DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES OF LAOAG CITY,

INC.

Final Module

Instructor: Emilyn Rubio-Quiazon Subject: Art Appreciation

Arts Around the World

European Countries

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you must be able to:

a) Share your knowledge or thoughts about the arts in any of the

countries between Italy or France.
b) Learn the history of art in the countries mentioned.
c) Discover some of the artists in each country together with their most
famous artwork and its meaning.
d) Answer the fifteen-item quiz under each lesson.
e) Give impression about what you have learned about arts in each of
the country.
f) Come up with a generalization about what is common among the
three Asian countries when it comes to art.
g) Make an essay about what part of any of the Asian or European
countries, related arts, would you like to adapt in the Philippines.

Topics:

Art in Italy
Art in France

Engaging: Time to leave and say goodbye to the Asian countries and prepare to board
because you are now visiting some of the European countries! Now it’s time
for you to share your thoughts or impressions when it comes to arts in
European countries like Italy and France.

Now that you have shared your thoughts, let us now proceed to the different Arts in
Italy.
 Art in Italy

Let’s Discuss!

ROMAN ART IN ITALY – politics and art were often closely linked. Unlike the
Greek art, secular values stood in the foreground of Roman art. Decorations,
interiors and frescoes were more important than outside facades. The Roman art in
Italy brought three major innovations: the art of portraits, landscape painting and the
depiction of history. The rise and acceptance of Christianity brought significant
change with it, as art was put into the service of the church, which would have a
decisive impact on art in Italy and Europe in the coming centuries.

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE: HARMONY AND PERFECTION – Italian city states

developed into separate cultural and political centres understanding perfectly how to
combine the glorious past with the present. The Romanesque and Gothic art were
followed by more nature inspired illustrations until the rediscovery of the ancient
world, as the Renaissance period emerged in
Italy. It received strong support from the church and from rich cities. Leonardo Da
Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian marked the heyday of the Italian
Renaissance and left many wonderful works that make the hearts of all aficionados
of Italian art beast faster, works can be seen in Naples and Rome.

ROME: ITALY’S BAROQUE LEGACY – the Baroque period can therefore be

regarded as an instrument of propaganda that was meant to illustrate the importance
of the Catholic Church. Without the architectural achievements of Borromini and
Bernini’s magnificent sculptures, Rome would probably be way less charming.
 MODERN ART IN ITALY – Italian sculptures, painters, architects and artists had
been dominating the art scene in Europe for 400 years continuously initiating new
eras with their achievements. However, with the rise of nationalism and the
unification of Italy, this primacy ended abruptly. And the end of the 19th leading into
20th century. Italian artists once more caused a stir with futurism and the Pittura
metafisca, the metaphysical art. Their legacy
still makes the art in Italy a central factor on
their journeys through the country.

ITALIAN ARTISTS and THEIR

MASTERPIECES

TINTORETTO 1518 – 1594

Tintoretto, or Jacopo Comin, was one of

the three Venetian giants from the
Renaissance, along with Titian and Veronese.
During the Renaissance Italian artists
developed perspective to create an illusion of
three-dimensional space. Tintoretto stretched
this technique to its limit by using long and vast
perspectives. Tintoretto’s style was innovative and dramatic and he had fervor for
colossal works. His art is known for its flamboyance, radicalness and modernity.

THE LAST SUPPER (1594)

Painted for the Church of

San Giorgio Maggiore, this late
version of the Last Supper is
perhaps the most unusual and
dramatic staging of a scene often
depicted by the artist. This
effectively divides the canvas into
two scenes, contrasting the
spirituality of the scene on one side
of the table with the secular world
on the other. In a central position,
Jesus Christ stands surrounded by
his disciples, all on the far side of
the table. Eleven disciples and two
 women stand on the same side of the tables as Christ, one of the women wears blue,
the other is in red, symbolic colors associated with the Madonna and Mary Magdalene,
respectively.

GIORGIONE
1478 – 1510

Giorgione was Titian’s master and together with his

pupil he founded the distinctive Venetian school of Italian
Renaissance painting. His brilliant career was cut short
due to his death in his early thirties. Giorgione is famous
for the elusive poetic quality of his artwork. His untimely
death, artistic brilliance unknown life and uncertainty of
the meaning behind his paintings make Giorgione one of
the most mysterious and talked about figures in the
history of European art.

THE TEMPEST (1508)

It is a milestone in Renaissance landscape

painting, with its dramatization of a storm about to
break. Here is the kind of poetic interpretation of
nature that the renaissance writers Pietro Bembo
and Jacopo Sannazzaro evoked. This feeling for
nature is probably also intimately.
 SANDRO BOTTICELLI
c. 1445 – 1510

Although Botticelli rose to become one of the

most acclaimed painters in Italy, by the end of his
life his reputation started to decline and he was
eclipsed by younger artists. Posthumously his
reputation continued to suffer till 1890s after which
his work was seen to represent the linear grace of
Early Renaissance painting. Now considered one
of the greatest Italian painters, Botticelli’s work is
renowned for fascinating use of color.

PRIMAVERA (1482)

The scene shows us a group of figures in an

orange grove. One of the first things we
should notes is that little used in terms of
perspective; while some atmospheric
perspective is visible through the trees to the
right and to the left, in the center is the
Roman Goddess, Venus. Her presence is a
reflection of the humanist interest in the
classical world which was popular in
Florence at this time. She is depicted as an idealized woman, slightly off-center, with
her head titled and gesturing to her right.
 TOMMASO MASACCIO
1401 – 1428
Considered as the founder of Renaissance art,
Masaccio changed the direction of Italian painting. He
was the first to fully master depth and perspective in his
painting, employing techniques such as vanishing point
in art for the first time. He was responsible in moving
Italian art away from the International Gothic style to a
more realistic, profound and natural style. Though
Masaccio died at the age of twenty six, the body of his
work left a strong influence on the artists to follow.

THE HOLY TRINITY (1428)

The title of the painting comes from the

three key figures: Christ on the cross, God the
Father standing on a ledge behind Christ, and
the holy spirit. Interestingly, God the father
standing on a platform in the back, which is not
an “otherworldly” place, but instead a realistic
space which follows the laws of physics. Mary
and St. John are also present at the Crucifixion
at the foot of the cross and one step down from
them are Masaccio’s donors to either side.
 RAPHAEL
1483 – 1520

With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, Raphael was

one of the greatest painters of Italian High Renaissance. He
is famous for his paintings of the Madonna and Christ Child.
Raphael was a master in realistically depicting emotion in
great detail. He died on his 37th birthday. His movement
toward Mannerism influenced painting styles of future
artists till the twentieth century.

THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS (1509)

The school of Athens represents all the

greatest mathematicians, philosophers and
scientist from classical antiquity gathered
together sharing their ideas and learning
from each other. These figures all lived at
different times, but here they are gathered
under one roof. The two thinkers in the very
center, Aristotle and Plato have been
enormously important to Western thinking generally, and in different ways, their
different philosophies were incorporated into Christianity.
 TITIAN
c.1476-1576 Titian’s works define the main features of
16th century Venetian Art. He was a versatile painter,
adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and
mythological and religious subjects. His painting
methods, particularly his emphasis on the touches of
the brush and even sometimes of fingertips, exercised
profound influence on the future generations of Western
art. He is also known for transforming the history of art
and of patronage, enabling kings and princes of the
Church to commission sexual seductions as readily as
crucifixions.

ASSUMPTION OF THE VIRGIN (1518)

The paints used by titian were composed of gum

turpentine and linseed oil, among other unknown
ingredients. The composition of the painting is brilliantly
designed to lead the eyes upwards in a pyramid shape,
beginning with the red robed apostles as the bottom, to
Mary’s re dress, and finally to the red tunic of God
himself at the top. This religious scene commemorates
the assumption of Mary which is celebrated annually
within the Catholic Church.
 MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
1475 – 1564

Michelangelo is one of the greatest artists of all time

but he defined himself as a ‘sculptor’ and had low view of
painting. Still he created two of the most influential works
in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from
Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the
Vatican and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. Hence
despite his low opinion of painting, these masterpieces
guarantee him a place among the best painters of all
time.

THE CREATION OF ADAM (1512)

The lord floats through the heavens,

His mantle widespread and bursting
with angelic forms, and his calm gaze
accompanying and reinforcing the
movement of his mighty arm. He
extends his forefinger, about to touch
that of Adam, who reclines on the
barren coast of earth, barely able as yet
to lift his hand. The divine form is
convex, explosive, paternal, the human
concave, receptive, and conspicuously
impotent.
 GIOTTO DI
BONDONE

c.1267-1337

Giotto revolutionized Western art to the point that

many critics consider him the first genius of
European painting. He was the first artist to break
away from Byzantine style and instead drew
accurately from life. His paintings are known for
being the first to masterfully capture the gestures,
faces, sorrows and joys of human beings and for
being faithful to nature. His fresco cycle on the
Scrovegni Chapel is one of the most important masterpieces of Western art.
Some critics believe that no one has ever painted better than Giotto, and only a
handful have equaled him.

THE KISS OF JUDAS (1306)

The entire canvas background is a dark

blue sky, to which spears and alighted torches
are leveled. Among this vanity, two figures
stand out in profile – Jesus Christ and his
disciple Judas Iscariot. Savior and traitor look
into the eyes of the opponent. Here Giotto
very skilfully, with the help of paints conveys
the inner world of biblical characters. So,
Christ has the immaculate appearance of
ancient beauty, but Judas looks ugly, his face
with a low forehead is rather unpleasant.
 CARAVAGGIO
1571 – 1610

Caravaggio’s paintings, which combine a realistic

observation of the human state, both physical and
emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a
formative influence on the Baroque school of painting.
He is in fact considered the father of Baroque painting.
Caravaggio’s style can be seen directly or indirectly in
the work of Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Bernini, and
Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation
heavily under his influence were called the
“Caravaggisti”.

THE BEHEADING OF SAINT JOHN THE

BAPTIST (1608)

This passionately and volatile man

was challenged to a duel and killed a
certain Tomassoni. Sentence to death, he
fled to Naples, met a Knight of the order
of St John and was given passage to
Malta.
 LEONARDO DA VINCI
1452 – 1519

Da Vinci was a ‘universal genius’ but for four

centuries his fame rested on his laurels as a painter.
His detailed knowledge of anatomy, light, botany and
geology helped him in creating the masterpieces he
is known for. Da Vinci used sudden gradation of tone
and is famous for capturing human emotions in
expressions and gestures. In the Last Supper da
Vinci beautifully captures the expression of each
apostle after Jesus said that one of them would
betray him; while in Mona Lisa he gives us a smile
that is still a subject of conjecture, centuries after the
painting was made. Da
Vinci was perhaps the greatest in capturing subtle expressions due
to which his paintings look more alive than others.

MONA LISA (1517)

This figure of woman, dressed in

Florentine fashion of her day and seated in a
visionary, mountains landscape, is
remarkable instance of Leonardo’s technique
of soft, heavily shaded modelling. The Mona
Lisa’s enigmatic expression, which seems
both alluring and aloof, has given the portrait
universal fame.
 Work on This

1. What are some of the highlights in the history of Italian art?

2. Which among the masterpieces that you have learned gave you the most
impact? State your reasons why.

Let’s Check!

Directions: Read the following statements. If the statement is TRUE, write T.

If the statement is FALSE, write F. Write your answers on your
coupon bond.

1. Italy was the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the Roman
Empire.
2. Leonardo da Vinci was a universal genius, but for four centuries, his fame
rested on his laurels as a painter.
3. Caravaggio’s paintings combine a realistic observation of the human state
both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative
influence on the Baroque painting.
4. Giotto de Bondone was the first artist to break away from Byzantine style
and instead drew accurately from life.
5. Michaelangelo Buonarroti is one of the greatest artists of all time but he
define himself as a sculptor and had low view of painting.
6. Raphael was a versatile painter, adept with portraits, landscape
backgrounds and mythological and religious subjects.
7. Titian was one of the greatest painters of Italian High Renaissance.
8. Tomasso Masaccio became one of the most acclaimed painters in Italy.
9. Sandro Botticelli changed the direction if Italian painting.
10. Giorgone was one of the three Venetian giants from the Renaissance, along
with Titian and Veronese.

11. Mona Lisa is one of the artworks of Leonardo da Vinci.

12. The Tempest was painted by Giorgione.
13. Assumption of the Virgin was painted by Titian.
14. In 1594, The Last Supper was the masterpiece of Tontoretto.
15. Sistine Madonna was painted by Raphael.

Wrap It Up

In Italian art, I learned that…

 Art in France

Let’s Discuss!

History of French Art in Ancient Greece

The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason. The
development of Greek art can be divided into four periods: geometric, archaic,
classical, and Hellenistic.
Geometric period was a time when Greece was starting to get back from the
onslaught of what seemed to be their dark ages.
Archaic period placed importance on human figures.
Classical period is the peak of Greek sculpture and architecture.
Hellenistic period is the time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their
temples and focusing on creating artworks, and the time of Alexander the great.
Ancient Rome
The fusion of Greek and roman cultures can be seen in most roman artworks. The
romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for
grand monuments and architectural infrastructures.

Middle Ages
It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness. Dominant
characteristic of the period was that the church was the central figure and authority of
the period.

Renaissance Art
The artists valued the individual as a subject of arts. The influence of humanism
shifted the focus of some artworks during the renaissance period to empower the
individual. Most of their artworks emphasis on the proportionality of the human body.

Mannerism
Artist would observe nature and their best to emulate it based on their observation.
Most artworks displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional spaces, discordant hues
and colors, and lack of defined focal points.

Baroque and the Rococo

Most of the artist used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works. Motion and
space were taken into consideration by artists like the use of dramatic lighting and the
concept of time. Music also flourished drying baroque period. People believed that
music could serve as powerful tool to communicate messages that can evoke certain
feelings among its listeners.

Neoclassicism
It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and
rekindle the influences of Greek and roman into art and architecture.

Romanticism
Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements into their work. During the age of
revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on patriotic and nationalistic
movements. The major and central themes of romanticist movement include the
emphasis on the goodness of mankind. Most works also promoted justice, equality,
and social order. Artist also emphasized emotional feelings of man, which was a
deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism.

Realism
Realism as a style of work focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and
somehow mirrors reality. Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from
traditional forms of art. It revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings.

Impressionism
Impressionism artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct
representation of color. The distinctive characteristic of this style is that it allows the
artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene.

Post-impressionism
It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the influence
and rejection of impressionism. Most artist that belong to this movement started off as
impressionists but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of impressionism.
Led the development of individual style that gave emphasis to defining from with the
used of broken colors and brush stroke.

Neo-impressionism
Neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of
impressionism. Most painters who subscribe to such movement rely on a systematic
and scientific techniques that have a predetermined visual effects not only on the art
work itself but also how the audience perceive the art.

Art Nouveau
This ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was
the prevailing and dominant theme of most western artworks. Thus ornamental style
uses long and organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and
glass design, among others. Most works the defining characteristic of art nouveau is
the asymmetrical line that usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks.

Fauvism
A style of painting that emerge in France around the turn of the twentieth
century. They used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes
directly to the canvas. Most fauvist works rejects the conservative and traditional
rendering of three-dimensional space.

Cubism
Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane. Focusing on a
flat surface was rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective,
foreshortening, and modeling. Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way
obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space.

Futurism
Highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines. Common themes
for works in this movement are restlessness and the fast.

FRENCH ARTISTS AND THEIR MASTERPIECES

CLAUDE MONET
November 14, 1840 - December 5, 1926
Known For: Painting

He was the founder of the art “Movement

Impressionism.” He broke tradition and thought in
terms of colors, light and shapes. He was the driving
force behind this revolutionary art movement; and its
most consistent and prolific practitioner
WATER LILIES SERIES (1896 – 1926)

Monet painted the gardens around

the house and then turned his attention
to the water gardens, painting them
repeatedly between 1897 and his death
in 1926. In all, he produced more than
250 oil paintings of his lily ponds and his
Japanese bridge, executed in different
sunlight and at different times of the day.

HENRI MATISSE
December 31, 1869 - November 3, 1954
Known For: Painting, Printmaking, Sculpture &
Collage

One of the most influential figures of

modern art. His work is source of inspiration
by others brilliance. He invented the famous
medium paper cut- out in which he cut colored
paper and arranged them as collages.
 DANCE (1910)

Amongst Henri Matisse’s most famous

works, Dance is an ode to life, joy, physical
abandonment, and has become an emblem of
modern art. The artwork was commissioned
with its matching painting Music by the
influential Russian collector Sergei Shchukin in
1909 for decorating his mansion.Dance was
painted at the height of the Fauvism aesthetic
and embodies the emancipation from Western
art’s traditional conventions of representation.
Today, Dance is hung with its partner Music at
the Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg.

PAUL CÉZANNE
January 19, 1839 – October 22, 1906 Known For: Painting
His desire to capture the truth of perception made him
explore optical phenomena to provide the viewer with an aesthetic
experience of depth. Cezanne’s exploration of geometric
simplification and optical phenomena inspired 20th Century artists
to experiment with simplifications and complex multiple views
leading to the birth
of Cubism.

THE BATHERS (1905)

The story that some critics have told describes

the women in The Large Bathers as goddesses in
the middle of nature. The trees are acting as their
theater and the figures in the background are
watching their actions. There is a distinct triangle
shape that forces the viewer to focus on the lake
and the small figures in the background. Despite the
movement in the picture there is a sense of calm
among the bathers.The viewer appears to take a
voyeuristic peek
into their private world.
 PIERRE-AUGUSTE RENOIR
February 25, 1841 – December 3, 1919
Known For: Painting

Most known for his depictions of women, evolving

Parisian society, domestic scenes, nudes and dance
paintings. His paintings are notable for their vibrant light
and saturated colors
most often focusing on people intimate and candid
compositions

DANCE AT LE MOULIN DE LA GALETTE (1876)

A masterpiece of modern art, the Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette is one of the

most famous Impressionist paintings and a dazzling example of Renoir's talent for
capturing dappled light
The painting depicts a famous Parisian lifestyle during a typical Sunday
afternoon in the late 1870s, when working-class Parisians would dress up and
spend time dancing, drinking, and eating into the evening. It is one of the most
famous Impressionist paintings and a dazzling example of Renoir’s talent for
capturing dappled light produced when sunlight is filtered through the leaves of
trees. It is a masterpiece demonstrating his innovative style of capturing a
moving crowd with vibrant and brightly colored brushstrokes.
 AUGUSTE RODIN
November 12, 1840 – November 17, 1917
Known For: Sculpture

He turned away from the idealism of the

Greeks and decorative beauty; thus departing from
centuries old traditions in the field of sculptures.
Some of his works were so realistic that he was
accused of surmoulage, that ishaving taken a cast
from a living model. Most of his works are criticized
during his lifetime.

THE THINKER (1902)

Rodin's The Thinker was originally

part of The Gates of Hell which was
completed on commission in 1882.
What became known as The Thinker
was originally intended to represent the
poet Dante as he contemplated writing
The Divine Comedy, on which The
Gates of Hell was based.

When Rodin created this figure

separately from the original work it lost
its association with Dante and has become known all over the world as a symbol
of philosophy and knowledge
 HENRI DE TOULOUSE-LAUTREC
November 24, 1864 – September 9, 1901
Known For: Illustration, Painting & Printmaking

Artistically, he is renowned for providing a

profound insight into the psychological make-up of
his subjects. He was the first artist to elevate
advertising to the status of a fine art; thus
demolishing the boundaries between high and low
art; and setting the standard for future commercial
artists like Andy Warhol.

MOULIN ROUGE: LA GOULUE (1891)

He depicts two artistes who

performed regularly at the
famous nightclub. The woman
kicking her leg in the air is La
Goulue (‘Glutton’), a celebrated
cancan dancer who owed her
nickname to the gusto with
which she approached
everything, from eating and
drinking to dancing. Her dance partner in the top hat is Valentin le Déssossé
(‘Valentin the Boneless’), so called because of his supple moves. Lautrec
presents them here as caricatures, with exaggerated facial features and poses.

The abruptly cropped silhouettes of Valentin and the audience add to the
dynamism of the composition. The deep black, the bright, solid colours and the
playful typography also help make this a masterpiece. The poster is large and
had to be printed in three parts. This copy is unusual in that it is still intact:
The upper band, including a large part of the words ‘Moulin Rouge’ is often
missing.
MARCEL DUCHAMP
June 7, 1848 – May 8, 1903
Known For: Painting & Sculpture
Marcel Duchamp is considered as the father of
Conceptual art. He is one of the three artists who initiated
revolutionary artistic developments which would define the
course of 20th century art.

FOUNTAIN (1917)

Fountain is one of Duchamp’s most

famous works and is widely seen as an icon
of twentieth-century art. The original, which is
lost, consisted of a standard urinal, usually
presented on its back for exhibition purposes
rather than upright, and was signed and dated
‘R. Mutt 1917’. Tate’s work is a 1964 replica
and is made from glazed earthenware painted
to resemble the original porcelain
 PAUL GAUGUIN
June 7, 1848 – May 8, 1903
Known For: Painting & Sculpture

One of the most celebrated Post-Impressionist

painters. Many among Gauguin’s most famous
masterpieces are paintings which are directly and
symbolically inspired by the life, practices and people
of Tahiti

WHERE DO WE COME
FROM? WHAT ARE WE?
WHERE ARE WE
GOING? (1898)

Where are we going? represents the artist’s painted manifesto created while
he was living on the island of Tahiti. The French artist transitioned from being a
“Sunday painter” (someone who paints for his or her own enjoyment) to becoming a
professional after his career as a stockbroker failed in the early 1880s. He visited the
Pacific island
Tahiti in French Polynesia staying from 1891 to 1893. He then returned to
Polynesia in 1895, painted this massive canvas there in 1897, and eventually died
in 1903, on Hiva Oa in the Marquesas islands.
 EUGÈNE DELACROIX
April 26, 1798 – August 13, 1863
Known For: Painting & Lithography

He was the leading artist of the French

Romantic era of the 19th century and he is regarded
as the greatest French painter of his time. Delacroix
drew inspiration from the works of William
Shakespeare and Romantic poets like Lord Byron.
His expressive brushstrokes and his brilliant use of
color strongly influenced Impressionism

LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE

(1830)

Liberty leading the people is a

painting usually associated with the
July Revolution of 1830 in France. It
is a large canvas showing a busty
woman in the center raising a flag
and holding a bayonet. She is
barefoot, and walks over the bodies
of the defeated, guiding a crowd
around her. This is probably the
most famous artwork of Delacroix,
who is known as the most important
artist of Romanticism.
 Work on This

1. What are some of the highlights in the history of the arts in France?

2. Among the few French artists you have met, who is your favorite and why?

3. Which among the masterpieces that you have learned gave you the most
impact? State your reasons why.

Let’s Check!

Directions: Read the following statements. If the statement is TRUE, write T.

If the statement is FALSE, write F. Write your answers on your
coupon bond,

1. Neo- impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of

emotion.
2. Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms
of art.
3. The name of August Rodin’s art is Dance at le Moulin de la Gallete(1876) .
4. Edgar degas is known for illustration, Painting and Printmaking.
5. Cubism emphasized that they are in any way obliged to copy texture, from
color and space.
6. Middle ages is the period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness.
7. Most of Pierre-Auguste Renoir’s work is criticized during his lifetime.
8. Edgar Degas is considered as one of the leading artist of the French
romantic era of the 19th century.
9. Henri Matisse is known his sculpture only.
10. The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason.
11. Mannerism, artist would observe nature and their best to emulate it based
on their observation.
12. Eugene Deiurox drew inspiration from the works of William Shakespeare.
13. Marces Duchamp is considered as the father of post impressionist.
14. Paul Cezanne painted a series with palette knife.
15. Claude Monet is not the founder of the art movement Impressionism.
Wrap It Up

In French art, I learned that…

Generalization

After studying about arts in some of the European countries such as Italy and France,
what do you think is the reoccurring theme in the masterpieces?