Extraction of Soursop Leaves (Annona Muricata L)... (I.

Sumantri, et al)

EXTRACTIONLEAF (OF SOURSOCKANNONA MURICATA LEthanol SOLUTION)

USING

Indro Sumantri*, Galih Prihasetya Hermawan and Hendrawan Laksono

Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro
University
Jln. Prof. H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang Baru Campus, Semarang, 50239, Tel/Fax:
(024)7460058
*Email : indrotekim@yahoo.com

Abstract
Soursop (Annonamuricata L) is a fruit plant originating from the Caribbean, Central America
and South America. Soursop leaves contain acetogenin, a polyketides compound with a
structure of 30 ± 32 unbranched carbon chains attached to the 5-methyl-2-furanone group. The
furanone chain in the hydrofuranone group at C23 has cytotoxic activity. One of the obstacles
in the utilization of soursop leaf extract is the inefficient solvent used so far. This study aims to
determine the variables that influence and determine the best operating conditions in the
maceration process of cytotoxic substances from soursop leaves. This study was designed with
a factorial design method of 2 levels and 4 independent variables, namely water content of 10
and 90%, maceration time of 1 and 2 days, sample weight of 4 and 7 grams, type of solvent
fractionation ethanol and n-hexane. The dependent variable used is the volume of the
extraction solvent 200 ml, the extraction temperature 28oC (room temperature), and the type of
solvent ethanol. The four independent variables have a positive effect/increase the phenol
content and the most influential variables are water content, sample weight, and extraction
time. The best conditions for the extraction process of cytotoxic substances are at a weight of 7
grams, with drying, and extraction time of 2 days.

Keywords: soursop, acetogenins, extraction, maceration, cytotoxic

INTRODUCTION furanone group. Thechain furanone in thegroup

Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a fruit plant hydrofuranone at C23 has cytotoxic activity
originating from the Caribbean, Central America (Luciana, 2010).
and South America. Soursop fruit tastes sweet, Annonaceous acetogenin works by inhibiting
slightly sour so it is often used as an ingredient in ATP production by disrupting mitochondrial
fruit juice. The flesh of the fruit is rich in fiber. complex I. (Zeng, 1996). Cancer cells need a lot
Every 100 g of edible fruit contains 3.3 g of fiber of energy so they need a lot of ATP (Wele, 2003).
so that it can meet 13% of fiber needs per day. In Acetogenins enter and attach to cell wall receptors
addition, the flesh of the fruit contains a lot of and damage ATP in the mitochondrial wall. As a
carbohydrates (especially fructose), vitamin C (20 result, the production of energy in the cancer cells
mg/100 g), B1 and B2 (Teyler, 2002). stops and eventually the cancer cells die.
In the early 90's, a kind of MDPX KHUEDO¥ Remarkably, acetogenins are highly selective,
GDUL VXNX-tribes (tribes) was discovered in only attacking cancer cells that have an excess of
the Amazon which can cure several dangerous ATP (Kim, 1988).
diseases including cancer (Gleye, 1996). After Phenol is one of the groups of acetogenin
being researched by pharmacists from the US, it which is actually a toxic compound. Phenol is
turns out that the herb comes from the leaves of often used as an anti-septic and anti-bacterial. The
the Graviola tree. The leaves contain anti-cancer mechanism of action of this compound is by
substances called acetogenins, which can kill destroying cell walls and precipitation
cancer cells without disturbing healthy cells in the (precipitation) of cell proteins from
human body (Kintzios and Maria, 2010, Enik, microorganisms so that coagulation occurs and
2011). malfunctions in these microorganisms.
Acetogenins are polyketides with a structure Styryl-lactones are groups of low molecular
of 30 ± 32 unbranched carbon chains attached to weight phenols. Theof actionstyryl lactones is
the 5-methyl-2- activated by the enzyme caspase, triggering
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Momentum, Vol. 10, No. 1, April 2014, p. 34-37 ISSN 0216-7395

transmembrane damage to mammalian drying of the material with and without drying,
mitochondria resulting in cytochrome c (Wiart, maceration time of 1 and 2 days, sample weight
2007). Styryl-lactones are hypothesized to play a of 4 and 7 grams, type of solvent fractionation
role in proteinproduction C-Kinase. Expression of ethanol and n-hexane.
protein C Experimental Procedure
kinase, which functions in signal transduction The research process begins with the initial
pathways, has been studied to inhibit tumor preparation of the material followed by the
growth and increase suppressor genes (Choi, preparation of a standard solution for analysis
1990). ofcontent phenol (Meyer, 1982). The next
Currently, the use of acetogenins as medicine process is the extraction of soursop leaves using
is only limited to drinking a decoction of soursop the maceration method (Darwis, 2000). Extraction
leaves, and currently there are no acetogenins results were analyzed with a spectrophotometer
sold in the market. Judging from its function, (Silverstein, 1986).
acetogenins have a high economic opportunity to
be produced (Shiddiqi, 2008). One of the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
obstacles in the utilization of soursop leaf extract Determining the most influential variables
is the inefficient solvent used so far. Therefore, This experiment was intended to obtain the
acetogenin was isolated using a polar solvent most influential variables among sample weight,
(Santosa, 2004). drying, type of solvent fractionation, and
extraction time. Based on these experiments, the
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY results are shown in Table 1. The data obtained
Materials and Equipment The used the factorial design method to calculate the
materials used in this study were soursop effect prices of the variables and the interactions
leaves, ethanol, aquades, and n-hexane. The tools between variables. The results of the calculation
used are beaker glass, measuring cup, of the effects are presented in Table 2.
erlenmeyer, separating funnel, and In the graph of the probability of the position
spectrophotometer. effect of the leaf drying-weight interaction
variable, the extraction time (I123) is furthest from
Research Variables the line. Therefore, it can be concluded that the
The dependent variable used in this study is a leaf drying-weight interaction variable at the time
volume of 200 mL ethanol, extraction of extraction is the most influential variable
temperature 28°C (room temperature), and type of among the variables in the range of levels that
ethanol. While the variables that changed were have been determined in this experiment.
Tabel 1. HasilPercobaan
No. Kondisi Berat Waktu Fraksi Konsentrasi
Run kadar air daun (gr) Ekstraksi(hari) solven Absorbansi Fenol(%)
1 Basah 4 1 Etanol 0.31 0.25
2 Kering 4 1 Etanol 0.605 0.62
3 Basah 7 1 Etanol 0.574 0.58
4 Kering 7 1 Etanol 1.072 1.20
5 Basah 4 2 Etanol 0.446 0.42
6 Kering 4 2 Etanol 0.658 0.68
7 Basah 7 2 Etanol 0.715 0.75
8 Kering 7 2 Etanol 1.202 1.36
9 Basah 4 1 n-heksan 0.266 0.20
10 Kering 4 1 n-heksan 0.426 0.40
11 Basah 7 1 n-heksan 0.639 0.66
12 Kering 7 1 n-heksan 0.54 0.54
13 Basah 4 2 n-heksan 0.353 0.31
14 Kering 4 2 n-heksan 0.453 0.43
15 Basah 7 2 n-heksan 0.179 0.09
16 Kering 7 2 n-heksan 0.262 0.19
 Tabel 2. Hasil Perhitungan Efek
no P=(i-
efek Keterangan
orde 0.5)x100%/15
0.27 I1 96.667 Efek pengeringan
0.2575 I2 90.000 Efe kberat daun
0.05 I123 83.333 Efek interaksi pengeringan-berat daun-waktu ekstraksi
0.0325 I12 70.000 Efek interaksi pengeringan-berat daun
0.0325 I134 76.667 Efe kinteraksi pengeringan-waktu ekstraksi-jenis solven fraksinasi
Efek interaksi pengeringan-berat daun-waktu ekstraksi-solven
0.025 I1234 63.333
fraksinasi
0.0025 I13 56.667 Efek interaksi pengeringan- waktu ekstraksi
-0.0275 I3 50.000 Efek waktu ekstraksi
-0.1175 I124 43.333 Efek interaksi pengeringan-berat daun-solven fraksinasi
-0.12 I23 36.667 Efek interaksi berat daun-waktu ekstraksi
-0.145 I234 30.000 Efek interaksi berat daun-waktu ekstraksi-solven fraksinasi
-0.1675 I34 23.333 Efek interaksi waktu ekstraksi-solven fraksinasi
-0.195 I14 16.667 Efek interaksi pengeringan –solven fraksinasi
-0.2225 I24 10.000 Efek interaksi berat daun-solven fraksinasi
-0.38 I4 3.333 Efek solven fraksinasi

120,000
y = 164,53x + 57,733
100,000
80,000 R² = 0,9165 I123
Probabilitas

60,000
40,000
20,000
0,000
-20,000 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4
Efek

36
 Momentum, Vol. 10, No. 1, April 2014, p. 34-37 ISSN 0216-7395

If viewed from the weight of the leaves, the % Acetogenins From Roots of Annona Muricata.
phenol was more in 7 g leaves because the more Paris XI University. Page 2
leaves were extracted, the more phenol that could ----. 1999. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of
be extracted would be. Sabalin, an Acetogenins From Roots of
When viewed from the condition variable Annonamuricata. Universe Paris-Sud. Page 2
moisture content, dry leaf conditions have more Kim, GS, et all. 1998. Muricoreacin And
leaf base weight than wet leaves, because the water Murihexoxin C, Mono-Tetrahydofuran
content contained has been removed. Acetogenins, From The Leaves of
If viewed from the length of immersion, Annonamuricata, School of pharmacy and
soaking for 2 days will produce more phenol % Pharmacal Sciences. Page 2
than 1 day, therefore the longer a material is Kintzios, SE and Maria GB, 2010, Plants That
extracted, the more substances can be extracted. Fight Cancer.
However, there is a maximum limit of the Luciana, AR 2010. Acetogenins from
solvent's ability to extract the content of a Annonacornifolia and their antioxidant
dissolved material. capacity. Departamento de Química, Instituto
de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de
CONCLUSION Minas Gerais. MG, Brazil. Page 2
1. The most influential variables in the extraction Meyer, BN, Ferrighi, NR, Putnam, JE, Jacobsen,
of cytotoxic substances from soursop leaves LB, Nichols, DE & McLaughlin, JL (1982).
are leaf weight, drying, and extraction time. Brine shrimp: A convenient general bioassay
2. Based on the results obtained, the operating for active plant constituents. Planta Medica,
conditions were obtained with a leaf weight of 45, 31-34.
7 grams, extraction time of 2 days, and Santosa, Harry. 2004. Chemical Engineering
drying. Operations Extraction. Department of
Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Diponegoro University, Semarang. Page 3
We would like to thank the Department of Shiddiqi, T., et al 2008. In Vitro Potency of Anti-
Chemical Engineering, University of Diponegoro, Cancer Cytotoxic Substances of Kepel Plant
for assisting this research. Leaves (Stelechocarpus Buharol) Against
Colorectal Carcinoma. Faculty of Medicine,
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Faculty of Engineering-WAHID HASYIM UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 37