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Chapter 1: Motion in A Plane 1.1 Two-Dimensional Motion
Chapter 1: Motion in A Plane 1.1 Two-Dimensional Motion
Chapter 1: Motion in A Plane 1.1 Two-Dimensional Motion
path of motion
y-axis at t2
Q
at t1 r
P
r
y
x-axis x
The vector equation of r is, r x y
The magnitude of r is, r x 2 y 2
∆ ∆
The direction of r is, tan 𝜃 ∆
(OR) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛
∆
4. An object moving with constant speed along a curved path is accelerating as the direction
of the velocity is changing.
5. The direction of the velocity of the object is tangential to its path.
6. An object is accelerated whenever the velocity changes in magnitude, direction, or both.
2 Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
y-axis at t2
v
Q
vy
Ans: at t1 path of motion
P vx
x-axis
E01: A stone is thrown from the cliff of a mountain upward at an angle of 30° to the
horizontal with an initial speed of 20 m s-1. Calculate the x and the y components of
its initial velocity.
Ans: v0 = 20 m s-1, 0 = 30
y-axis
Horizontal components of initial velocity,
v0x = v0 cos 0 = 20 cos 30 = 20 0.866 = 17.32 m s-1 v0
v0y
Vertical components of initial velocity, 0 = 30
v0y = v0 sin 0 = 20 sin 30 = 20 0.5 = 10 m s -1 v0x x-axis
E02: A soccer ball is kicked at an angle with the ground. The ball traverses the horizontal
distance of 10 m and the vertical distance of 3 m in 3 s. Find the displacement and the
average velocity of the ball in 3 s.
Ans: the horizontal distance is, x = 10 m,
r
the vertical distance is, y = 3 m y
the magnitude of displacement is, x
∆𝑟 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 10 3 = 10.44 m
∆
the direction of the displacement is, 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.3 16 42
∆
∆ .
the magnitude of the average velocity is, ∆𝑣 = 3.48 m s-1
∆
The direction of average velocity is the same as the direction of the displacement.
Dr Vince Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes 3
9. In order to analyze the projectile motion, the motion can be considered into two parts,
horizontal motion (x direction) and vertical motion (y direction).
10. In x direction, ax = 0 and vx = v0x = v0 cos θ0 = constant.
11. The horizontal displacement of projectile can be written as a function of time;
x = v0x t = (v0 cos θ0) t.
12. In y direction, the equations and concepts are based on linear motion of free fall.
13. In solving the free fall problems, we are going to use one
upwards
dimensional coordinate system with origin taken as the initial h=+
position of the body under consideration. v, v0 = +
14. The upward velocity (vy) and the displacement (y) above the g=-
t=+
origin are positive. origin
downwards
15. The downward velocity (vy) and the displacement (y) below h=-
the origin are negative. v, v0 = -
16. Since the acceleration due to gravity g is always directed g=-
t=+
downwards, its value will be negative.
17. In y direction, v0y is the initial velocity and ay is - g.
18. We have taken the upward direction to be positive.
19. Since the acceleration along the vertical y direction is downward direction, g can be
taken as negative sign.
20. The velocity and the displacement of projectile in time t are given by the following equations.
Linear motion projectile motion Using ay = -g, ax = 0
v = v0 + a t vy = v0y + ay t vy = v0y - g t
vx = v0x + ax t vx = v0x
v2 = v02 + 2 a s vy2 = v0y2 + 2 ay y vy2 = v0y2 - 2 g y
s = v0 t + ½ a t2 y = v0y t + ½ ay t2 y = v0y t - ½ g t2
x = v0x t + ½ ax t2 x = v0x t
21. The magnitude of the velocity of the projectile at any instant of time is, 𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
22. The direction of the velocity of the projectile at any instant of time is,
tan 𝜃 (OR) 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛
Dr Vince Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes 5
23. Let the time taken by the projectile to reach the highest point is t1,
The vertical component of the velocity at the highest point is zero. (vy = 0)
vy = v0y + ay t
0 = v0y - g t1
The time of flight (T) is twice the time to reach the maximum height (t1).
T = 2 t1 =
H =v0y - ½ g( )2 = -½ H=
H=
25. The horizontal range R is the horizontal distance from the starting point to the point
where the projectile returns to the same height as shown in Figure 1.4.
26. The horizontal range R is obtained using x = R and t = T
x = v0x t
R = v0x T = 𝑣
R=
6 Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
E03: An object is projected upward with a 30 launch angle and an initial speed of 40 m s-1.
How long will it take for the object to reach the top of its trajectory? Find the
maximum height of its trajectory.
Ans: v0 = 40 m s-1, 0 = 30, ay = g = 9.8 m s-2, y
v0x = v0 cos 0 = 40 cos 30 v0
= 40 0.866 = 34.64 m s-1
o H
v0y = v0 sin 0 = 40 sin 30 x
R
= 40 0.5 = 20 m s-1
Time to reach at the highest point is,
𝑡 = 2.04 s
.
H= = 20.41 m
.
E04: A bomb is dropped from an airplane moving horizontally with its speed of 50 m s-1.
If the bomb will reach the ground in 5 s, find the altitude of the plane. The air
resistance is negligible.
Ans: The plane velocity is the initial velocity of the bomb.
v0 = v0x
v0x = 50 m s-1, v0y = 0, ay = g = 9.8 m s-2, t = 5 s
The displacement of the bomb, y
y = v0y t + ½ ay t2
x
= 0 – ½ g t2
= – ½ 9.8 52
= 122.5 m (downwards)
The attitude of the plane is 122.5 m
8 Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
E05: A stone is thrown with a speed 20 m s-1 and at an angle of 30 above the horizontal.
Find (i) the horizontal range (ii) the maximum height reached (iii) the time of flight
of the stone.
Ans: v0 = 20 m s-1, 0 = 30, ay = -g = -9.8 m s-2,
v0x = v0 cos 0 = 20 cos 30 = 20 0.866 = 17.32 m s-1
v0y = v0 sin 0 = 20 sin 30 = 20 0.5 = 10 m s-1
y
.
(i) R = = = 35.35 m
.
v0
(ii) H = = 5.10 m o H
.
x
R
(iii) T = = = 2.04 s
.
Q01: A cannon ball is shot with initial velocity 141.4 m s-1 with 45 angle of inclination.
Find the position and velocity of the cannon ball at 5 s.
Ans: v0 = 141.4 m s-1, 0 = 45, ay = -g = -9.8 m s-2, t = 5 s
v0x = v0 cos 0 = 141.4 cos 45 = 141.4 0.7071= 99.98 m s-1
v0y = v0 sin 0 = 141.4 sin 45 = 141.4 0.7071 = 99.98 m s-1
At t = 5 s,
vx = v0x = 99.98 m s-1
vy = v0y + ay t = 99.98 – 9.8 5 = 99.98 – 49 = 50.98 m s-1
Q02: A stone is thrown horizontally from a cliff 100 ft high. The initial velocity is 20 ft s-1.
How far from the base of the cliff does the stone strike the ground?
v0 = 20 ft s-1, 0 = 0, ay = g = 32 ft s-2, y = 100 ft (downwards)
v0x = v0 = 20 ft s-1, v0y = 0
y = v0y t + ½ ay t2
–100 = 0 – ½ 32 t2
100
𝑡
16
𝑡 = 2.5 s
𝑡 = 16.33
.
t = 4.04 s
Q04: A footballer kicked a ball with an initial velocity of 20 m s-1 at an angle of 60. (i) How
long is the ball in the air? (ii) What are the range and maximum height of the ball?
v0 = 20 m s-1, 0 = 60, ay = g = 9.8 m s-2,
v0x = v0 cos 0 = 20 cos 60 = 20 0.5 = 10 m s-1
v0y = v0 sin 0 = 20 sin 60 = 20 0.866 = 17.32 m s-1
.
(i) T = = = 3.53 s
.
.
(ii) R = = = 35.35 m
.
.
H= = 15.31 m
.
10 Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes APEX
3. Other examples of the circular motion are a satellite orbiting the earth [Fig 1.6 (b)], the
motion of a wheel [Fig 1.6 (c)] and the turning of a car around a curved path [Fig 1.6 (d)].
4. If an object (rigid body) rotates about an axis, each particle consisting of the object
moves in a circular motion.
5. Although an object moves in a circle at a constant speed, its velocity is not constant.
6. The direction of the velocity is tangential to the path.
7. Velocity is constantly changing as the direction of the velocity is changing continuously.
8. The velocity in circular motion is also called the tangential velocity.
9. Fig 1.7 shows an object moves along a circular path. y-axis
v
10. The object undergoes the circular motion about O.
11. Since the object is on the reference line, its angular r s
position is zero. O x-axis
12. After time t, it has moved to a new position.
13. In this time interval, it has rotated through an angle Fig 1.7: The angular displacement of
an object in circular motion
with respect to the reference line and through a
distance s measured along the circumference of the circle, called an arc length.
Dr Vince Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes 11
Angular displacement: Change of the angular position is called the angular displacement θ.
14. The angular displacement is the ratio of the arc length to radius.
15. The magnitude of angular displacement (θ), measured in radian (rad), is given by
𝜃 (OR) s = r
𝑣 𝑟 (because r = constant)
𝑣 𝑟𝜔 (because 𝜔)
27. Figure 1.9 shows the direction of the linear velocity and the angular velocity.
Dr Vince Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes 13
28. The relation between the angular acceleration α and the tangential acceleration a is
d𝑣
𝑎
d𝑡
𝑎 (because v = r)
𝑎 𝑟 (because r = constant)
𝑎 𝑟𝛼 (because 𝛼)
R010: Calculate the angular speed of the second hand and the minute hand of a clock in
terms of rad s-1.
Ans: For second hand,
= 2 rad, t = 60 s
∆
𝜔 𝜔 rad s-1
∆
E06: Express the angular velocity of a 45 rpm (revolutions per minute) record turntable in
units of radians per second.
E07: The angular velocity of a rotating disc increases from 2 rad s−1 to 5 rad s−1 in 10 s.
What is the average angular acceleration?
Ans: 0 = 2 rad s−1, = 5 rad s−1, t = 10 s, 𝛼 =?
E08: A particle in disc rotating with a uniform angular speed of 2 rev s-1 is 0.2 m from the
axis of rotation. What are (i) the tangential speed of the particle and (ii) the angle
through which it rotates in 3 s?
Ans: Since a particle rotates with a uniform angular speed, the motion of particle is uniform
circular motion.
= 2 rev s-1 = 2 (2 rad s-1) = 4 rad s-1, r = 0.2 m
(i) the tangential speed = v =?
v = r = (0.2) (4) = 0.8 m s-1 = 0.8 (3.142) m s-1 = 2.514 m s-1
(ii) t = 3 s, the angle through which it rotates = =?
= t = (4) (3) = 12 rad = 6 rev
Dr Vince Grade 11 Physics Detailed Notes 15
E05: A circular disc rotates initially at rest experiences a uniform angular acceleration of
0.25 rad s−2. What is the angular speed after rotating 10 s?
Ans: 0 = 0 rad s−1, = 0.25 rad s−2, t = 10 s, =?
= 0 + t = 0 + 0.25 10 = 2.5 rad s−1
Q06: A disc rotating at angular speed of 10 rad s−1 is slowed down by a uniform angular
acceleration to a speed of 4 rad s−1 in 3 s. What is the angular acceleration?
Ans: 0 = 10 rad s−1, = 4 rad s−1, t = 10 s, 𝛼 =?
𝛼 𝛼 = -2 rad s−2
Q07: The tips of the blades in a food blender are moving with a speed of 21 m s−1 in a circle
that has a radius of 0.053 m. How much time does it take for the blades to make one
revolution?
Ans: v = 21 m s−1, r = 0.053 m, = 1 rev = 2 rad, t =?
v = r