃ,
hymhkmbnI cwK¯pw Ateml§Ä¡v hfscb[nIw
{]m[m\yap­v. Nne Ateml§Ä \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.
ssl{UP³ (Hydrogen)

ssl{U-P³ hmX-Is¯¡pdn-¨v \n§Ä¡v Fs´Ãmw Adnbmw?

kqcy\nsebpw \£{X§fnsebpw apJyLSIw ssl{UP\mWv.
ssl{UP³ A´co£hmbphn hfsc sNdnb Af- h nÂ
kzX{´mhØbn ImWs¸Sp¶p­.v
102 ck-X{- ´w IX
 ssl{U-Psâ Hcp {][m\ kwbp-à-amWv Pew.
ssl{U-Ps\ Is­-¯Â ssPhhkvXp-¡-fn [mcm-f-ambn ssl{U-P³ AS-
1766 Â sl³{Sn §n-bn-«p-­v.
Imh³Unjv
F¶
(Henry
\n§Ä¡dnbmhp¶ ssl{UP³ kwbpà§Ä
{_n«ojv imkv{X-
Cavandish)
]«n-I-s¸-Sp¯pI.
Ú-\mWv ssl{U-
P³ I­p-]n-Sn-¨-Xv. $ H2 SO 4

sl³{Sn Imh³Unjv
I¯p¶ hmbp $
(Inflammable Air)
1731 þ 1810 ssl{UP³ \nÀan¡mw
F¶mWv At±lw CXns\ hnti-jn-¸n-
¨Xv. Pew D­m-¡p-¶Xv F¶ AÀYw Hcp sSÌvSyq_n 5 mL t\À¸n¨ sslt{Umt¢mdnIv
hcp¶ F¶ ]Z-¯n BknUv FSp¯v AXnte¡v A¸w kn¦v XcnIÄ
\n¶mWv ssl{U-P³ F¶ t]cv e`n-¨Xv.
'Hydrogenes'

CSpI (Nn{Xw 6.2). sSÌvSyq_nsâ hmbv`mK¯v

I¯n¨ Xos¸«ns¡mÅn sIm­phcq. F´mWv
\nco£n¨Xv?

s]m«Â i_vZt¯msS I¯p¶ Cu hmXIw GXmWv?

cmk{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kaoIcn¨ kahmIyw FgpXn t\m¡mw.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

Cu cmk- { ]- h À¯- \ - ¯ nse A`n- I m- c - I - § fpw

DÂ]-¶-§fpw GsXm-s¡-bmWv?

Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n ssl{U-P³ hmX-I-

t¯m-sSm¸w kn¦v t¢mssdUv D­m-bXv F§-
s\-bmWv?

Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯\¯n sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv
Bkn-Unse ssl{U-Psâ Øm\¯v GXv Bä-
amWv h¶p-tN-À¶Xv?
HCl
AXm-bXv sslt{Um t¢mdnIv BknUv X·m-{X-
Zn bnse ssl{U-P³ Bäs¯ amän B Øm\-
t¯¡v kn¦v Bäw h¶p-tN-cp-¶p. C¯-c-¯nÂ
Hcp kwbp-à-¯nse Hcp aqe-Is¯ asämcp

BtZi cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
aqeIw BtZiw sN¿p¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf
( displacement
reactions/substitution reactions) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.

Nn{Xw 6.2
Atem-l§Ä 103
 teml- § fpw t\À¸n¨ Bkn- U p- I - f p- a m- b pÅ {]hÀ¯\w
BtZi cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

Mg + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + H2

BtZi cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v aäv Nne DZm-l-c-W-§Ä

Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
2NaBr + Cl2 2NaCl + Br2
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
\n§-fpsS ck-X{- ´- ]mT]pkvXI
- ¯
- nÂ\n¶pw C¯cw cmk-{]-hÀ¯-
\-¯n\v IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Is­-¯q.

DÕh¸d¼nepw aäpw ssl{UP³ _eqWpIÄ hmbphn DbÀ-

¶ps]m§p¶Xn \n¶v ssl{UPsâ km{µXsb Ipdn¨v F´\pam-
\n¡mw?

ssl{UPsâ Nne cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

1. ssl{UP\pw HmIvkn-P\pw X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯\w

ssl{U-P³ HmIvkn-P\ - n I¯pt¼mÄ Pew D­m-Ip-¶p. CXv

Hcp Xm]-tam-NI {]hÀ¯-\-am-Wv. [ssl{U-P-tâbpw HmIvkn-
P-tâbpw an{in-X¯
- n¡qSn sshZypX kv^penw-K§
- Ä (electric
spark) IS-¯n-hn-«mepw Pew e`n-¡pw.]

2H2 + O2 2H2O + Xm]w

ChnsS GsXms¡ ]ZmÀ°-§Ä BWv cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ

GÀs¸-Sp-¶Xv?
ssl{U-P-tâbpw HmIvkn-P-tâbpw X·m-{X-IÄ kwtbm-Pn-¨v
Pew D­m--Ip-sa¶v \n§Ä¡-dn-bmw.
C¯-c-¯n ct­m AXn-e-[n-Itam eLp-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä (aqe-
I-§Ä/kwbp-à-§Ä) kwtbm-Pn¨v Hcp kwbpàw D­m-
Ip¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\s¯ kwtbm-P\ cmk{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä
(combination reactions) F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶p.
2. ssl{U-P\pw t¢mdn\pw X½n-epÅ {]hÀ¯\w
kqcy-{]-Im-i¯
- nsâ km¶n-[y-¯n ssl{U-P³ t¢mdn-\p-ambn
kwtbm-Pn¨v ssl{U-P³ t¢mssdUv F¶ kwbpàw D­m-
Ip-¶p.
104 ck-X{- ´w IX
H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2HCl LRDZ\>*NJX
CXv Hcp -kw-tbm-P\ {]hÀ¯-\-atÃ? -kw-tbm-P\ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v
IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Is­-¯q.
-kw-tbm-P\ {]hÀ¯-§Ä¡v IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-§Ä
N2 + 3H2 2NH3

2Mg + O2 2MgO

H2 + S H2S

2Na + H2 2NaH

CaO + H2O Ca (OH)2

ssl{U-Psâ Nne D]-tbm-K-§Ä X¶n-cn-¡p-¶p.

$ Atam- W n- b , saX- t \mÄ F¶n- h - b psS hymh- k m- b nI
\nÀamW¯n\v
$ A]q-cnX F®-Isf ]qcn-X-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v
$ CÔ-\-ambn
$
ssl{UP³ CÔ\ambn
ssl{U-P³ I¯p¶ hmX-I-am-Wv. CXv \Ã Hcp CÔ-\-am-Wv.
Hcp {Kmw hnhn[ CÔ\§fpsS Pze\waqew D­mIp¶
Xmt]mÀP¯nsâ Afhv ImWn-¡p¶ {Km^v (Nn{Xw 6.3) t\m¡q.
160
143
(kJ/g)

140
(Octane)

ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-IvsskUv
Pze\w aqe-ap-­m-Ip¶ DuÀPw

120
ImÀt_m-sslt{Uäp-IÄ
(Carbon)
aosXbv³
ssl{U-P³

100
s]t{SmÄ

FX-t\mÄ

80
I¡cn

saX-t\mÄ

60 56
48
40 33 30
23
20 16
10
0
CÔ-\-§Ä
Nn{Xw 6.3
Atem-l§Ä 105
 Hcp bqWnäv amkv CÔ\w ]qÀW- a mbn Pzen- ¡ p- t ¼mÄ
kzX{´am¡p¶ Xmt]mÀPamWv B CÔ-\-¯nsâ ItemdnI aqeyw
(Calorific value).

ItemdnI aqeyw IqSnb CÔ\w ChbnteXmWv?

ssl{UP³ hmbphn Pzen¡pt¼mÄ D­mIp¶ DÂ]¶w GXm-
bn-cn¡pw?
Hcp CÔ\sa¶ \nebn Fs´ms¡ ta·IÄ ssl{UP\p­v.
]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯mw.

^yqh sk (Fuel Cell)

$
$
e`yX IqSp-X-emWv

ssl{UP³ hmXIhpw HmIvknP³ $

hmXIhpw D]tbmKn¨psIm­v
{]tXyI kwhn[m\¯neqsS ssh- Cu ta·IÄ D­mbn«pw ssl{UP³ Hcp KmÀlnI
ZypXn D¸mZn¸n¡p¶ skÃp CÔ\ambn D]tbmKn¡p¶nÃ. Nne ]cn-an-Xn-I-fmWv
IfmWv ssl{UP³þHmIv k nP³ CXn\p Imc- W w. ssl{UP³ kv t ^mS\t¯msS
^yqh skÃpIÄ. Pzen¡p¶ hmXIamWv. CXv kw`cn¨p hbv¡m\pw
C¯cw skÃp-If - psS Nne ta·-IÄ: hnXcWw sN¿m\pw {]bmkamWv. Cu ]cnanXnIÄ
1) aen\oIcWanÃ. adnIS¡m³ Ignªm ssl{UP³ kmÀh{XnI
2) DbÀ¶ {]hÀ¯-\£ - a- X. CÔ\ambn amdpw. t^mkn CÔ\§fpsS e`yX-
^yph skÃp-IÄ Ct¸mÄ _lncm ¡pdhv, ]cnkc aen\oIcWw XpS§nb {]iv\§Ä
Imihml\§fnepw A´Àhm-ln- ]cnlcn¡m³ CXneqsS Ignbpw.
\n-If
- nepw D]tbmKn¨p h-cp-¶p.
`mhnbn CÔ\ambn ssl{UPs\ D]tbmKn¡m³
IgnªmepÅ km[yXIsf¡pdn¨v Ipdn¸p X¿mdm¡n
AhXcn¸n¡q.
HmIvknP³ F¶ {]mWhmbp
(Oxygen - The breath of life)

Pohsâ \ne\n¸n\v AXy´mt]£nXamb hmXIamWv

{]mWhmbp F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ HmIvknP³. HmIvknP³ AS§nb
GXm\pw kwbpà§Ä ]«nIs¸Sp¯q.
$ CH O 6 12 6
$ CuO
$ CaCO 3
$
$
A´co£hmbphn HmIvknPsâ Afhv Hcp ]cn[nbn IpdbmsX
Øncambn \ne\nÂt¡­Xv AXymhiyamWtÃm. HmIvknPsâ
Afhv Øncambn \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xn kky§Ä¡pÅ ]¦ns\-
¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡n ¢mkn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡q.
106 ck-X{- ´w IX
 {]IrXnbn HmIvknPsâ km¶n[yw

`qh¡¯n Gähpw IqSpXembn ImWs¸Sp¶ aqeIamWv

HmIvknP³. ]mdIfnepw a®nepw [mcmfw HmIvknP³ kwbpà§Ä
D­v. A´co£hmbp, Pew, [mXp¡Ä, PohPme§Ä F¶nhbn-
seÃmw HmIvknP³ kzX{´mhØbntem kwbpà cq]¯ntem
ImWs¸Sp¶p­v.
]«nI 6.2 hniIe\w sNbvXv `qan-bn HmIvkn-Psâ km¶n[yw a\-
kn-em-¡q.
{]Ir-Xn-bn HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW¶v t_m[y-
ambtÃm.

HmIvkn-Psâ I­p-]n-Sp¯w `qh¡w 45 þ 50%

1774Â tPmk^v {]oÌnen (Joseph
Pew 88 þ 90%
Priestley) F¶ imkv{X-Ú-\mWv
HmIvkn-P³ hmXIw I­p-]n-Sn-¨X
- v. [mXp¡Ä 45 þ 50%
F¶m HmIvkn-P³ F¶ t]cv
\ÂIn-bXv emthm-knb F¶ A´co£hmbp 21%
{^©v imkv{XPvR\mWv. BknUv
D­m-¡p¶Xv F¶ AÀYw hcp¶
kky§Ä 60 þ 70%
tPmk^v {]oÌven 'Oxygenes' F¶ hm¡n \n¶mWv
P´p¡Ä 60 þ 70%
(1733þ1804) HmIvkn-P³ F¶ t]cv- kzoIcn¨Xv
]«nI 6.2

HmIvknP³ \nÀan¡mw
s]m«mkyw
s]Àam-wK-t\äv ]co-£W ime-bn HmIvkn-P³ \nÀan-¡p¶ ]co-
£-W-¯nsâ Nn{Xw \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv \nco£n-
¡pI (Nn{Xw 6.4).
HmIvknP³ \nÀan¡m³ Fs´Ãmw kma{KnIfmWv
D]tbmKn¨Xv?
$ CuÀ¸clnXamb t_mbnenMv Syq_v
$ s]m«mkyw s]Àamw-K-t\äv {InÌ-ep-IÄ
$
s]m«mkyw s]ÀamwKt\äv FSp- ¯ ncn- ¡ p¶
t_mbnenMv Syq_v NqSm-¡p-I.
Nn{Xw 6.4
Atem-l§Ä 107
 t_mbnenMv Syq_n\pÅnte¡v Fcnbp¶ Xos¸- « ns¡mÅn
IS¯nt\m¡q. F´mWv \nco£n¨Xv?

Xo Bfn¡¯nbXv GXv hmXI¯nsâ km¶n[yamWv

kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv?

cmk{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kahmIyw ]qÀ¯nbm¡q.

2KMnO4 + Xm]w K2MnO4 + MnO2 + ............
s]m«mkyw s]m«mkyw amw-K-\okv
s]Àam-wK-t\äv amw-K-t\äv Utbm-IvsskUv

Cu ]co-£-W-¯n GXp kwbp-à-¯nsâ hnL-S\w aqe-amWv

HmIvkn-P³ (O ) D­m-Ip-¶-Xv. hnL-S-\-^-e-am-bp-­mb D¸-¶-§Â
2
GsX-ÃmamWv?
Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w hn-L-S\w F¶dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Hcp kwbpàw
hnL-Sn¨v ct­m AXn-e-[n-Itam DÂ]-¶-§Ä D­m-Ip¶ cmk-{]-
hÀ¯-\-amWv hn-L-S\w (Decomposition) hn-L-S-\-¯n\v aäv DZm-l-c-
W-§Ä Is­-¯m-a-tÃm.
2NaCl sshZypXn 2Na + Cl2
2KClO3 Xm]w 2KCl + 3O2
2H2O2 2H2 O + O2
Pe-¯nsâ sshZypX hntÇ-jWw \n§Ä ]Tn-¨n-«p-­v.
sshZypXn
2H O
2 ................ + .............
Cu amÀK-¯n-eq-sS HmIvkn-P³ \nÀan-¡m-atÃm. Cu cmk-{]-hÀ¯\
hpw -hn-L-S-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv.
NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶hbn HmIv k n- P - \ p- a mbn _Ô- s ¸«v
icn-bm-bh SnIv (ü)-sN-¿pI.
\ndw D­v / CÃ
KÔw D­v / CÃ
P-e-¯nse tebXzw ebn-¡p¶p / ebn-¡p-¶nÃ
Pze\kz`mhw I¯p¶p/I¯m³ klm-bn-¡p¶p
C\n HmIvknPsâ Nne cmk{]hÀ¯\§Ä ]cnNbs¸Smw.
Hcp ]ZmÀ°w HmIvknP\n I¯p¶ {]hÀ¯\amWv Pze\w.

108 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Hcp kv ] mäpebn AÂ]w kÄ^À FSp¯v I¯n¨pt\m¡q.
F´mWv \nco£n¨Xv?
A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ KÔw \n§Ä¡v ]cnNbapt­m?

kÄ^À HmIv k nP\pambn kwtbmPn¨v kÄ^À

ssPh hnL-S\w ssUHmIvsskUv D­mbXmWv CXn\p ImcWw.
kky- § - f p- s Sbpw P´p¡- f p-
sSbpw Ahin-jvS-§Ä ssPh S + O2 SO2

hnL-S-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-sW¶v CXpt]mse ImÀ_¬, ssl{UP³ apXemb

\n§Ä¡v Adn-bm-at- Ãm. Ah-bnse Ateml§fpambn HmIvknP³ {]hÀ¯n¨v bYm-{Iaw
ssPhX·m-{X-I-fn _mIvSo-cnb, ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUpw Pehpw D­m-Ip-¶p. cmk
^wKkv F¶o kq£vaPohn-IÄ {]hÀ¯\§fpsS kahmIyw ]qÀ¯nbm¡q.
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xp aqe-am-WnXv. Cu
kq£vaPohn-IÄ ssPhX·m-{X- C + O2 .................
Isf HmIvko-Ic- n-¨mWv Ah-bpsS
PohÂ{]hÀ¯-\§ - Ä¡v Bh-iy- 2H2 + O2 ...............
amb DuÀPw D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶X- v. Aepan\nbw, Ab¬ XpS§n hnhn[ teml§Ä¡v
Ime- { I- t aW Xnf¡w CÃm- X mhp¶Xv I­n«ntÃ?
HmIvkn-P³ Cu teml-§-fp-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v Ah-bpsS HmIvssk-
Up-I-fp-­m-Ip-¶Xv CXn\v Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv.
HmIvknPsâ aäv D]-tbm-K-§Ä Fs´-Ãmw.
$ Pze\¯n\v
$ tdm¡äv CÔ\§fn HmIvkoImcnbmbn
$ Ir{Xnaizk\¯n\v
$
Hmtkm¬ (Ozone)

c­v Bä§Ä tNÀ¶ ZzbmtämanI (diatomic) X·m{XbmbmWtÃm

HmIvknP³ I­phcp¶Xv.
F¶m aq¶v HmIvknP³ Bä§Ä tNÀ¶ {Xbm-täm-anI (triatomic)
X·m{XbmWv Hmtkm¬ (O3).
A´co£¯nse kv{Smtämkv^nbdnemWv (stratosphere) Hmtkm¬
IqSpXembn ImWs¸Sp¶Xv. A´co£ HmIvknP³ DuÀPw IqSnb
AÄ{Smhbeäv (ultraviolet) hnIncW§sf BKncWw sNbvXp hnLSn-
¡p¶p. C§s\bp­mIp¶ HmIvknP³ Bä§Ä O2 X·m{Xbpambn
kwtbmPn¨v O3 X·m{Xbmbn amdp¶p.
Atem-l§Ä 109
 t¢mtdm^vfqtdmImÀ_WpIÄ
Chlorofluorocarbons
t¢mdn³, ^vfqdn³, ImÀ_¬ F¶o
Bä§Ä AS§nb Hcp hn`mKw
kwbp- à §fmWv t¢mtdm^v f q
tdmIm- À _WpIÄ AYhm CFC.
Chsb aÀZw {]tbmKn¨v Ffp¸-
¯n {ZhoIcn¡m³ Ignbpw. {Zho-
I-cn¨ CFC IÄ _mjv]oIcn¡p
t¼mÄ \Ã XWp¸p­m¡p¶Xn
Hmtkm¬ DuÀPw Ipdª AÄ{Smhbeäv hnIn-c-
W§sf BKncWw sNbvXp ho­pw HmIvknP\mbn
amdp¶p­v. Cu Nm{InI (Cyclic) {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ
^eambn A´co£¯nse HmtkmWnsâ Afhv
Øncambn \ne\n¡p¶p.
Cu {]hÀ¯-\-¯n DuÀP-¯n-\mbn kqcy-\nÂ\n¶p
ICF  I * D8
"€ 4
N O
W

\ O
X

\m d{^n-Pt- d-äd- p-IÄv, F.kn. apXem-

bhbn Ch D]tbmKn¡p¶p­v.
Cu D]-I-c-W-§Ä D]-tbmKiq\y-
O3 O2

ambn Dt]-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ CFC IÄ ]p-

d-¯p-hc- m³ Imc-Wa- mIpw. Hmtkm¬
]mfn-bpsS timj-W¯ - n\v CFC Imc-
W-am-Ip-¶p-­v. Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-bpsS hcp¶ AÄ{Smhb-eäv hnIn-c-W-§-fm-WtÃm D]-tbm-
kwc- £ - W - ¯ n\mbpÅ t_m[- Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. AXn-\m amc-I-amb C¯cw hnIn-c-
h¡-cW - ¯
- n\pth­n sk]vXw-_À W-§Ä Aan-X-ambn `qan-bn-se-¯p-¶n-Ã.
16 A´mcm-j{S Hmtkm¬ Zn\-ambn
BN-cn-¡p-¶p.

Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-bpsS timjWw

(Ozone Layer Depletion)

t¢mtdm^vfqtdmImÀ_Wp-IÄ (CFC) Hmtkm¬ ]mfn-bpsS timj-W-

¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip¶p­v.
A´co£¯n Ie-cp¶ t¢mtdm^vfqtdmImÀ_WpIÄ kv{Smtäm-
kv^nbdnse¯n kzbw hnL-Sn¨v D­m-Ip¶ t¢mdn³, Hmtkm¬
X·m{Xsb hnL-Sn-¸n¨v HmIvknP\m¡n amäp¶p. CXv Hmtkm¬ þHmIvkn-
P³ Nm{InI{]hmls¯ Ak´penXam¡p¶p.
A´co£¯nse HmtkmWn\p­mIp¶ timjWw AÄ{Smhbeäv
hnIncW§fpsS BKn-c-W-¯n Ipd-hp-­m-¡p-atÃm.
AÄ{Sm-h-b-eäv hnIn-c-W-§Ä Aan-X-ambn `qan-bn-se-¯p-¶Xv Poh-Pm-e-
§Ä¡pw ]cn-Øn-Xn¡pw Fs´Ãmw tZmj-^-e-§Ä D­m-¡pw? Ipdn¸v
Xbm-dm-¡pI.

110 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Hmtkm¬ ]mfnbpsS kwc£Ww Dd¸m¡n
A´-co£ ]mfnI- Ä PohPme§fpsS kpc£ Dd¸phcp¯p¶Xn\v \ap¡v
Fs´Ãmw Imcy§Ä sN¿m³ Ignbpw? ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯q.
`utam- ] - c n- X - e - ¯ n \n¶p- f f Dbcw IqSp- C¶v kn.F^v.kn. an¡ cmPy§fnepw \nb-{´W hnt[-
t´mdpw Xm]-\n-e-bn D­m-Ip¶ hyXn-bm\w b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. tZmj-I-c-amb CFC ¡v ]Icw aäp
A\p-kc
- n¨v `qan-bpsS A´-co-£s¯ 5 ]mfn- kwbp-à-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-¶p. CXv Hmtkm¬
I-fmbn Xcw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]mfnbpsS timjW \nc¡v Ipd¡phm³ klm-
1. t{Smt¸m- k v ^ n- b À : `utam- ] - c n- X - e - t ¯mSv bIambn«p­v.
tNÀ¶vv ImW-s¸-Sp¶ A´-co£ ]mfn-bm-Wn-
Xv. Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\w kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv ss\{SP³ (Nitrogen)
Cu ]mfn-bn-em-Wv (D]-cn-Xew apXÂ 8 þ 14.5
Km hsc hym]n¨p InS-¡p-¶p).
A´-co-£-hm-bp-hnse apJy LS-I-am-Wv ss\{S-P³.
2. kv{Smtäm-kv^n-bÀ : t{Smt¸m-kv^n-bd- n\v sXm«p-
A´co£¯n ss\{SP³ hmXI¯nsâ Afhv
ap-I-fn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. Hmtkm¬ ]mfn IqSnbncn¡p¶Xv sIm­pÅ {]tbmP\w F´msW¶v
ImW-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Chn-sS-bm-Wv (GI-tZiw 50 Nn´n¨n«pt­m?
Km hsc hym]n¨p InS-¡p-¶p).
N ≡ N
3. aotkm-kv^n-bÀ : Xm]-\ne Gähpw Ipd-hp-
ff Cu ]mfn kv{Smtäm-kv^n-bd
- n\v sXm«p apI- ss\{SP³ X·m{Xbn {Xn_Ô\amWtÃm DÅXv.
fn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p (85 Km hsc hym]n¨p iàamb Cu _Ô\w aqew ss\{SP³ \njv{Inb-
InS-¡p-¶p). amWv. A´-co-£-hm-bp-hnse HmIvkn-Psâ km¶n-²y-
4. sXÀtam-kv^n-bÀ : kqcysâ NqSp aqew Cu
¯n-em-WtÃm Pze\w \S-¡p-¶Xv. Pze\\nc¡v \nb{´n-
]mfn-bpsS Xm]-\ne hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv
(GI-tZiw 600 Km hsc hym]n¨p InS-¡p-
¡p¶Xn ss\{SP\v henb ]¦mWpÅXv.
¶p).
kkyhfÀ¨¡v A\nhmcyamb Hcp aqeIamWv
5. FIv t km- k v ^ n- b À : A´- c o- £ - ¯ nsâ
ASp¯ ]mfn-bmWv CXv (10,000km hsc
ss\{SP³. A´co£¯n ss\{SP³ [mcmfap-
_ln-cm-Im-i-t¯bv¡p hym]n¨p InS-¡p-
s­¦nepw kky§Ä¡v t\cn«p hens¨Sp¡m³ km[y-
¶p). aÃ. kky§Ä¡v ss\{SP³ e`n¡p¶Xv F§s\sbm-
s¡bmhmw? \n§Ä a\Ênem-¡n-bn-«pÅ amÀK§Ä
Ipdn¡q.
ss\{SP³ kwbpàmhØbn a®n Iecpt¼mÄ kky§Ä¡v
BKncWw sN¿m³ Ffp¸amWv.
CSnan¶ep­mIpt¼mÄ ss\{SP³ X·m{Xbnse {Xn_Ô\w
hntOZn¡s¸Sp-Ibpw ss\{S-P³ A´co£ HmIvknP\p-ambn
kwtbmPn¨v ss\{SnIv HmIvsskUv (NO) D­mIpIbpw sN¿p¶p.
N2 + O2 2NO
C{]Imcap­mIp¶ ss\{SnIv HmIvsskUv IqSpXÂ HmIvknP\pambn
kwtbmPn¨v ss\{SP³ ssUHmIvsskUv (NO2) D­mIp¶p. cmk
{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kahmIyw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨v kao-I-cn-¡q.

NO + O2 ...........

Atem-l§Ä 111
 ss\{SP³ ssUHmIvsskUv HmIvkn-Psâ
ss\{S-P³ Ønco-Ic- Ww kky-§f- n km¶n- [ y- ¯ n agshůn ebn¨v
ss\{SnIv BknUmbn (HNO 3) a®nse-
¯p¶p.
_mIvSo-cnb A´-co£
]bÀ hÀ¤¯nÂs¸« sNSn-If
- psS thcp-Ifnse

ss\{S-Ps\ BKn-cWw sNbvXv kwbpà-

ssdtkm-_nbw (Rizobium)
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2 → 4HNO3
§fm¡p¶p. CXv a®nsâ ss\{SPsâ Afhv
hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xn\v klm-bI- a- m-Ip-¶p. Cu ss\{SnIv BknUv a®nse [mXp-
¡fpambn {]hÀ¯n¨v D­mIp¶ ss\t{Säv
ehW§Ä sNSnIÄ hens¨Sp- ¡ p¶p.
AXn\m CSnan¶Â kky§Ä¡v
A\p{KlamsW¶v ]dbmatÃm. C¯c¯n hfsc Ipd¨v ss\{SP³
am{Xta kky§Ä¡p e`n¡p¶pÅq.
kkyhfÀ¨bv¡mhiyamb aqeI§Ä IqSnb Afhn e`n¡p¶
Xn\pÅ Hcp amÀ¤w kky§fpsSbpw P´p¡fpsSbpw AhinjvS
§Ä NoªgpIp¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.
asäs´Ãmw amÀ¤§fps­¶v enÌv sN¿mtam?
$ ssPhhf{]tbmKw.
$
ssPhhf{]tbmK¯nsâ ta·Ifpw ]cnanXnIfpw ]«nIs¸Sp¯q.
$ ]cn-ØnXn kulrZw.
$ a®nsâ kzm`m-hn-IX \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p.
$
CXns\ cmk-hf{]tbm-K-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿q.
ss\{SPsâ aäp]tbmK§Ä Fs´ÃmamWv?
$ ss\{SP³ hf§fpsS \nÀamWw.
$ hml\§fpsS SbdpIfn \ndbv¡p¶Xn\v.
$ {ZhoIcn¨ ss\{SP³ ioXoImcnbmbn.
$ Blmc ]m¡äpIfn HmIvknPsâ km¶n[yw Hgnhm¡p¶Xn\v.
$
t¢mdn³ (Chlorine)
Peip²oIcW¯n\p »o¨nMv ]uUÀ ( B l e a c h i n g P o w d e r )
tNÀ¡p¶Xp I­n«ntÃ? »o¨nMv ]uUdnsâ KÔw ]cnNnXatÃ?
»o¨nMv ]uUdn AS§nbn-cn¡p¶ {][m\ LSIamb t¢mdnsâ
KÔamWXv.
112 ck-X{- ´w IX
 {]IrXnbn t¢mdn³ kzX{´mhØbn ImWs¸Sp

t¢mdn³ Is­-¯Â ¶nÃ. t¢mdnsâ DbÀ¶ cmk{]hÀ¯\tijnbmWv

CXn\p ImcWw.

1774 Â ImÄ
hneyw jose \n§Ä¡p ]cnNbapÅ t¢mdn³ kwbpà§Ä ]«nI-

s¸-Sp-¯q.

F¶ imkv{X-
(Carl Wilhem Sche-

Ú\mWv t¢mdn (HCl)

ele) $ ssl{UP³ t¢mssdUv

³ hmXIw I­p- $

]nSn-¨Xv. F¶mÂ-
AsXmcp aqe-Ia- m-
$

ImÄ hneyw jose sW¶v A¶v t¢mdn³ \nÀamWw

(1742 1786
þ )

At±-lw Adn-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. 1810 ]co£Wimebn t¢mdn³ \nÀan¡p¶-Xn\v D]-I-

lw{^n tUhn-bmWv t¢mdn³ Hcp aqe- c-W-§Ä kÖo-I-cn-¡p-¶hn[w Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

I- a m- s W¶v Ønco- I - c n- ¨ - X v . ]¨ 6.5)

IeÀ¶ aª F¶v
(Nn{Xw

AÀYw hcp¶ F¶ ]Z-

(Greenish Yellow)

¯n \n¶mWv t¢mdn³ F¶ t]cp

Chloros

e`n-¨Xv.

KMnO4+
-KmV HCl

Cl 2

H2O H 2SO 4

Nn{Xw 6.5
cmk{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ kaoIcn¨ kahmIyw FgpXnbncn¡p¶Xp
{i²n¡q.
2KMnO4 + 16HCl → 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5Cl2

t¢mdn³ \nÀan¡p¶Xn\mhiyamb A`nImcI§Ä GsXÃmamWv?

GsXms¡bmWv D¸¶§Ä?
t¢mdn³ hmX-Is¯ Pe-¯n-eqsS IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶s
- X-´n-\m-sW¶v Adn-
bmtam? t¢mdn-t\m-sSm¸w ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ ssl{U-P³ t¢mssdUv

Atem-l§Ä 113
 _mjv]s¯ Pe-¯n ebn-¸n¨v \o¡w sN¿m³ th­n-bmWv
C§s\ sN¿p-¶-Xv.
t¢mdnt\msSm¸w D­mIp¶ Pe_mjv]w \o¡w sN¿m³ F´mWv
amÀKw?
t¢mdn³ hmXIs¯ KmV kÄ^yqcnIv BknUne- qsS
IS¯nhnSpt¼mÄ AXne-S§nbn-cn¡p¶ Pe_mjv]-
t¢mdn³ c£-It\m in£-It\m? s¯ hens¨Sp¡m³ kÄ-^yqcnIv BknUn\v Ignbpw.
Kymkv Pmdn t¢mdn³ tiJcn¡p¶ hn[w {i²n¡q.
t¢mdn³hmXI¯nsâ KpW§Ä ]«nIs¸Sp¯q.
\ndw
KÔw
km{µX

H¶mw temI bp-²I - m-e¯v PÀa\n

D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶ cmkm-bp-[§
- f- n t¢mdnsâ »o¨nwKv {]hÀ¯-\w
{][m-\w t¢mdn³ hmXIw Bbncp CuÀ¸-c-lnX-X-amb t¢mdn³ \nÀan¨v c­v Pmdp-I-fnÂ
¶p. cmkm-bp[{]tbm-K-¯n-eqsS tiJcn¡pI. Hcp Pmdn-te¡v enäva-kv t]¸À, \ndapÅ
A¶v [mcmfw Bfp-IÄ sImÃ-s¸«p.- XpWn¡j-W-§Ä, hÀW¡Semkv F¶nh \\¨
\nc-h[n t]À¡p amc-I-ambn ]cn tijw CSp-I. H«pw-Xs¶ \\-hn-ÃmsX CtX hkvXp-
t¡äp. ¡Ä Xs¶ c­m-as¯ Pmdnepw CSp-I. F´mWv
F¶m C¶v t¢mdn³ \ap¡v tcm \nco-£n--¡p¶Xv?
K-§Ä hcm-Xn-cn-¡m-³ Pe-ip-²o-I- GXp Pmdn-epÅ hkvXp-¡Ä¡mWv \ndw amäw kw`-
c-W¯- n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ AWp-\m- hn-¨Xv?
in- \ n- I - f n {][m- \ - s ¸- « - X mWv . t¢mdn³ hmXI¯n\v \\ª hkv X p¡sf
\nch[n t¢mdn³ kwbpà§Ä \ndanÃmXm¡m\pÅ Ignhps­¶v hyà-am-bntÃ?
\mw Znhkhpw D]tbmKn¡p¶p­v. AXm-bXv t¢mdnsâ »o¨nwKv {]hÀ¯\w CuÀ¸-
¯nsâ km¶n-[y-¯n am{Xw \S-¡p¶p.
»o¨nwKnsâ ck-X{´w
t¢mdn³ CuÀ¸-hp-ambn {]hÀ¯n¡
- p-¶X- nsâ cmk-ka- h- mIyw \ÂIn-
bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
Cl2 + H2O HCl + HOCl
ChnsS {]hÀ¯-\-^-e-am-bp-­m-Ip¶ sslt¸m-t¢m-dkv BknUv
( ) Hcp AØnc kwbp-à-am-Wv. AXv hnL-Sn-¡p-¶p.
HOCl

114 ck-X{- ´w IX
ka-hmIyw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¡q
HOCl ........... + [O]
HOCl \v D­mb amäw hn-L-S\ {]hÀ¯-\-ambn IW-¡m-¡mtam?
ChnsS hnL-S\ ^e-am-bp-­m-Ip¶ \h-PmX HmIvkn-P³ (nascent
oxygen ) \nd-apÅ hkvXp-¡sf HmIvko-I-cn¨v \nd-an-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶p.
CXmWv t¢mdnsâ »o¨nwKv {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\w.
t¢mdnsâ »o¨nwKv {]hÀ¯\w HmIvko-Ic- W {]hÀ¯-\a- mWv F´p-
sIm­v?
CuÀ¸-¯nsâ Akm-¶n-[y-¯n »o¨nwKv {]hÀ¯\w \S-¡m-¯-
Xnsâ ImcWw hyà-am-btÃm?
t¢mdnsâ Hcp {][m\ kwbp-à-amWv Idn-bp¸v F¶ t]cn \ap¡v
kp]-cn-NnX-amb tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv (NaCl). kap-{Z-P-e-¯nepw D¸p-
]m-d-bpsS cq]-¯n-ep-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu kwbpàw {]Ir-Xn-
bn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
2Na + Cl2 2NaCl
tkmUn-bhpw t¢mdn\pw X½n kwtbm-Pn-¡p¶ Cu {]hÀ¯\w
kw-tbm-P-\- {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v DZm-l-c-W-atÃ?
t¢mdnsâ D]tbmK§Ä
$ »o¨nwKn\v.
$ IoS\min\n \nÀan¡p¶-Xn\v.
$ XpWnIfnsebpw aäpw Id Ifbp¶Xn\v.
$ Pe ip²oIcW¯n\v.
$ »o¨nwKv ]uUÀ \nÀamW¯n\v.
CuÀ¸clnXamb Ip½mbs¸mSnbneqsS CuÀ¸-c-ln-X-amb t¢mdn³
hmXIw IS¯nhn«mWv »o¨nwKvv ]uUÀ \nÀan¡p¶Xv. tIc-f-¯nÂ
-{]-f-b-ap-­m-b-t¸mÄ AWp-\m-in\n F¶ \ne-bn »o¨nwKv ]uUÀ
hym]-I-ambn ipNo-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn D]-tbm-Kn¨Xv \n§Ä¡-
dn-bm-a-tÃm. »o¨nwKv ]uUÀ Pe-hp-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ kzX-
{´-am-Ip¶ t¢mdn³ BWv AWp-\-io-I-c-W-¯n\v klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
»o¨nwKv ]uUÀ \Ã Hcp t¢mdn³ t{kmX-Êm-Wv.
t¢mssdUp-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-hn[w
Hcp sSÌvSyq_n Ipd¨v tkmUnbw t¢mssdUv emb\n FSp-¡p-I.
AXn-te¡v A¸w knÂhÀ ss\t{Säv emb\n tNÀ¡p-I. F´p
\nco-£n-¡p¶p?
Atem-l§Ä 115
 ChnsS D­mb Ah-£n-]vX-¯nsâ {]tXy-IX F´mWv?
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

knÂhÀ t¢mssd-Unsâ ssXcpt]mse-bpÅ shfp¯ Ah-£n-]vX-

¯n-te¡v A¸w Atam-Wnbw sslt{Um-IvsskUv Hgn-¨p-t\m-¡q.
Ah-£n-]vX-¯n\v F´p-kw-`-hn-¡p¶p?
t¢mssdUv eh-W§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v Cu ]co-£Ww D]-tbm-
Kn-¡mw.
X¶n-cn-¡p¶ ehW emb-\n-bn knÂhÀ ss\t{Säv tNÀ¡p-
t¼m-Ä ssXcp-t]m-se-bpÅ shfp¯ Ah£n]vXw D­m-Ip-
Ibpw AXv Atam-Wnb emb-\n-bn (NH OH) ebn-¡p-I-bpw
4
sNbvXm AXv t¢mssdUv eh-W-amWv F¶v ØncoI-cn-¡mw.

NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3

apI-fn sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-k-a-hmIyw hni-I-e\w sN¿q.

A`n-Im-c-I-§-fn H¶mb tkmUnbw t¢mssd-Un tkmUn-bw
Atbm-Wp-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ Atbm¬ GXmWv?
D¸¶w D­m-b-t¸mÄ GXp teml- Atbm-Wnt\msSm¸w BWv
Cu Atbm¬ tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶Xv?
c­m-as¯ A`n-Im-c-I-amb knÂhÀ ss\t{S-än knÂh-dn-t\mSv
tNÀ¶n-cp¶ ss\t{Säv Atbm¬ Ct¸mÄ GXp teml- Atbm-Wn-
t\m-sSm¸w BWv?
ChnsS Atbm-Wp-Isf ]c-kv]cw h¨p amdp-I-btà sN¿p-¶Xv?
AXm-bXv c­v A`n-Im-c-I-§fpw Ah-bpsS Atbm-Wp-Isf ]c-kv]cw
h¨p-am-dp-¶p.
c­v kwbp-à-§Ä X½n {]hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ Atbm-Wp-
Isf ]c-kv]cw h¨p-amdn ]pXnb c­v kwbp-à-§Ä D­m-
Ip¶ C¯cw cmk- { ]- h À¯- \ - § Ä Zznhn- L - S \w ( double
decompositon) F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

c­v kwbp-à-§Ä Ah-bpsS X·m-{X-bnse LS-I-§sf ]c-kv]cw

h¨p amdp¶ C¯cw cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v IqSp-X DZm-l-c-W-
§Ä Is­-¯mtam?
H2SO4 + BaCl2 2HCl + BaSO4

116 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf kw-tbm-P-\w, -hnLS-
\w, BtZ-iw, Zznhn-L-S\w F¶v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
a) 2KCl 2K + Cl2
b) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
c) 2HI H2 + I 2
d) KCl + AgNO3 AgCl + KNO3
e) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
f) 2H2 + O2 2H2O
g) Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
h) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

kw-tbm-P\ hn-L-S\ -B-tZi Zznhn-L-S\

cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w

]«nI 6.3

Atem-l§Ä 117
 1. Nne- cmk-]-ZmÀY-§Ä t_mIvkn \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch-bnÂ
\n¶pw ]co-£W ime-bn HmIvkn-P³, ssl{U-P³ F¶nh
\nÀan-¡m³ Bh-iy-ambh Is­¯n Fgp-Xq.
kÄ^yq-cnIv Bkn-Uv, sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv Bkn-Uv, tkmUnbw
ss\ss{S-äv, kn¦v, s]m«mkyw s]ÀamwK-t\-äv, Atam-Wnbw
t¢mssdUv, Pew.
2. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ {]kvXm-h-\-IÄ GsXÃmw hmX-I-§-fp-
ambn _Ô-s¸-«-h-bm-sW¶v Is­¯q
a) Pze-\-kz-`m-h-apÅXpw Pe-¯nsâ sshZypXhntÇ-j-W-¯n-
eqsS e`n¡p-¶-Xp-am-b hmXIw.
b) Peip²o-I-c-W-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hmXIw.
c) kkyhfÀ¨bv¡v A\n-hm-cy-amb aqeIw.
d) KMnO4 sâ Xm]ob hnL-S-\-¯n D­m-Ip¶ hmXIw.
3. Nne Ateml aqe-I-§fpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw {Iaw sXän¨v
]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. icn-bmb coXn-bn tNÀs¯-gp-XpI.
aqeIw D]-tbmKw
ssl{U-P³ AWp-\m-in\n
HmIvkn-P³ ioXo-Imcn
t¢mdn³ CÔ\w
ss\{S-P³ ssPh hnL-S\w
4. a) ]co-£W ime-bn t¢mdn³ \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v GsXÃmw cmk-
h-kvXp-¡Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p?
b) \nÀam-W-k-a-b¯v t¢mdn³ hmXIw kÄ^yq-cn-¡m-kn-Un-eqsS

IS-¯n-hn-Sp-¶Xv F´n-\mWv?
c) »o¨nMv ]uUÀ \nÀan-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

d) Pe-¯nsâ km¶n-[y-¯n »o¨nMv ]uU-dn \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-

h-cp¶ hmX-I-taXv?
5. ""cmk-hfw ]qÀW-ambn Dt]-£n¨v ssPh-hf-{]-tbmKw t{]mÂkm-
ln-¸n-¡Ww'' F¶ hmZ-K-Xn-tbmSv \n§-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-sa-
´mWv? D¯cw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I.
6. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-§sf kw-tbm-P-\w,
hnLS-\w, BtZ-iw, Zznhn-L-S\w F¶v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.
a) Mg + O2 2MgO
b) H2 + I2 2HI
c) 2H2O 2H2 + O2

118 ck-X{- ´w IX
 d) NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
e) ZnSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + ZnCl2
f) Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
g) FeSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Fe
h) CaCO3 CaO + CO2

kw-tbm-P\ hn-L-S\ B-tZi Zznhn-L-S\

cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w cmk-{]-hÀ¯\w

1. ss\{S- P ³ ssk¡nÄ kky- § Ä¡pw Poh- P m- e - § Ä¡pw

F§s\ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¶p F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v NÀ¨ kwL-Sn-
¸n-¡p-I.
2. "Hmtkm¬]mfn-bpsS timj-Whpw ]cn-lmcamÀK-§fpw' F¶
hnj-bs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n skan-\mÀ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I.
3. Hcp sSÌvSyq_n 5 mL ssl{U-P³ s]tdm-IvsskUv (H2O2)
emb\n FSp-¡pI. CXn-te¡v AÂ]w amwK-\okv ssUHm-
IvsskUv tNÀ¡p-I. sSÌv äyq_n-\p-Ån-te¡v AW-bm-dmb
Xos¡mÅn ImWn-¡q. F´mWv \nco-£-Ww. \nco-£-W-¯n-
\pÅ ImcWw Is­-¯q.

Atem-l§Ä 119
 Im¿_-Wns‚ temIw

\n߃°v G‰hpw ]cn-Nn-X-am-bXpw Ht´sd khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≈-Xp-

amb Hcp aqe-I-amWv Im¿_¨. `£W]Zm¿Y-߃, hkv{X-߃,
FÆ-Iƒ, tkm∏v, kuμ-cy-h¿[I hkvXp-°ƒ, C‘-\-߃, Huj-[-
߃, kky-˛-P-¥p-i-co-cw, s]bn‚p-Iƒ, d∫¿, t]∏¿, πmÃnIv F∂n-
h-sb√mw {][m-\-ambpw Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-ß-fmWv .

{]Ir-Xn-bnse Im¿_-¨ km∂n[yw

{]Ir-Xn-bn¬ aqe-Imhÿbn-epw, kwbp‡ cq]-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂
Hcp aqe-IamWv Im¿_¨. ]Zm¿∞-ß-fn¬ Im¿_¨ kwbp-‡-߃
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv Ah-bpsS Pze-\-tijw Icn Ah-
ti-jn-°p-∂Xv . hkvXp-°ƒ IØp-tºmƒ IdpØ ]pI D≠m-Im-\p≈-
Imc-Whpw Ah-bnse Im¿_-Wns‚ km∂n-[y-am-Wv. A\p-Zn\w

120 ck-X{- ¥w IX
 ]pXnb ImÀ_¬ kwbp-à-§Ä I­p-]n-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm \nÀan-¡-
s¸-Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶p-­v. aäp aqe-I-§Ä D­m-¡p¶ kwbp-à-§-
sfÃmw tNÀ¶mepw ImÀ_¬ kwbp-à-§-fpsS ]¯n-sem¶p-t]meqw
hcn-Ã. C{X-tbsd kwbp-à-§-fp-­m-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ ImÀ_-Wn-s\-
¡p-dn¨v Fs´ms¡ \n§Ä¡-dnbmw?
]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_n-fnsâ klm-b-t¯msS Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶
]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.
{]XoIw ................................

Atäm-anI \¼À ................................

Ce-Ivt{Sm¬ hn\ymkw ................................

_mly-X-a-sjÃnse CeIvt{Sm

WpI-fpsS F®w ................................

kwtbm-P-IX ................................

temltam? Atem-ltam? ................................

]«nI 7.1
ImÀ_-¬ cq]m-´-c-§Ä (Allotropes of Carbon)

Htc cmk-Kp-W-t¯mSpw hyXykvX `uXnI KpW-§-tfmSpw IqSnb

Hcp aqe-I-¯nsâ Xs¶ hnhn[ cq]-§sf cq]m-´-c-§Ä F¶pw
Cu {]Xn-`m-ks¯ cq]m-´c- Xzw F¶pw ]d-bp-¶p.ImÀ_-Wnsâ {InÌ-
eob cq]m-´-c-§-fmWv h{Pw, {Kmss^-äv, ^pÅ-do³, {K^o³ apX-
embh.
h{Pw (Diamond)

ImÀ_-Wnsâ Gähpw ImTn\yapÅ cq]m-´-c-amWv h{Pw.

h{P-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ t\m¡q.
h{P-¯nsâ Xm]Nme-IX $$ ImTn\yw kpXmcyw.
hfsc IqSp-X-Â.
ImÀ_-Wnsâ Gähpw ImTn-\y-ap
Å cq]m-´-c-amb h{Pw anI¨ $ sshZypXNme-I-aÃ.
Xm]Nm-eIw IqSn-bmWv. h{P-¯n $ DbÀ¶ Xm]Nme-IX.
se iàn-bpÅ kl-kw-tbm-PI
cmk-_-Ô-\-amWnXn\v \nZm\w. $ DbÀ¶ A]-hÀ¯-\m¦w.
sN¼ns\ At]-£n¨v A©p aS- h{P-¯nsâ Nne D]-tbm-K-§Ä
t§mfw DbÀ¶-XmWv h{P-¯nsâ
Xm]-Nm-eI- X- . h{Pw hymP-amtWm $ B`-c-W-§Ä \nÀan-¡m³
F¶p \nÀW-bn-¡m³ Xm]-Nm-e- D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
IX {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-dp­v.
$ ¥mkv apdn-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 121

 Cu Bh-iy-§Ä¡v h{Ps¯ D]-bp-à-am-¡p¶ khn-ti-

\nd-apÅ h{P§Ä j-X-IÄ Fs´-Ãm-am-bn-cn¡pw? Is­-¯q.

cmk-]-chpw LS-\m-]-c-hp-ambn h{P¯nsâ X\Xv khntijXIÄ¡p ImcWsa´m bncn-

ip²n-bpÅ h{Pw kpXm-cyhpw ¡mw? h{P¯nsâ {InÌÂ LS\ (Nn{Xw 7. 1) \ÂIn-

\nd-an-Ãm-¯-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Nne bncn¡p¶Xp t\m¡q. CXn Hmtcm ImÀ_¬ Bähpw
aqe-I-§-fpsS km¶n[yw h{P-
¯n\v \ndw ]I-cp-¶p. DZm-lc- W - - AXn\p NpäpapÅ \mep ImÀ_¬ Bä§fpambn kl-

¯n\p t_mtdm-Wnsâ km¶n[yw kw-tbmPI _Ô\¯n GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶p. AXnià-

h{P-¯n\v \oe\ndhpw ss\{S- amb Cu _Ô\amWv h{P¯nsâ ImTn-\y¯n\p Imc-

Psâ km¶n[yw aª\ndhpw Ww. Cu {InÌ LS\bn kzX{´ CeIvt{Sm-WpIfnÃm-

\ÂIp-¶p. h{P-¯n\v A]-hÀ¯-
\m¦w hfsc IqSp-Xe - m-Wv. Nne
¯Xn\m h{Pw sshZypXnsb H«pwXs¶ IS¯n-

{]tXyI BIr-Xn-I-fn apdn-s¨- hnSp¶nÃ.

Sp-¯m h{P-¯n-\p-Ån IS-

¡p¶ {]Im-i-In-c-W-§Ä ]qÀ- {Kmss^äv (Graphite)
Wm-´
- c {]Xn-^e - \
- ¯
- n\v hnt[-b-
ambn Ah-bnse LSI hÀW- ImÀ_Wnsâ Gähpw arZp-hmb
§Ä thÀ]n-cn-bp-¶p. CXmWv
h{P-¯nsâ BIÀj-Wo-bX - bv¡v
{InÌeob cq]m´camWv {Kmss^äv.
Imc-Ww. {Kmss^änsâ khntijXIÄ ]«nIs¸Sp¯mw.
$ arZphpw sX¶n-am-dp-¶-Xp-am-Wv.
$ Nmc\ndap­v.
$ sshZypXNmeIamWv.
$ _mjv]o-I-cWioe-anÃ.
{Kmss^änsâ Nne D]tbmK§Ä \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.
$ "s]³kn seUv' \nÀan¡m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
$ ss{Usk-Ãnse CeIvt{SmUpIÄ \nÀan¡m³
D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
Nn{Xw 7.1 $ Jcmh- Ø - b n- e pÅ kv t \lI ambn
(Lubricant)

D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
Chbv¡v D]-bp-à-amb {Kmss^-änsâ khn-ti-j-X-
IÄ Fs´-Ãm-amsW¶p Is­-¯q.
{Kmss^-änsâ {InÌÂ LS\ Nn{Xo-I-cn¨ncn-¡p¶Xv
(Nn{Xw 7.2) t\m¡q.
{Kmss^-än Hmtcm ImÀ_Wpw Npän-ep-apÅ aq¶v
ImÀ_¬ Bä-§-fp-ambn klkw-tbm-PI_Ô-\-
¯n GÀs¸«v ]mfn-I-fm-bmWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
Nn{Xw 7.2
122 ck-X{- ´w IX
 C¯cw ]mfn-IÄ H¶n\p apIfn H¶mbn ASp-¡n-h-¨n-
t]cv h¶ hgn cn-¡p-¶- Xc-¯n-emWv {Kmss^-änsâ LS\.
Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bp-¶Xv F¶ÀY- Hmtcm ]mfnbpw jUv`p-P§
- f- m \nÀan-Xa- m-Wv. ]mfn-IÄ¡n-
apÅ Graphien F¶ emän³
S-bn kl-kw-tbm-PI _Ô\w CÃ. ZpÀ_eamb hm³
sUÀhmÄkv ( van der Waals) `uXnI _e§fmWv
hm¡n \n¶mWv {Kmss^-än\v
t]cv e`n-¨-Xv. Nmc \nd-ap-ÅXpw
an\p-ka
- p-ÅXpw t]¸-dn AS-bm- ]mfnIÄ¡nSbnepÅXv. AXn-\m ]mfn-IÄ¡v ]c-kv]cw
f-ap-­m-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶X
- p-am-bX
- n- sX¶n-am-dm³ Ignbpw.
\m {Kmss^äv Fgp-Xm³ D]-tbm-
Kn¨p XpS§n. BZy-Im-e-§-fn kl-kw-tbm-PI _Ô-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sm¯ Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-
{Kmss^-äns\ seUmbn sXän-²-
I-fpsS km¶n[yw {Kmss^-äns\ sshZypXNme-I-am-¡p-
cn- ¨ n- c p- ¶ p. AXn- \ m- e mWv {Km-
¶p.
AtamÀ^kv ImÀ_¬
ss^äv s]³kn-en\v seUv s]³-
kn F¶ t]cp-­m-bX
- v.

tIm¡v, I¡-cn, ac-¡-cn, FÃp-Icn XpS-§n-bh {InÌ-em-

Ir-Xn-bn-Ãm¯ ImÀ_¬ cq]m-´-c-§-fm-Wv. Chsb
^pÅ-do-\p-IÄ s]mXp-hmbn AtamÀ^kv ImÀ_¬ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.
(Fullerenes)
ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUv (CO2)

$ A´-co£hmbp-hn-se {][m\ ImÀ_¬ kwbp-à-ta-

XmWv?

$ ImÀ_tWm ImÀ_-WnI hkvXp-¡tfm hmbp-hnÂ

I¯p-t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ {][m\ kwbp-à-ta-XmWv?

]co-£-W-im-e-bn ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUv \nÀan-

¡p¶hn[w NphsS Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
ImÀ_-Wnsâ asämcp cq]m-´c
- a
- mb
^pÅ-dosâ LS\ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p- Xnkn ^WÂ
¶Xp t\m¡q. ]©- ` pP BIr-
Xnbpw jUv`pP BIr-Xn-bpapÅ
he- b - § Ä tNÀ¶ s]mÅ- b mb
tKmfobcq]-amWv ^pÅ-do-\p-
IÄ¡p-ÅX
- v. Ch _¡n-t_mÄkv
(Bucky balls) F¶p hnfn-¡s
- ¸-Sp-¶p.
knen-­À BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ ^pÅ- t\À¸n¨ HCl
do- \ p- I - f mWv ImÀ_¬ \mt\m ImÂkyw Kymkv PmÀ
Syq_p-I-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. ImÀ_tWäv
ImÀ_¬ ssU
Chsb _¡n- S yq_vkv ( Bucky HmIvsskUv
tubes) F¶p hnfn-¡p¶p.

hnhchn\n-ab kmt¦-XnIhnZy-bnÂ
hn¹hw krjvSn-¡m³ Chbv¡v Ign-
ªn-«p-­v. Nn{Xw 7.3

ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 123

 $ GsXÃmw A`n-Im-c-I-§-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶Xv?
{K^o³ (Graphene)
$ {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ cmk-k-a-hmIyw ]qÀ¯n-
bm¡p-I.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + .........

$ ChnsS D­mb hmXIw CO 2 BsW¶v

F§s\ Xncn-¨-dnbmw?

$ ImÀ_¬ ssUHm-Ivssk-Unsâ GsXÃmw

khn- t i- j - X - I Ä \n§Ä a\- Ê n- e m- ¡ n- b n-
«p­v?

jUv`pP BIr-Xn-bn-epÅ I- mÀ_¬ he- NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-bn icn-bm-bh

b-§Ä tNÀ¶ Zznam\ ]mfn-bmWv SnIv (ü) sN¿p-I.
{K^o³. {Kmss^-änsâ Hcp ]mfn¡v kam-
\-amWv Hcp {K^o³. {Kmss^-äv, ^pÅ- -þ \nd-ap­v/ \nd-an-Ã.
do³ apX-emb ImÀ_¬ cq]m-´c- § - f- p- þ Pze\klm-bn-bmWv / Pze\klm-bn-bÃ
sS ASn-Øm\ bqWn-ämWv {K^o³ F¶p
]d-bmw. þ KÔ-ap­v/ KÔ-anÃ
{K^o\nsâ Nne khn-ti-jX- I- Ä ]«n-I-
s¸-Sp-¯mw. þ hmbp- h n- t \- ¡ mÄ km{µX IqSp- X Â/

$ Ìoen- t \- ¡ mÄ GI- t Ziw Ccp- \ qdv

Ipdhv
aS§p _e-ap­v. $ CO 2 sâ Peob emb\n Bkn- U mtWm?
$ Xm]-¯n-sâbpw sshZyp-Xn-bp-sSbpw B¡enbmtWm?
Nme-Ia- mWv.
\mt\m sSIvt\m-fPn (Nanotechnology) cwK-
$ GXm\pw ImÀ_-tW-äp-I-fpsS cmk-kq-{Xw,
D]-tbmKw F¶nh Fgp-Xp-I.
¯v h³ hn¹hw D­m-¡m³ Ign-bp¶
]ZmÀY-ambn {K^o³ CXn-\Iw amdn-bn-
Hcp ehWw ImÀ_-tW-äm-tWm-sb¶v F§s\
«p­v.
Xncn-¨-dn-bp-sa¶v ]cn-tim-[n¡mw.
X¶n-cn-¡p¶ eh-W-¯n-te¡v AÂ]w t\À¯
HCl tNÀ¡p-I. At¸mÄ \nd-an-Ãm-¯Xpw Np®m¼pshf-fs¯ ]mÂ
\nd-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ hmXIw D­m-hp-I-bm-sW-¦n B ehWw
ImÀ_-tWäv Bbn-cn-¡pw. D­mb hmXIw CO2 BsW¶v \n§Ä¡-
dn-bm-a-tÃm.

124 ck-X{- ´w IX
 Nn{Xw 7.4
ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§-fpsS sshhn[yw `qan-bn Pohsâ \ne-
\n¸n\v AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. `qan-bn CO sâ hn\n-abw Nn{Xo-
2
I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv (Nn{Xw 7.4) t\m¡q. CXv ImÀ_¬ ssk¡nÄ
F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
$ kky-§Ä CO D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-ta-XmWv?
2

$ hmbp-hnse CO sâ Afhv hÀ[-n-¸n-¡p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä GsX-

Ãm-amWv?
2

$ CO sâ Afhv A´-co-£-hm-bp-hn {Iam-Xo-X-ambn hÀ[n-¡p-

¶Xv \Ã-XmtWm?
2

kqcy-{]-Im-i-t¯m-sSm¸w AÄ{Sm-h-b-eäv civan-Ifpw C³{^m-sdUv

civan-Ifpw `qan-bn-se-¯p-¶psh¶v ]Tn-¨n-«p-­tÃm? C³{^m-sdUv civan-
IÄ Xm]ob hnIn-c-W-§-fm-Wv. `qan-bn \n¶p {]Xn-^-en-¡p-Ibpw
hnIn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ C³{^m-sdUv civan-Ifn Hcp
`mKw `uam-´-co-£-¯nse CO XSªp \nÀ¯p-¶p. CXmWv `qan-bp-
tSbpw A´-co-£-¯n-sâbpw \ne-hn-epÅ Xm]-\n-ebv¡v Imc-Ww.
2

CO sâ Afhv hÀ[n-¨mtem? hfsc IqSp-XÂ C³{^m-sdUv hnIn-c-

W-§Ä XS-ªp-\nÀ¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXnsâ ^e-sa-´m-bn-cn¡pw?
2

A´-co-£-hm-bp-hn ImÀ_¬ ssUHm-Ivssk-Unsâ Afhv

hÀ[n-¡p-¶-Xp-aqew A´-co-£-Xm-]-\ne Db-cp-¶-Xns\ lcn-Xm-
eb {]`mhw (green house effect) F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
lcn-Xm-eb {]`m-hw-aqew `qan-bp-sSbpw A´-co-£-¯n-sâbpw icm-
icn Xm]-\ne Db-cp-¶p. CXns\ BtKm-f-Xm-]\w (global warming)
F¶p-]-d-bp-¶p.
$ Nne kqN-\-IÄ NphsS \ÂIp-¶p. Chn-S-§-fn BtKm-f-Xm-]\w
D­m-¡p¶ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä Fs´Ãmw F¶v NÀ¨ sN¿pI.
ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 125

ss{U ]uUÀ ^bÀ FIvÌow-
Kyp-jÀ
\n§-fpsS kvIqfnepw aäpw Xo sI-
Sp-¯m-\mbn kÖo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶
Aán-i-a\ D]-I-cWw {i²n-¨n-cn-
¡p-at- Ãm. CXv ss{U]u-UÀ ^bÀ
FIv k nw-- K yp- j À hn`m- K - ¯ nÂ
s]Sp¶ D]-I-c-W-am-Wv. A B C
ss{U ]uUÀ F¶ t]cn-ed- n-bs- ¸-
Sp¶ cmk-hk - vXp-hmWv CXn D]-
tbm- K n- ¨ n- c n- ¡ p- ¶ - X v . (tamtWm
$ aªp-]m-fn-I-fnÂ
$ kap{Z Zzo]p-I-fnÂ
$ ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯v
$ Imem-h-Ø-bnÂ
BtKm-f-Xm-]\w ^e-{]-Z-ambn sNdp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ
amÀK-§Ä \nÀtZ-in-¡p-I.
ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvssk-Unsâ D]-tbm-K-§Ä
$ Aán-i-a-\n-Ifn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p.
$ tkmUm-hm-«À, tkm^väv {Un¦vkv F¶nh \nÀan-¡m³
$ hmjnMv tkmU, t_¡nMv tkmU F¶nhbpsS \nÀam-
W-¯n\v.
$ bqdn-b -t]m-epÅ cmk-hf\nÀam-W-¯n\v
$ Ir{Xna izmtkm-Ñm-k-¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ImÀs_m-
sP\n (carbogen) (O2- 95% CO2- 5%) D]tbmKn-¡p¶p.
$ ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvssk-Unsâ Jccq]-amb ss{U
sFkv (dry ice) ioXo-Im-cn-bmbpw, tÌPv tjmI-fn taL-
k-am-\-amb Zriy-§Ä \nÀan-¡m\pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-IvsskUv (CO)

Atam-Wnbw t^mkvt^-än-tâbpw ImÀ_¬ hfsc A[nIw HmIvkn-P-\p-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-

Atam- W nbw kÄt^- ä n- t âbpw t¼m-gp-­m-Ip¶ hmX-I-am-WtÃm ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIv-
an{in-Xa- m-Wn-Xv.) Cu D]-Ic- Ww D]- sskUv.
tbm-Kn¨v kvt{] sN¿p¶ ]uUÀ F¶m ImÀ_-Wnsâ Afhv IqSp-Itbm HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv
Dcp- I p- I bpw Xo]n- S n¨ ]ZmÀ°-
Ipd-bp-Itbm sNbvXm {]hÀ¯\w \S-¡p¶hn[w NphsS
¯nsâ D]-cn-Xe - ¯- n Hcp Bh-
cWw D­m-¡p-Ibpw XpSÀ¶v Xo \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
]S-cp-¶Xv XS-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. 2C + O2 → 2CO
{Zmh-I-§Ä¡v Xo ]nSn-¨m Cu D­mIp¶ hmXIw ImÀ_¬ tamtWm- I v s sk- U mWv .
]uUÀ {ZmhI _mjv]o-Ic- W - s¯ CsXmcp hnjhmX-I-am-Wv.
XS-bp-Ibpw Xo ]S-cp-¶Xv Hgn-hm-
¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. C¯cw Aán- HmIvkn-Psâ Afhv Ipdª AhØbn A]qÀW P - z-e\w
i-a-\n-IÄ DCP Aán-i-a-\n-IÄ \S-¡pt¼mÄ ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-Is
v skUv D­m-Ip-¶p.
F¶ t]cn IqSn Adn-bs- ¸-Sp-¶p. ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-IvsskUv izkn-¡m-\n-S-h-¶m AXp
cà-¯nse lotam-t¥m-_n-\p-ambn {]hÀ¯n¨v ImÀt_m-
Ivkn-lotam-t¥m-_n³ D­m-Ip-w. CXp-aqew cà-¯n\v HmIvkn-P³ hln-
¡m-\pÅ Ignhv Ipd-bp-Ibpw ac-W-¯n-\n-S-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw.
ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-IvsskUv D­m-Ip¶ kµÀ`-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡m³
Fs´Ãmw amÀK-§Ä kzoI-cn¡mw? NÀ¨sN¿q.
hnj-hm-X-I-am-sW-¦nepw ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-IvsskUv hf-sc-b-[nIw
D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amb hmX-I-am-Wv. ImÀ_¬ tamtWm-Ivssk-Unsâ Nne
D]-tbm-K-§Ä t\m¡q.
126 ck-X{- ´w IX
 $ hmXI CÔ-\-ambn.
$ hymh-km-bnI CÔ-\-§-fmb hm«À Kymkv (CO + H2), s{]mUyq-
kÀ Kymkv (CO + N2) F¶nh \nÀan-¡p-¶-Xn\v.
$ teml-\nÀamW{]{In-b-bn \ntcm-Ivko-Im-cn-bm-bn {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶-Xn-\v.
ImÀ_tW-äp-Ifpw ss_ImÀ_-tW-äp-Ifpw
ImÀ_¬ AS-§n-bn-«pÅ asämcp hn`mKw kwbp-à-§-fmWv ImÀ_-
tW-äp-I-fpw, ss_ImÀ_-tW-äp-I-fpw.
Ae-¡p-Imcw (Na2CO3.10H2O), A¸-¡mcw (NaHCO3), amÀ_nÄ (CaCO3)
F¶nh C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸Sp¶ kwbp-à-§-fm-Wv.
HmÀKm\nIv kwbpà§Ä (Organic Compounds)

CO, CO2 , ImÀ_tWäp-IÄ, ss_ImÀ_-tW-äp-IÄ XpS-§nb AssPh

kwbp-à-§Ä Hgn-¨pÅ ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§fmWv HmÀKm-\nIv

kwbp-à-§Ä ( organic compounds) F¶ t]cn Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§-fpsS F®w hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW¶v a\Ên-

em-¡n- bn«p­tÃm? C{Xbpw IqSp-X kwbp-à-§Ä \nÀan-¡m³

ImÀ_-Wn\v Ign-bp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-­m-sW¶v \ap¡v ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

$ ImÀ_-Wnsâ _mly-X-a-sj-Ãn F{X Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-I-fp­v?

$ ImÀ_-Wnsâ kwtbm-P-IX F{X?

ImÀ_-Wnsâ _mly-X-a-sj-Ãn \mev Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wp-IÄ D­v. CXp-

aqew CXv kl-kw-tbm-PI _Ô-\w cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xn\p-ff {]h-

WX ImWn-¡p-¶p. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡pI.

kwbp-àw kl-kw-tbm-P-I-_-Ô\ kz`mhw

.

1. GI-_Ô
- \w

2. ...............................

3. ...............................
]«nI 7.2

ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 127

 ]«n-I-bn DÄs¸-«n-«pÅ kwbp-à-§Ä sslt{Um-ImÀ_-¬ hn`m-
K-¯n DÄs¸-«-h-bmWv.
ImÀ_Wpw ssl{U-P\pw am{Xw AS-§nb kwbp-à-§fmWv
sslt{UmImÀ_WpIÄ.
Imän-t\-j³ (Catenation)

Htc aqe-I-¯nsâ Bä-§Ä¡v ]c-kv]cw kwtbm-Pn-¡m-\pÅ Ign-

hmWv Imän-t\j-³. aäv aqe-I-§sf At]-£n¨v ImÀ_-Wn\v Imän-
t\-j-\pÅ Ignhv hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.
Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS LS\ t\m¡q.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5.

ImÀ_WnI kwbp-à-§-fpsS F®¡qSp-X-en\v ImcWw NphsS

\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶ khn-tijXIÄ BtWm F¶v Btem-Nn-¨p-t\m¡q.
$ ImÀ_-Wnsâ kwtbm-P-IX \mev BWv.
$ Imänt\j³ Ignhv IqSp-X-em-Wv.
$ ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä X½n GI-_-Ô-\w, Zzn_-Ô-\w, {Xn_-
Ô\w F¶nh km[y-am-Wv.
$ ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä ]c-kv]cw kwtbm-Pn¨v irwJ-em-cq-]-¯ntem
he-b-cq-]-¯ntem imJ-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-btXm Bb \nc-h[n kwbp-
à-§Ä D­m-Ip-¶p.
sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wp-IÄ F¶m F´v F¶pw, Ah-bpsS Nne khn-

128 ck-X{- ´w IX
ti-j-X-IÄ F´v F¶pw am{X-amWv \½Ä a\-Ên-em-¡n-b-Xv. ImÀ_-
WnI kwbp-à-§Ä sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ kz`m-h-ap-Å-hbpw k¦oÀW-
L-S-\-bp-Å-h-bp-am-Wv. Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp {]tXyI
imJ Xs¶ ck-X-{´-¯n-ep-­v. CXv ImÀ_-WnI ck-X{´w (organic
chemistry) F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. IqSp-X ImÀ_-WnI kwbp-à-§Ä,
Ah-bpsS \ma-I-c-Ww, aäv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ F¶nh DbÀ¶ ¢mÊp-I-
fn a\-Ên-em-¡mw.

. ImÀ_Wnsâ Nne cq]m´c§Ä, AhbpsS khntijXIÄ,

1
D]tbmK§Ä F¶nh ]«nIbn {Ia-c-ln-X-ambn \ÂInbncn
¡p¶p. icnbmb hn[¯n tNÀs¯gpXpI.
h{Pw sshZypX NmeIw an\p-khpw B`cW \nÀamWw
sX¶n-am-dp-¶X- p-amWv
{Kmss^äv kpXm-cy-amWv DbÀ¶ A]-hÀ¯-\m¦w kvt\lIw

2. ImÀ_¬ ssUHmIvsskUv, ImÀ_¬ tamtWmIvsskUv

F¶nhbpambn _Ôs¸« Nne {]kvXmh\IÄ \ÂInbncn
¡p¶p. icnbmb coXnbn hÀKoIcn¡pI.
a) ImÀ_¬ kwbpà§fpsS A]qÀW Pze\^eambn
D­mIp¶p.
b) Peobemb\n BknUv kz`mhw ImWn-¡p-¶p.
c) hnjIcamb hmXIamWv.
d) Aánia\nbn D]tbmKn¡p¶p.
e) CÔ\ambn D]tbmKn¡mw.
f) ImÀ_¬ kwbpà§fpsS ]qÀWPze\ ^eambp­mIp¶p.
g) ImÀ_tWäpIÄ, ss_ImÀ_tWäpIÄ F¶nhbn \n¶pw
\nÀan¡mw.
h) s{]mUyqkÀ Kymkv, hm«À Kymkv F¶nhbnse LSIamWv.
3. a) ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWänsâ cmkkq{XsagpXpI
b) ImÂkyw ImÀ_tWäv BknUpIfpambn {]hÀ¯n¨mÂ
D­mIp¶ hmXIw GXmbncn¡pw?
c) Cu hmXI¯nsâ Peobemb\n F´p t]cn Adnb-
s¸Sp¶p?
4. ImÀ_Wnsâ {InÌ-eob cq]m-´-c-§-fn H¶mb {Kmss^äv
sshZyp-X-Nm-e-I-amW.v F¶m asämcp cq]m-´-c-amb h{Pw
sshZyp-X-Nm-e-I-aÃ. F´p-sIm­v?
5. \mev ImÀ_¬ Bä-§Ä Dff sslt{Um-ImÀ_-Wnsâ irwJ-
em-cq-]-¯nepw he-b-cq-]-¯nepw Dff LS\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-I.
ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 129
 1. Nn{X-¯n ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse D]-I-c-W-§Ä {Iao-I-cn¨v ]co-

£Ww sNbvXpt\m¡q. \nco£W¯n \n¶pw \n§Ä F¯n-

tSmˬv
t¨cp¶ A\p-am\w F´mWv?

_mädn _Ä_v sN¼pI¼n

seUv s]³knÂ
2. Nn{X-¯n ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp {S^n hyXykvX Db-c-

apÅ sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-IÄ I¯n¨phbv¡p-I. tkmUnbw ss_ImÀ_-

tW-änsâ (t_-¡nwKvv tkmU) ]qcnXemb\n {S^n Hgn-¡p-I.

Aev ] w hn\m- K ncn emb- \ n- b n- t e¡v tNÀ¡q. F´m- W v \nco-

£Ww? \nco-£-W-¯n-\pÅ ImcWw Is­-¯q.

3. Aán-i-a\n \nÀan-¡mw.

Nn{Xw (a) -bn ImWp-¶Xp t]mse D]-I-c-W-§Ä {Iao-I-cn-¡q.

hmjv t_m«n Ncn¨p ]nSn¨v sSÌv Syq-_nse hn\m-Kncn

tkmUnbw ss_ImÀ_-tWäv (t_-¡nwKv tkmUm) emb-\n-bnÂ

hogv¯q (Nn{Xw (b)). ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ hmXIw sagp-Ip-Xncn Pzme-

bn ImWn¨pt\m¡q. \nco-£-W-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯q \nK-a-\-

sa´v?

hn\m-Kncn
t_¡nwKv tkmUm emb\n
(a) (b)

4. GXm\pw sslt{UmImÀ_-Wp-I-fpsS t_mÄ Bâ v ÌnIv amXr-

I-IÄ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡pI.

5. "ImÀ_-WnI ck-X-{´-¯nâ {]m[m\yw' F¶ hnj-bs¯ ASn-

Øm-\-am¡n Hcp {]_Ôw Xbm-dm¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI.

130 ck-X{- ´w IX
Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 131

 Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

132 ck-X{- ´w IX
Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

ImÀ_-Wnsâ temIw 133

 Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

134 ck-X{- ´w IX
 kpcIvjbv¡mbn Aán-ia- \- n-IÄ
Aán-i-a-\n-I-fpsS kne-­-dp-IÄ Hm^o-kp-I-fnepw sI«n-S-§-fnepw
Xntb-ä-dp-I-fnepw \n§Ä I­n-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. Chsb F§s\ D]-
tbm-Kn¡mw F¶v t\m¡mw. I¯p¶ hkvXp-¡-fpsS ASnØm-\-
¯n Xo A©mbn Xcw Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
¢mkv A þ km[m-cW Xo ]nSn-¡p¶ ]ZmÀY-§-fmb t]¸À,
acw, ¹mÌn-Iv, XpWn-¯-c-§Ä F¶nh I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv B þ {Zmh-I-§-fmb s]t{Sm-fnbw DÂ]-¶-§Ä I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo
¢mkv C þ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Ce-Iv{Sn-¡Â D]-I-c-W-§-fnÂ
\n¶p-­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv D þ aKv\o-jyw, tkmUn-bw, enXnbw, s]m«mkyw XpS-
§nb I¯p¶ teml-§-fn \n¶p-­m-Ip¶ Xo.
¢mkv K þ ]mNIw sN¿m³ D]-tbm-Kn¡- p¶ F®-IÄ I¯p-
t¼mÄ D­m-Ip¶ Xo.
hnhn[ Xcw Xo AW-bv¡p-hm³ Htc C\w Aánia-\n-IÄ D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-hm³ ]mSn-Ã. GXv Xcw Xobv¡mWv D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-­Xv
F¶p-ÅXv Aán-i-a-\n-I-fn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡pw.
Aán-i-a-\n -{]-h-À¯n-¸n-t¡­ coXn
$ knen­dnsâ apI-fn lm³Un-en DÅ ]n³ hen-¡p-I.
$ AW-bvt¡­ Xobn-tebv¡v t\mkn Xncn-¡p-I.
$ lm³Un AaÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-bv¡p-I.
$ Xobn CO In«p¶ coXn-bn hoip-I.
2

]ocn-tbm-UnIv tS_nÄ 79