Ranjitha Final Report of Internship

BASIC CONCEPTS OF STEEL STRUCTURES WITH ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN OF AN INDUSTRIAL SHED
CHAPTER1: COMPANY PROFILE

1.1: About the company: Manickya engineering services was started by Mr. Duraiswamy M
in the year 2003. The firm was set up with the idea of bringing likeminded engineers and
creating a pool of talent. The main aim of the company is to provide the best solutions to the
client with new innovations. They assign value in the working relationships with their clients
by listening carefully to them and understand thoroughly their needs and work closely with
them to solve engineering problem of clients.
1.1.1Our Vision
1. To be known as a leading, innovative Organization, at the forefront of Structural
Engineering Services
2. To be known for its excellent, competent engineers – where engineers always find
challenging opportunities
3. To have a Management Style conducive to PERPETUITY of the organization
4. To build a reputation bigger than the sum total of the individual reputation of the people
1.1.2 Our Mission
The mission of the organization is to deliver outstanding Value to Clients with
innovation and technical excellence while maintaining profitability. The fundamental purpose
of this organization is to consistently make a positive contribution to the built environment.
1.1.2 Our Values
1. Honesty to the profession and to ourselves
2. Passionate Efforts and Continuous Search for Improvement in the Quality of Design while
ensuring Safety and economy
3. Making continuous efforts to improve efficiency and productivity without compromising
quality in order to remain competitive
DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 1

CHAPTER 2 : DEPARTMENT INFORMATION

2.1 About the Proprietor
Born in 1944, Mr. Duraiswamy graduated as a civil engineer from Madras University
in the year 1968. He also completed his masters of engineering in structural stream from
Bangalore University in the year 1970. Soon after graduating as structural engineer he
worked as Inspector of Factories (Govt. Of Karnataka) from May 1971 to 1976.After that he
joined to MECON ltd. Basavangudi Bangalore from 1976 to 2002 and retired from service on
superannuation as Assistant General Manager.
2.2 Professional experiences
In general 32 years’ experience in planning, estimating, preparation of technical
specification, Tender analysis including tender evaluation and recommendation, analysis and
design of steel structures, checking and approval of fabrication drawings for steel structures
of Industrial buildings, strengthening scheme for damaged steel structures etc., for various
projects Viz., Bhilai Steel plant, Titanium Dioxide pigment Plant, Kerala; DRDL, RCI and
BDL projects, Hyderabad; Hot strip mill of ESSAR Steel, Hazira; Cold Rolling Mill for PT
Essar Dhananjaya, Indonesia; JSW Steel plant, Bellary; TNEB Project, Chennai.
2.3 Project site experiences
1. Mangalore pellet Plant, Mangalore, and Karnataka for Two years. Involved in Inspection
&Supervision of Structural fabrication and erection of about 12000 tones of steel structures
consisting of Heavy Columns, Heavy bins, roofing structures, walkways, staircases, conveyor
galleries, pipe Stockades etc. The activities include:
Necessary.
2. Kudremukh Iron Ore Plant, Karnataka for two years Involved in Inspection of about 35000
Tons of fabricated and erected steel structures consisting of heavy built – up Columns, heavy
platforms, slurry pipe lines and launders etc., with particular reference to inspection of heavy
load bearing connections and damage due to corrosion, material abrasion etc.; preparation of
rectification/ modification drawings
3. I – PQSU Off shore platforms of M/S.ONGC Place of Posting: Sam Sung Heavy Industries
Co. ltd., Koje plant, South Korea from 13-1-93 to 16-4-93.

Job Description: Inspection of Fabrication of Jacket & Deck Structures with particular
reference to the following activities in accordance with project specifications
i. Material (Raw Steel) inspection and clearance for fabrication.
ii. Inspection of fit-ups /edge preparation for welding of joints ofstructural members and
piping prior to welding.
iii. Inspection of welding of joints of structural members.
iv. Inspection of surface preparation and painting of steel structures.
v. Progress monitoring of structural fabrication.
vi. Verification of pressure testing of Jacket legs and skirt sleeves, pre-installed conductors
and pipe sections, launch truss chords and buoyancy tanks to 1.5 kg/sq.cm for 4 hours
vii. Verification of pressure testing of inflates and grout lines to40 kg/sq.cm for 1 hour.
viii. Inspection of fit-ups and welding of joints of structural fastening and tie down members
for the Jackets, piles etc. on the barge prior to sail out.
ix. Material inspection of pipes and fittings for piping.
x. Reviewing of construction drawings prepared and issued at site by the contractor and
pointing out mistakes for necessary corrections in the drawings.
4. Cold Rolling Mill, PT ESSAR Dhanjaya Jakarta, Indonesia Place of Posting: Jakarta from
October 1994 to January 1995.
Job Description: Inspection of fabrication and erection of Cold Rolling Mill structures
including progress monitoring.
2.4 Project carried out/being carried out in Manickya engineering servicer
1) Design & preparation of design drawings for expansion of JSW Steel Plant, Bellary.
1. Design & preparation of design & fabrication drawings for material handling systems for
Mineral Enterprises (P) Ltd, ChickanayakanaHalli, Tumkur District.
2. Design & preparation of design drawings for material handling systems for Kalpataru
power Transmission Ltd, Rajasthan.
3. Design & preparation of drawings for buildings of Indian Society of Health
Administrators, Bangalore.
4. Preparation of Fabrication drawings for Seabird Project for M/s. Nagarjuna Construction
Company Ltd

5. Design and preparation of design and fabrication drawings for expansion of Essar Steel
Ltd., Hazira.
6. Maintenance Inspection of steel structures of about 1, 50,000Tof M/S JSW Steel Limited,
Bellary, Karnataka.
7. Design of Steel tanks for Oil contaminated water for AGT pipe line project for METITO
(Overseas Ltd) Dubai through K-Pack systems, Bangalore.
8. Design & Preparation of Fabrication Drawings for ventilation system for M/s DustvenPvt.
Ltd. for projects at various plants.
9. Preparation of fabrication drawings for Microwave Telecommunication Towers of
ASCON (PHASE-111) for ITI Ltd., Bangalore.
10.Preparation of fabrication drawings for Grade Separated Interchange at Kengeri,
Bangalore for Nagarjuna Construction Company Ltd.
11.Design and Preparation of Design Drawings and Fabrication Drawings for Conveyor
Galleries and Junction Houses of Cement Plants for Domacls Engineering Pvt. Ltd,
Bangalore.
12.Design and preparation of design drawings and fabrication drawings for conveyor
galleries and Junction houses of Coal handling system in Mukah for AE Automation (M)
SDN BHD, Malaysia.
13.Maintenance Inspection of steel structures of M/S Kirloskar Ferrous Lt., Hospet,
Karnataka.
14.Design and preparation of design drawings of all the structures of1.2 MTPA Iron ore
Beneficiation Plant, Jayalakshmi Mineral Private Limited for BATEMAN Engineering (P)
Ltd., Bangalore.
15.Design and Preparation of Design Drawings for Conveyor Galleries and Junction Houses
of various Sugar Plants for Methods (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.
16.Design and preparation of design & fabrication drawings for silos and TAMOL/TYSOL
storage tanks for Polytech Automation Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.
17.Design and preparation of Design drawings of Silos for NMDC/SIEMENS.
18.Design and preparation of design drawings of 130 M and 80m span of pipe Conveyor
Bridge for BATEMAN Engineering (P) Ltd., Bangalore.
19.Maintenance Inspection of steel structures of M/S JSW SteelLimited, Mettur, Tamil Nadu.

CHAPTER 3: TASK PERFORMED

3.1 General:
What are steel structures?
A structure which is made from organized combination of structural steel membersdesigned
to carry loads and provide adequaterigidity. Steel structures involve a sub-structure or
members in a building made from structuralsteel. Usually steel members with rolled sections
like angle sections, I-sections, Channel-sections, T-sections areused.Structural steel is steel
construction material which fabricated with a specific shape and chemical composition to suit
a project’s applicable specifications.Depending on each project’s applicable specifications,
the steel sections might have various shapes, sizes and gauges made by hot or cold rolling,
others are made by welding together flat or bent plates. Common shapes include the I-beam,
HSS, Channels, Angles and Plate.
FIG 1 : SHAPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Some examples for steel structures are:
FIG 2: LIGHT WEIGHT STEEL STRUCTURE
FIG 3: CURVED STEEL STRUCTURE

FIG 4: MODERN DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE
FIG 5: INDUSTRIAL STEEL DESIGN
3.1.1 Different Forms of Rolled Steel Sections:
Various forms of rolled steel sections are as follows:
1. Angle sections
Angle sections are manufactured in “L” shape. It contains two legs. Some angle sections
contains legs with similar dimensions are called as equal angle sections and some contains
different legs are called as unequal angle sections. Angle sections are widely used for roof

truss constructions and for filler joist floors. Equal angle sections are available from 20 mm x
20 mm x 3 mm to 200 mm x 200mm x 25 mm with their corresponding weights as 9 N and
736 N per meter length respectively.Unequal angle sections are available from 30 mm x 20
mm x 3 mm to 200mm x 150mm x 18mm with 11 and 469 N per meter length weight
respectively.
FIG 6 : ANGLE SECTION
2. Channel sections
The channel section or C- section consists two equal flanges connected to web at both ends.
Channel sections are extensively used in steel framed structures. They are available in various
sizes ranging from 100 mm x 45 mm to 400mm x 100 mm. Corresponding unit weights are
58 N and 494 N per meter length respectively.
FIG 7 : CHANNEL SECTION

3. T- sections
T section consists of flange and web arranged in “T” shape. They are used in steel roof
trusses to form built up sections. Two angle sections can also be joined to get T section.
Rolled T sections size varies from 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 150 mm x 150mm x 10 mm
with 9 N and 228 N as their corresponding weights per meter length
FIG 8 : T - SECTION
4. I-sections
I sections which are also called as steel beams or rolled steel joist are extensively used as
beams, lintels, columns etc. It consists two flanges and a web connected as shown in figure.
These are available in various sizes ranges from 75 mm x 50 mm at 61 N per meter length to
600 mm x 210 mm at 995 N per meter length.
FIG 9 : I - SECTION

5. Round bars
Round bars contain circular cross sections and these are used as reinforcement in concrete
and steel grill work etc. Round bars are available in various diameters varies from 5 mm to
250 mm.
FIG 10 : ROUND BARS
6. Square bars
Square bars contain square cross sections and these are widely used for gates, windows, grill
works etc. the sides of square cross section ranges from 5 mm to 250 mm.
FIG 11 : SQUARE BARS

7. Flat bars
Flat bars are also used for gates, windows, grill works etc. Flat bars are designated with width
of the bar which varies from 10 mm to 400 mm. thickness of flat bars will be from 3 mm to
40 mm.
FIG 12 : FLAT BARS
8. Corrugated sheets
Plain steel sheets are passed through machines which produce bends by pressing them called
corrugations. These sheets are used for roof coverings.
FIG 13 : CORRUGATED SHEETS

9. Expanded metal
Expanded metal sheets are made from mild steel sheets. Which are cut through machine and
expanded. Generally, Diamond shaped mesh is appeared in this type of sheets.
FIG 14 : EXPANDED METALS
10. Plates
Steel plates are well used items in steel structures. They are used for connecting steel beams,
tensional member in roof truss etc. They are designated with their thickness which is varying
from 5 mm to 50 mm.
FIG 15 : PLATES

11. Ribbed bars (HYSD)
Ribbed HYSD bars are made of high yield strength steel. Ribs are nothing but projections
produced on bars by cold twisting of bar in hot rolled condition. The twist is made according
the standard requirements.
HYSD bars are important innovation of steel and they are extensively used as main
reinforcement materials in all concrete works like bridges, buildings, precast concrete works,
foundations, roads etc..
FIG 16 : HYSD BARS
12. Ribbed bars (mild steel)
Ribbed bars can also be produced from mild steel. These are look-alike HYSD ribbed bars
but these bars are not recommended by any code and they also have very less strength
compared to HYSD bars.
FIG 17 : MILD STEEL

13. Thermo-mechanically treated bars
Thermo-mechanically treated bars or TMT bars are manufactured by a special technique in

which the red-hot steel bars are suddenly quenched by spraying water on it. So, surface of bar
gets cooled down and inner side or core of the bar still in hot condition.
FIG 18 : TMT BARS
14. Welded wire fabrics
Welded wire fabrics are nothing but a series of mild steel bars which are arranged
perpendicular to each other and welded at all intersection.
FIG 19 : WELDED WIRE FABRICS

3.1.2 Advantages of using steel in structures
1. Steel is tensile. It has a high strength to weight ratio which means it has high strength
per unit mass. So no matter how large the overall structure is, the steel sections will
be small and lightweight, unlike other building materials.
2. Steel can be easily fabricated and produced massively. Steel sections can be
produced off-site at shop floors and then assembled onsite. This saves time and
increases the efficiency of the overall construction process.
3. Structural steel is very flexible. You can mold it into any shape, without changing its
properties. You can convert it into sheets or turn it into wires as per the design.
4. Structural steel is relatively cheap compared to other building materials.
5. It is very durable. Structural steel structures can withstand external pressures such as
earthquakes, thunderstorms, and cyclones. A well-built steel structure can last up to
30 years if maintained well.
3.1.3 Disadvantages of using steel in structures
1. Steel is an alloy of iron. This makes it susceptible to corrosion. This problem can be
solved to some extent using anti-corrosion applications.
2. It has high maintenance costs as it has to be painted to make it corrosion-resistant
3. There are extensive fireproofing costs involved as steel is not fireproof. In high
temperatures, steel loses its properties.
4. Buckling is an issue with steel structures. As the length of the steel column increases
the chances of buckling also increases.
5. Steel has a high expansion rate with changing temperatures. This can be detrimental
to the overall structure.
6. If you are on the lookout for structural steel fabricators, then reach out to us at the
earliest. At Northern Weldarc, we are a team of highly experienced structural steel
fabricators. We specialize in oil and gas, commercial, pulp and paper, and
petrochemical industries.

3.1.4 Disadvantages of using steel in structures
1. Susceptibility to corrosion.
2. High maintenance cost and fireproofing cost.
3. Loss of strength at elevated temperatures.
4. Fatigue and thermal conductivity.
5. Steel has high expansion rate with changing temperature that can be
detrimental to tall structures
6. Susceptibility to buckling
FIG 20 : STEEL BUCKLING
3.2 Method of Steel Design
1. Working Stress Design Method

2. Lmit State Method
Working Stress Design Method Definition:

Working Stress Design Method is a method used for the reinforced concrete
design where concrete is assumed as elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically where
the relationship between loads and stresses is linear.

Assumptions of Working Stress Design Method
1. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending

2. Bond between steel and concrete is perfect with in elastic limit of steel
3. The steel and concrete behaves as linear elastic material
4. All tensile stresses are taken by reinforcement and none by concrete
5. The stresses in steel and concrete are related by a factor known as “modular ratio
6. The Stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is a Straight line under working
load
Limitations of working stress method :
1. The assumptions of linear elastic behaviour and control of stresses within specially
defined permissible stresses are unrealistic due to several reasons viz., creep,
shrinkage and other long term effects, stress concentration and other secondary effects
2. Different types of load acting simultaneously have different degrees of uncertainties.
This cannot be taken into account in the working stress method
3. The actual factor of safety is not known in this method of design. The partial safety
factors in the limit state method is more realistic than the concept of permissible
stresses in the working stress method to have factor of safety in design.
Limit State Method:

The philosophy of the limit state method of design represents a definite advancement over the
traditional design philosophies.Unlike WSM which based calculations on service load
conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which based calculations on ultimate load conditions
alone, LSM aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by
considering safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads.
The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to provide adequate
safety at ultimate loads as well as adequate serviceability at service loads, by considering all
possible ‘Limit State’.

3.3 DESIGN OF TRUSS
A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that creates a rigid structure. In

engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where
the members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a
singleobject".
They are able to carry significant loads, transferring them to supporting structures
suchas load-bearing beams, walls or theground.
FIG 21 : TRUSS
A truss is an assembly of beams or other elements that creates a rigid structure. In

engineering, a truss is a structure that "consists of two-force members only, where the
members are organized so that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a single object. A "two-
force member" is a structural component where force is applied to only two points.
Although this rigorous definition allows the members to have any shape connected in any
stable configuration, trusses typically comprise five or more triangular units constructed with
straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
In this typical context, external forces and reactions to those forces are considered to act only
at the nodes and result in forces in the members that are either tensile or compressive.

For straight members, moments (torques) are explicitly excluded because, and only because,
all the joints in a truss are treated as revolutes, as is necessary for the links to be two-force
members.
A planar truss is one where all members and nodes lie within a two-dimensional plane, while
a space truss has members and nodes that extend into three dimensions. The top beams in a
truss are called top chords and are typically in compression, the bottom beams are
called bottom chords, and are typically in tension.
3.3.1 CALCULATION OF FORCES IN TRUSSES
1.METHOD OF JOINTS
2.METHOF OF SECTION
Forces in trusses (Method of joints)
FIG 22 : FORCES IN TRUSS

3.4 DESIGN OF BEAMS
GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR THE DESIGN OF BEAMS
Step 01: Load Calculation
Dead Load
Live Load
Total load=DD+LL
Step 02: Calculation of BM
BM= w*l2/8 kg-cm in case of udl
Step 03: Check for Bending Stress

f=M/Z
allowable bending stress =1250kg/cm2 (assume)
actual bending stress (from steel table depending on section selected.
Allowable Bending Stress> Actual Bending Stress
Hence section will besafe.
Step 04: Check for shear Force
allowable shear stress=0.4fy kg/cm2
actual shear stress=Shear force/Area of the web kg/cm2
Shear Force=Max reaction at the support

Area of the web=(D-2T)Tw
Where D=Depth of the
flange
T=Thickness of the Flange
Tw=Thickness of theweb
Allowable shear stress>Actual shear stress
Hence section will be safe.

Step 05: Check forDeflection
allowable deflection=L/325 cm
where L=length of the span

actual deflection= (5*W*L4)/384EI cm
Allowable deflection>Actual deflection
Hence section will be safe.
LOADS TAKEN FOR NORMAL BUILDING CASES
1. DeadLoad
Assume
DL=100kg/m2
Chequered plate = 50kg/m2
RCC floor = 2500kg/m2
Grating = 40kg/m2
2. Live Load
500kg/m2 with equipements
250kg/m2 without
equipements

3.4.1 DESIGN OF BEAM WITHOUT BRACINGS
Checks are as follows: Beam 1
Reactions:RA=RB=3000KG
1. Check for BendingStress
Actual Bending Moment=wl2/8=375*10^3kg-cm
Allowable Bending Stress=938.4kg/cm2

Actual Bending Stress=913.52kg/cm2
Allowable BS > Actual BS
Hence Beam 1 for ISMB250 is safe

2. Check for ShearStress
Actual Shear Stress=193kg/cm2
Allowable Shear Stress=1020kg/cm2
Allowable SS>Actual SS
Hence Beam1 for ISMB250 is safe
3. Check for Deflection

ActualDeflection=0.93cm
Allowable Deflection=1.53cm
Allowable Def>Actual Def
Beam 1 is provided with ISMB250
Reactions: RA=3675kg RB=3300kg
1. Check for BendingStress
ActualBending Moment=wl^2/8=6400*102kg-cm
Allowable Bending Stress=775.2kg/cm2

ActualBending Stress=627.4kg/cm2
2. Check for ShearStress
ActualShear Stress=112kg/cm2
Allowable ShearStress=1020kg/cm2


Allowable Def>Actual Def
3.4.2 DESIGN OF BEAMS WITHBRACINGS
Reactions: RA=1478.125kg
RB=1821.8kg
1. Check for Bending Stress
ActualBending Moment=wl^2/8=14.85*10^5kg-cm
Allowable Bending Stress=846.6kg/cm^2

ActualBending Stress=820.4kg/cm^2

2. Check for Shear Stress
ActualShear Stress=38.36kg/cm^2
Allowable ShearStress=1020kg/cm^2
Allowable Def>Actual
3.4.3 CERTAIN CONDITIONS TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE DESIGN OF
COLUMNS ARE:
1. DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Check for Bending Stress
When Bracings are provided, Lx=0.8*length of column
Ly=0.8*length of column/2
When Bracings are not provided, Lx=Ly=0.8*length of column

Where Lx and Ly are effective lengths
2. DESIGN OF BRACINGS
Check for Bending Stress
Lx=0.8*Length of Bracing/2

Ly=Length of Bracing
Where,
Lx= length along X

direction
Ly=length along Y
direction
3.5 STEEL ANGLE SECTIONS
FIG 23 : SINGLE ANGLE SECTION
FIG 24 : DOUBLE ANGLE SECTION

FIG 25 : STARRED ANGLE SECTION
3.5.1 SELECTION CRITERIA FOR ANGLE SECTIONS
Selection of Angle Sections are based on:
1. Weight of the section which is used.

2. Single angle sections require more weight so these are notpreffered.
3. Double Angle Sections are better than the Starred angle because width of the
connectingplate required islesser.
4. If single angles are used then 90*90*6mm is economical and no plate is
required for the connection.
5. Starred angles are used when there is end to endconnections.

3.6 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL FRAMES
Frame structure is the structure with the combination of beam, coloumn, slab,bracings to
resist the gravity and lateralloads.These structures are usually used to overcome the large
moments developed due to applied loading.We analysed mainly two forms of frame
structure that is X-shaped and A-shaped structural frames for single storey and two
storeybuilding.The analysis of frame structure was done using jointmethod.
FIG 26 : STRUCTURAL FRAME
Here is a space frame, supporting the roof, and this allows the other panels to cover the roof
and let some light in. So, in centuries gone by a building would be built out
of bricks or stone and all those bricks and stone would be structural, in that they were all, or
at least most, required for the building to remain standing up. With the advances of materials,
we can now use steel and reinforced concrete to build a frame. This allows for much more
flexibility in the use of the building.

3.6.1 PROBLEMS
CONCENTRIC BRACING TYPE STRUCTURAL FRAME OF 5m

HEIGHT
Lateral load of 10 Tons acting at point A

Member end forces
Beam AB -5Tons (Compression)
Column AC-5 Tons (tension)
Column BD-5 Tons (compression)
Bracing BC-7 Tons (tension)
Bracing AD-7 Tons (compression)
CONCENTRIC BRACING TYPESTRUCTURAL

Lateral load of 10 Tons acting at point C and B
Member end forces
Beam CD -5 Tons (compression)
Beam BE- 5 Tons (tension)
Column CB- 5Tons (tension)
Column BA- 20 Tons (tension)
ColumnEF- 20 Tons (compression)
Column DE- 5 Tons (compression)
Bracing CE –7 Tons (compression)
Bracing BD-7 Tons (tension)
Bracing BF- 14.14 Tons (compression)
Bracing AE – 14.14 Tons(tension)

ECCENTRIC BRACING TYPE STRUCTURAL FRAME ANALYSIS OF

5m HEIGHT
Lateral load of 10 Tons acting at point B
Member end forces

Beam BE- 10 Tons (compression)
Beam EC- 0 Ton
Column AB- 0 Ton
Column CD- 0 Ton
Bracing AE- 11.18 Tons (tension)
Bracing ED -11.18 Tons (compression)
ECCENTRIC TYPE STRUCTURAL FRAME ANALYSIS OF 10m HEIGHT
1. Lateral load of 10 Tons acting at point C
Member end forces

Beam CD-10 Tons (compression)
Beam DF- 0 Ton
Beam BE-5 Tons (compression)
Beam EG-5 Tons (tension)
Column CB-0Ton
Column FG-0Ton
Column GH-10 Tons (compression)
Bracing BD- 11.18 Tons (tension)
Bracing DG- 11.18 Tons (compression)
Bracing AE – 11.18 Tons (tension)
Bracing EH-11.18 Tons (compression)

2. lateral load acting at point B and C
Member endforces
Beam CD-10 Tons (compression)
Beam DF-0 Tons
Beam BE-15 Tons (compression
Beam EG – 5 Tons (tension)
Column CB-0 Ton
ColumnBA-0Ton
Column FG-0Ton
Column GH-10 Tons (compression)
Bracing BD- 11.18 Tons (tension)
Bracing DG- 11.18 Tons (compression)
Bracing AE – 22.37 Tons (tension)
Bracing EH-22.37 Tons (compression)

3.7 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL SHED
It is any structure that is used to store raw materials and etc. Buildings are low rise steel
structures characterized by low height, lack of interior floor, walls and partitions.
FIG 27 : INDUSTRIAL SHED
3.7.1 Component of an Industrial Shed:
The elements of industrial buildings are given below:
1. Purlins
Purlins are beams which are provided over trusses to support roof coverings.
Purlins spans between top chords of two adjacent roof trusses. When purlin
supports the sheeting and rests on rafter then the purlins are placed over panel
point of trusses. Purlins can be designed as simple, continuous, or cantilever
beams. Purlins are often designed for normal component of forces. Purlins are of
various sections such as Z purlin, channel purlin, I section Purlin, Truss purlin etc.
some sections of purlins are shown below.

FIG 28 : PERLIN
2. Sag Rods
These are round sections rods and are fastened to the web or purlin. The roof
covering in industrial buildings are not rigid and do not provide proper support.
Therefore, sag rods provided between adjacent purlins to extend lateral support
for purlins in their weaker direction. A sag rod is designed as a tension member to
resist the tangential component of the resultant of the roof load and purlin dead
load. The tangential component of the roof load is considered to be acting on the
top flange of purlins, whereas the normal component and purlin dead load is
assumed to act at its centroid. Therefore the sag rod should be placed at a point
where the resultant of these forces act.
FIG 29 : SAG RODS

3. Principle Rafter
The top chord member of a roof truss is called as principal rafter. They mainly
carry compression but they may be subjected to bending if purlins are not
provided at panel points.
4. Roof Truss
Roof trusses are elements of the structure. The members are subjected to direct
stresses. Truss members are subjected to direct tension and direct compression.
5. Gantry Girders
Gantry girders are designed as laterally unsupported beams. Overhead travelling

cranes are used in industrial buildings to lift and transport heavy jobs, machines,
and so on, from one place to another. They may be manually operated or
electrically operated overhead travelling crane. A crane consists of a bridge made
up of two truss girders which moves in the longitudinal direction. To facilitate
movement, wheels are attached to the ends of crane girders. These wheels move
over rails placed centrally over the girders which are called gantry girders.
FIG 30 : GANTRY GIRDERS

6. Column and Column Base
A column is a structural member which is straight to two equal and opposite

compressive forces applied at the ends. Stability plays an important role in the
design of compression member because in columns buckling is involved. The
problem of determining the column load distribution in an industrial building
column is statically indeterminate. To simplify the analysis the column is isolated
from the space frame and is analyzed as a column subjected to axial load and
bending. An industrial building column is subjected to following loads in addition
to its self-weight.
• Dead load from truss
• Live load on roof truss
• Crane load
• Load due to wind Steel columns are normally supported over concrete blocks.
However when the load supported by these columns are large and the bearing
pressure of concrete from below is insufficient to resist the loads, they may fail.
Therefore it is a normal practice to distribute column loads to steel base plate
which are placed over these concrete blocks. In addition to transferring safely the
column loads, a base plate also maintains the alignment of the column in plane,
verticality of the column and controls column and frame deflection.
FIG 31 : COLUMN AND COLUMN BASE

7. Girt Rods
These are beams subjected to unsymmetrical bending. These support vertical dead
load from the sliding and horizontal wind loads. Usually these are unequal angle
sections connected with the longer leg to withstand the effect of wind. Girts are
assumed to be continuous.
8. Bracings
It is important to trace the longitudinal crane forces through the structure in order
to insure proper wall and crane bracing. For lightly loaded cranes, wind bracing in
the plane of the wall may be adequate for resisting longitudinal crane forces.
While for every large longitudinal forces, the bracing is most likely to be required
in the plane of crane rail. When the wind acts in the direction normal to the plane
of industrial building bents, i.e., in the longitudinal direction, then it becomes
essential to brace it to another to provide sufficient stability against wind or other
longitudinal force. Vertical column bracing transfers the longitudinal force to the
foundation.
FIG 32 : BRACING

3.7.2METHODOLOGY
The industrial Building is designed as per the following codes.

• IS 875 - 1987 Code of Practice for design loads (Other than EQ) for building and
structures.
• IS 800 - 2007 : Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel.
Design consideration:
• The main frame rafters and exterior columns are rigidly connected to each other
(moment type connections).
• Column bases are considered to be pinned as well as fixed.
• The lateral stability of the building is provided through the frame action of the main
frames.
• The longitudinal stability of the building is provided through the truss action in the
cross braced bays of the building.
LOAD COMBINATIONS:
For the present work, various primary loads that are considered are given below-
1. Primary DEAD LOAD

2. Primary LIVE LOAD
WIND LOAD IN +X WITH
4. Primary IP
WIND LOAD IN +X WITH
7. Primary IS
8. Primary WIND LOAD IN -X WITH IP
9. Primary WIND LOAD IN -X WITH IS

3.7.3 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL SHED
FIG 33 : PLAN OF AN INDUSTRIAL SHED
PLAN DIMENSION =60M x 36M
HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING = 9M
COLUMN-COLUMN DISTANCE IN BOTH THE DIRECTION = 6M
TOTAL DEAD LOAD = 17KN/M
TOTAL LIVE LOAD = 46KN/M
TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE = 912.942KN
STEEL SECTION PROVIDED FOR COLUMNS AND ROOF= ISMB600
STEEL SECTION PROVIDED FOR BRACINGS = ISA90X90X6MM

FIG 34 : TOP SLANT VIEW OF SHED
FIG 35 : ELEVATION OF SHED
3.7.4 DEAD LOAD CALCULATION
1. Dead Load on the Roof
Dead load of the sheeting at 10kg/m2 = 10x6=60kg/m

Assume the perlin spacing is 1m C-C distance
The load due to perlin = 15kg/m
The total load = 15x6=90kg
2. Dead load due to roof bracing
Assume Roof bracing Δ90x90x6 mm
The weight of Δ90x90x6mm for the braced bay = 8.2x6x1.414x2
= 17 kg
By including guzzet plate, the total weight = 20kg
The total weight/m2 = 20/(6x6) = 0.55kg
Let us take it as 1kg
Dead load on the Rafter = 1x3 =3kg/m
Total dead load on the Rafter = 60+90+3
= 153kg/m
Hence the total load = 160kg/m
3. Live Load on the Rafter
According to the code the load = 74 kg/m2
Total live load on the Rafter = 74x6
= 444kg/m
3.7.5 WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Wind load:
i. Calculation of Wind pressure:
As per clause 5.3 of IS: 875(part 3)-1987, we have
Vz =Vb×K1×K2×K3
Where
Vz = design wind speed at any height
Vb =basic wind speed at given location
K1 = probability factor or risk co-efficient

K2 =terrain, height and structure size factor

K3=topography factor
Basic wind speed value for Bengaluru region as per clause 5.2 we have
• Vb = 33 m/s
For basic wind speed of 33m/s and for all general buildings and structures as per clause 5.3.1
• K1= 1
Value for wind slope of less than 3o as per clause 5.3.3.1 we have
• K3= 1
Wind pressure Pz is calculated by using the following formula as per clause 5.4
• Pz = 0.6×Vz2
Category = 3; Class C; K1= 1
Height (m) K2 Design

wind
pressure
(Kg/m2)
10 0.93 52
15 0.97 63
20 1.0 67
As per table of IS: 875 (Part 3) page No: 28
Internal pressure co-efficient opening not more than 5% = ± 0.2

Pressure coefficients required for wind load calculations with internal pressure and internal
suctions are considered from the table 4 IS 875 (Part 30-1987)

WIND LOAD WITH INTERNAL PRESSURE CALCULATION
Wind on the windward wall with internal pressure
= (0.7-0.2)x6x52
=156kg/m
FIG 36 : DL+LL+WP @ WINDWARD WALL

Wind on the windward roof with internal pressure
= (1.096+0.2)x6x52
= 405kg/m
FIG 37 : DL+ LL+WP @ WINDWARD ROOF
Wind on the leaward roof with internal pressure
= (0.4+0.2)x6x52
= 190kg/m
FIG 38 : DL+LL+WP @ LEAWARD ROOF

Wind on the leaward wall with internal pressure
= (0.25+0.2)x6x52
=140kg/m
FIG 39 : DL+LL+WP @ LEAWARD WALL
ANALYSIS RESULT
FIG 40 : ANALYSIS RESULT 01

PROFILE LENGTH (METRE) WEIGHT (KN)
ISMB600 719.42 851.585

ISA90X90X6 929.83 61.858
TOTAL = 912.942KN
ERROR = 0
WARNINGS = 0
Sections are passed under steel design.
WIND LOAD WITH INTERNAL SUCTION CALCULATION
Wind on the windward wall with internal suction
= (0.7+0.2)x6x52
= 280kg/m
FIG 41 : DL+LL+WS @WINDWARD WALL

Wind on windward roof with internal suction
= (1.096-0.2)x6x52
= 280kg/m
FIG 42 : DL+LL+WS @ WINDWARD ROOF
Wind on leaward roof with internal suction
= (0.4-0.2)x6x52
= 63kg/m
FIG 43 : DL+LL+WS @ LEAWARD ROOF

Wind on the leaward wall with internal suction
= (0.25 – 0.2)x6x52
= 16kg/m
FIG 44 : DL+LL+WS @ LEAWARD WALL
ANALYSIS RESULT
FIG 45 : ANALYSIS RESULT 02

PROFILE LENGTH (METRE) WEIGHT (KN)
ISMB600 719.42 851.585

ISA90X90X6 929.83 61.858
TOTAL = 912.942KN
ERROR = 0
WARNINGS = 0
Sections are passed under steel design.
3.8 SITE VISIT

LOCATION : SUGAR PLANT, CHANNARAYPATNA.
FIG 46 : 1 LEG TRESSEL, CONVEYOR GALLERY, JUNCTION TOWER

FIG 47 : OPEN CONVEYOR TRUSS
FIG 48 : JUNCTION TOWER

FIG 49 : WATER TREATMENT TANK AT SUGAR PLANT
FIG 50 : STRUCTURAL FRAME

CHAPTER 4: REFLECTION NOTES
This study briefly introduced about the basics of structural steel: types of structural steel, angle of
sections used, advantages and disadvantages of structural steel used, structural frame, method of
design, method of designs, related problems and analysing of an industrial structure using STAAD
Pro soft.
In connection with the handling of structures it is noticed that steel is the simplest material to
model since it is isotropic. Also it should be noticed that Robot and STAAD Pro originally
are developed for steel structures. This might also be the case for the links to the applications.
Therefore it is not surprising that the best results are obtained with the simple steel structure.
Iterative optimization is inherent to every design process. This is especially important at the
concept design stage, where the engineers explore a number of design options in terms of
geometric forms, structural schemes, and individual member sizes before arriving at a
working solution. The process continues through the detailed design stage, where more
precise member sizes and connection specifications are detailed. In the majority of projects,
the iterative design process is manual and trial-and-error based.
Internship programme helped me in the following ways:
1. The internship program helped me in linking the theoretical knowledge with the
practical aspects of civil engineering.
2. It helped me realize the vast scope of civil engineering.
3. I am able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in a
building design.
4. Overall the internship program has laid sound foundation to start my career.
Other than design it has also helped me in handling the practical problem and improving
interaction capability

REFERENCES
1. IS: 800- 2007: General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice
2. IS: 875 (Part 3) – 1987: code of practice for design loads (Other Than Earthquake) for
buildings and structures- Wind Loads.
3. Ms. Aayillia. K. Jayasidhan (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 IJERTV4IS0304403, March-
2015,” Analysis and design of industrial building”.
4. Swapnil D. Bokade, LaxmikantVairagade (IJERT) Mar. 2017,”Design of various
types of industrial buildings”.

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF STEEL STRUCTURES WITH ANALYSIS AND

DESIGN OF AN INDUSTRIAL SHED

CHAPTER1: COMPANY PROFILE

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 1

CHAPTER 2 : DEPARTMENT INFORMATION

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 2

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 3

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 4

CHAPTER 3: TASK PERFORMED

FIG 1 : SHAPES OF STEEL STRUCTURES

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 5

Some examples for steel structures are:

FIG 2: LIGHT WEIGHT STEEL STRUCTURE

FIG 3: CURVED STEEL STRUCTURE

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 6

FIG 4: MODERN DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURE

FIG 5: INDUSTRIAL STEEL DESIGN

3.1.1 Different Forms of Rolled Steel Sections:

Various forms of rolled steel sections are as follows:

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 7

FIG 6 : ANGLE SECTION

FIG 7 : CHANNEL SECTION

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 8

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 9

FIG 10 : ROUND BARS

FIG 11 : SQUARE BARS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 10

FIG 12 : FLAT BARS

FIG 13 : CORRUGATED SHEETS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 11

FIG 14 : EXPANDED METALS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 12

11. Ribbed bars (HYSD)

FIG 16 : HYSD BARS

12. Ribbed bars (mild steel)

FIG 17 : MILD STEEL

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 13

13. Thermo-mechanically treated bars

Thermo-mechanically treated bars or TMT bars are manufactured by a special technique in

FIG 18 : TMT BARS

14. Welded wire fabrics

FIG 19 : WELDED WIRE FABRICS

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 14

3.1.2 Advantages of using steel in structures

3.1.3 Disadvantages of using steel in structures

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 15

3.1.4 Disadvantages of using steel in structures

FIG 20 : STEEL BUCKLING

3.2 Method of Steel Design

1. Working Stress Design Method

Working Stress Design Method Definition:

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 16

Assumptions of Working Stress Design Method

1. Plane Section before bending will remain plane after bending

Limitations of working stress method :

Limit State Method:

DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DSCE, BANGALURU. Page 17

3.3 DESIGN OF TRUSS