ENGLISH
 Parts of Speech – classification and
function of words in English language
 Noun – a word used to name a person,
place, thing, measures of time, actions
and quantity.
 Kinds of Noun:
1. Concrete Noun – noun that can
be seen, touched, and felt (ex.
friend, computer, Ana)
2. Abstract Noun – noun that
cannot be seen, touched, and
felt (ex. courage, love, year)
 Groups of Noun:
1. Common Noun – refers to
people, places, and things.
Common nouns are usually not
capitalized except at the
beginning of the sentence. (ex.
girl, country, day, scientist)
2. Proper Noun – refers to
particular person, place, or thing
which always begins with capital
letters. (ex. Sunday, Emy,
Philippines, Amazon River)
 Pronoun – is word used in place of
nouns or used to substitute a noun.
 Types of Pronoun:
1. Personal Pronoun – refers to
specific person or thing and
changes its form to indicate
person, number, gender, or
case. (ex. it, he, she, him, her,
they, you, we, us, me, I)
2. Possessive Pronoun
indicates that the pronoun is
acting as a marker of possession
and defines who owns a
particular object or person. (used
before a noun – my, your, his,
her its, our, theirs; used alone –
mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
theirs)
3. Reflexive Pronoun – ends in
‘self’ or ‘selves’. (ex. myself,
ourselves, yourself, yourselves,
himself, herself, itself,
themselves)
4. Demonstrative Pronoun –
points to and identifies a specific
person, place, or thing. (ex. this,
these, that, those)
5. Indefinite Pronoun – refers to
an identifiable but not to a
specific person, place, or thing.
Singular – anybody, anyone,
anything, each, either, neither,
other, another, everyone,
everybody, everything, nobody,
nothing, no one, one, somebody,
someone, something;
Plural – both, few, many,
several, others;
Singular or plural – all, any,
more, most, none, some
6. Interrogative Pronoun – is a
pronoun used in order to ask a
question. (ex. what, which, who,
whom, whose)
7. Relative Pronoun – connects
group of words to another idea in
the same sentence. (ex. similar
with interrogative pronouns: We
read the book that you gave me.)
 Subject-Verb Agreement – a rule that
a verb must agree with its subject in
person and number
 Content words:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
– 4. Adjective
5. Adverb
 Function words:
1. Preposition
2. Conjunction
3. Interjection
 Verb – parts of speech that denotes an
action
 Intransitive verb – verb that does not
have a direct object and complement
 Linking verb – verb that does not
shown an action
 Time of verb:
 1. Tenses
2. Aspects
 Tenses of verb:
1. Past – d, ed (change in form)
2. Present – s form, base form
3. Future – wiil/shall + base form
 Aspects of verb:
1. Perfect
2. Progressive
3. Perfect progressive
 Mood of verb:
1. Indicative mood – states a
question
2. Subjunctive mood – states a
suggestion or qualifies the truth
3. Imperative mood – states a
command or request
 Active voice – the subject comes after
the direct object or indirect object
 Adjective – it describes a noun or a
pronoun.
 Kinds of Adjectives:
1. Descriptive Adjectives – give
color and vividness to the
persons, places, or things. (ex.
fashionable, eloquent, orange)
2. Limiting Adjectives – indicate
number of quantity. (ex. full,
three, one)
3. Possessive Adjectives
indicate possession of nouns.
(ex. this, these, my, their)
4. Demonstrative Adjectives –
used to point out definite person,
place or thing. (ex. this, these,
that, those)
5. Indefinite Adjectives – used to
point out indefinite nouns. (ex.
each, all, any, both, some)
6. Interrogative Adjectives
comes after a noun and used in
asking question. (ex. Whose
house is that?)
 Order of Adjectives: NOSASCOMP
1. Number
2. Opinion
3. Size
4. Age
5. Shape
6. Color
7. Origin
8. Material
9. Purpose
 Adverb – a word that modifies or
expands the meaning of a verb,
adjective, or another adverb.
 Kinds of Adverb:
1. Adverb of manner – answers
the question ‘how’? (ex. quietly,
rapidly, barely)
2. Adverb of place – answers the
question ‘where’? (ex. near,
here, everywhere)
3. Adverb of frequency – answers
the question ‘how often’? (ex.
weekly, every, never)
4. Adverb of time – answers the
question ‘when’? (ex. now, early,
soon)
5. Adverb of degree – answers the
questions ‘how much’, ‘how
small’, ‘how long’, ‘to what
extent’? (ex. almost, very, too)
6. Interrogative adverb – asks a
question (ex. When are you
going home?)
 Adverb’s Degrees of Comparison:
1. Positive – carefully, efficiently
2. Comparative – more carefully,
– less efficiently
3. Superlative – most carefully,
least efficiently
 Order of Adverb: D/PMTFP/R
1. Direction/position
2. Manner
3. Time
4. Frequency
5. Purpose/reason
 Affixes of Adverbs:
– 1. Suffix – ly (ex. hopefully)
2. Prefix – a (ex. adrift, anew,
aloud)
- wise (ex. lengthwise,
clockwise)
- wards (ex. backwards)
 Preposition – is a word placed before a
noun or a pronoun and shows the
relationship that exists between the
noun or a pronoun and some other word
in the sentence.
 Examples of Prepositions:
o At – used in landmarks
o In – used in enclosed things
o On – used in surface
 Conjunction – is a word used to join
words or group of words.
 Types of Conjunctions:
1. Coordinating conjunction –
connects words, phrases, or
clauses of similar kind. (ex.
FANBOYS – for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, so)
2. Correlating conjunction – is
used in pairs to connect the
same kind of words or group of
words. (ex. both-and, neither-
nor, either-or, whether-or, not
only-but also)
3. Subordinating conjunction –
connects two ideas by making
one idea dependent on each
other.
- Cause: as, because,
inasmuch, as, since
- Comparison: as… as,
so… as, than
- Concession:
although, though, while
- Condition: if, provided
that, unless,
- Manner: as, as if, as
though
- Place: where,
wherever
- Purpose: in order that,
so that, that
- Result: so that, so…
that, such… that,
- Time: after, as, before,
since, till, until, when,
while
 Interjection – is a word or exclamation
that expresses a strong feeling or
sudden emotion. (ex. ah, alas, bah,
dam, goodness, hey, oh, pshaw, uh,
ugh, whew, wow)
 Example of Absolute phrase:
1. Arrow-knitted (noun + past
participle)
LITERATURE
 Sophocles – Oedipus and Electra
 Homer – Iliad and Odyssey
 Virgil – Aeneid (story of Aeneas)
 Horace – satires and epistles
 Song of Roland – medieval
 Nibelungenlied – life and death of
Sigfried and the story of Krienshila
 Divine Comedy – Dante Alighieri
 Francesco Petrarcha – greatest Italian
poet
 Decameron – made by Boccaccio
- means 10 dogs
- 100 short prose
- made during medieval
period
 Leo Tolstoy – “God sees the truth but
waits.”
 Egyptian poetry – pastoral poetry
 Bible (old testament) – most important
Hebrew literature
 One Thousand and One Nights or
Arabian Nights – famous collection of
stories
 1028 – Rig Veda hymns
 Mahabharata – world’s longest epic
 Five Books or Five Strategies –
Panchatantra (Visnusarman)
 Sakuntala – Indian play made by
Kalidasa
 Book of Song – chorus
 Analects of Confucius – philosophy
 Tao Te Ching – by Lao Tzu (Taoism)
 Manyoshu – Japanese poetry
- First anthology
 Tanka – poem with five lines
- (5, 7, 5, 7, 7)
 Choka – alternate 5 and 7 line
DEVELOPMENTAL READING
 Kinds of Reading:
2. Analytic Reading
3. Developmental Reading
4. Extensive Reading
 5. Intensive Reading – curriculum, the chief ideas or specific
syllabus information
 Dolch list – 220 sight words  Subtle and complex process of
 Emergent period – learning before reading has five stages:
going to formal school 1. Sensation
 SQ3R – content area materials 2. Perception – response
 Decoding – deciphering/converting 3. Comprehension
 IRI (Individualized Reading Inventory) 4. Application
– measures reading level 5. Integration
 Reading readiness – concrete period of  Process of Reading according to
reading growth or expanding power Zintz:
 Timeline – span of time 1. Step 1: Word perception –
 Story map – parts of literary works ability to pronounce words
2. Step 2: Comprehension –
 Setting – time, place, condition in which
useful ideas
the action takes place
3. Step 3: Reaction – judgment
 Mood – is a feeling that the reader takes
to what the author has said
toward the subject
4. Step 4: Integration –
 Tone – is a feeling that the writer takes applying the concept
toward the subject
 Other process of reading:
 Conflict – the opposition of persons or 1. Clustering
forces that gives rise to the dramatic 2. Questioning
action in a drama or fiction 3. Imagining
 Climax – the highest point or part of the 4. Compare and contrast
story 5. Analyzing
 Plot – a literary framework or a series of  Levels of Comprehension:
events in a story 1. Literal comprehension –
 Characters – the body and flesh of the reading the lines
story or the ones who take the action in 2. Interpretative
the story comprehension – reading
 Theme – the main subject, issue or idea between the lines
in a story 3. Critical analysis –
 Content – learning with experience evaluation of characters,
 Context – based on texts answers open-ended
 Idea Reading – rapid reading questions
 Exploratory Reading – reading with
accuracy
 Study Reading – reading for
understanding
 Three Models of Reading:
1. Top-down – imparting reader’s
experiences, context, reader’s
mind
2. Bottom-up – understanding
based on the text or text based
3. Interactive – reader and the text
 Skimming – looking over or reading
quickly in finding the main ideas
 Scanning – reading point-by-point
or reading carefully in order to find