SEMESTER 3 SESSION 2 2021/2022

SUBJECT : DCC 30103 HIGHWAY & TRAFFIC

ASSIGNMENT 1
LECTURER : TUAN NOOR RAFIDAH BINTI TUAN HASSAN

NAME MATRIC NO IC NO

NURAMADHIATULNAJIHA 17DKA20F2030 021123-16-0040

MOHAMMED DZULKIFFLY
MUHAMMAD IZZAFIQ BIN 17DKA20F2052 020529-10-0561
AMRINIZAM
NUR MAISARAH BINTI 17DKA20F2058 020613-01-1430
WANTO
UMIE NADHIRA BINTI ABDUL 17DKA20F2075 010802-10-1874
HALIM

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGES PAGES HEADLINES

NUMBER

01 Front page

02 Table of content

03 Question of assignment

04 Introduction

05 - 06 Crocodile cracks

● Cause
● solution

07 - 08 Surface deformation

● Cause
● Solution
● Type of surface deformation

09 -10 Rutting

● Type
● Problems
● Cause
● Solution

11 -12 Corrugation

● Meaning
● Cause
● Solution

12 Depresion

● Meaning
● Cause
● Solution

13 Conclusion

14 Reference

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QUESTION

The major towns are accessible by roads in the state of Selangor. The road networks
are expanding at a slow rate. Hence, the maintenance of existing roads is of utmost
importance. But it was found that some of the roads are badly deteriorated due to poor
maintenance of the roads. The main types of defects that frequently occur are Crocodile
cracks, Surface deformations, Rutting, Corrugation and Depression. Distinguish all
types of this defect with an appropriate solution of road maintenance.

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introduction

As we all know that selangor is one of the most developed states in malaysia, every trip to each
district is surrounded by various intricacies of various roads even in urban areas or in rural
areas. Although road facilities have been provided to make it easier for every user to use, there
will still be problems on the road that we do not notice or know about.little did you guys know
there are many problems on the road that are badly deteriorated due to poor maintenance of the
roads.

Here the four of us from group 6 will present the types of damage found on each road that we
often see. Along with the cause and also the solution to avoid the adverse effects that can occur
due to road damage

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CROCODILE CRACKS

MEANING
CAUSE
METHOD

Fatigue cracking, which is also known as 'alligator' or 'crocodile' cracking, is one of the
most common ways that asphalt pavement can deteriorate over time. The cracking
patterns caused are extremely distinctive and resemble the scales on a reptile's back or
the cracking

CAUSE
● issues in the supporting material beneath your asphalt.
● If the subgrade was not properly prepared, it might not be thick enough or it
might not allow for adequate drainage.
● Even if the asphalt is sound, a faulty subgrade structure can’t support it under
pressure.

SOLUTION
● identify & evaluate the problem – Your contractor will carefully evaluate the
damage and take all aspects into consideration to identify the source of the
problem. This will help them determine what your repair options are.
● Assess the sub-base – To diagnose the full extent of the problem, your
contractor will have to dig into the asphalt and evaluate the sub-base. They’ll be
able to determine what the underlying issues are and how to modify the sub-base
to prevent future damage.
● Repair the damage – If your asphalt is only cracking in certain sections, your
contractor may be able to remove just those damaged areas, install a new
sub-base, and lay new asphalt. If the cracking is widespread, the entire surface
may need to be replaced, with a proper sub-base laid beneath it. In some cases
replacing the entire surface is more cost effective than continuing to battle the
ongoing effects of faulty asphalt construction for years

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SURFACE DEFORMATION

- Permanent deformation of an overstressed subgrade. Longitudinal displacement

of a localized pavement surface area is generally caused by braking or
accelerating vehicles and usually is located on hills, curves, or intersections. Stop
and start cars at intersections. Heavy traffic on steep downgrades or upgrades.
Low stability asphalt mix.

CAUSES

- The resulting sliding and deformation are caused by a low-strength surface mix
or poor bonding between the surface HMA layer and the next underlying layer in
the pavement structure. Repair: Removal and replacement of affected area.

SOLUTION

● Improve the quality of the aggregate in the road structure

● Reduce the stresses imposed by the tyre by covering the structure with better
material, ie better aggregate or asphalt.

● manage the recovery time of the road by ensuring that there is sufficient time
between consecutive vehicles to permit the aggregate layers time to recover.

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TYPE OF SURFACE DEFORMATION

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RUTTING

Pavement rutting is defined as surface depression in the wheel path. Pavement uplift
(shearing) may occur along the sides of the rut. Ruts are particularly evident after a rain
when they are filled with water. There are two basic types of rutting: mix rutting and
subgrade rutting.

TYPE

I. MIX RUTTING

Occurs when the subgrade does not rut yet the pavement surface exhibits wheel path
depressions as a result of compaction/mix design problems.

II. SUBGRADE RUTTING

Occurs when the subgrade exhibits wheel path depressions due to loading. In this case,
the pavement settles into the subgrade ruts causing surface depressions in the wheel
path.

PROBLEM

Ruts filled with water can cause vehicle hydroplaning, and can be hazardous because
ruts tend to pull a vehicle towards the rut path as it is steered across the rut.

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CAUSES

Permanent deformation in any of a pavement’s layers or subgrade usually caused by

consolidation or lateral movement of the materials due to traffic loading. Specific causes
of rutting can be:

● Insufficient compaction of HMA layers during construction. If it is not compacted

enough initially, HMA pavement may continue to densify under traffic loads.

● Subgrade rutting (e.g., as a result of inadequate pavement structure)

● Improper mix design or manufacture (e.g., excessively high asphalt content,

excessive mineral filler, insufficient amount of angular aggregate particles)

● Ruts caused by studded tire wear present the same problem as the ruts
described here, but they are actually a result of mechanical dislodging due to
wear and not pavement deformation.

SOLUTION

- A heavily rutted pavement should be investigated to determine the root cause of

failure (e.g. insufficient compaction, subgrade rutting, poor mix design or studded
tire wear). Slight ruts (< 1/3 inch deep) can generally be left untreated.
Pavements with deeper ruts should be leveled and overlayed or the deficient
pavement should be milled out and replaced with a well designed, modern HMA
mix.

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CORRUGATION

MEANING
CAUSE
METHOD

Corrugation, a type of road deterioration, appears as many transverse ridges that form a
periodic waveform along the vehicle travel direction. Corrugation develops
spontaneously from an initially smooth surface.

CAUSE

● Corrugations are caused by vehicles. When a wheel goes over a small, natural
undulation it changes the amount of weight on it, before resuming normal
distribution. The next wheel follows and does the same thing, each time creating
a very small change in the high and low section. Eventually, this forms a pattern
of ridges and grooves, which get worse with more traffic and becomes a
noticeable corrugation

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SOLUTION

○ Daily checks on vehicle

■ Look to see under the engine bay that there’s no damaged cables, belts,
leaks or noises that sound odd. If you do this, there’s a good chance you will
pick problems up early and fix them before a much bigger issue comes about
(like a wheel coming off at high speeds down a gravel road!) where you may
need a tow or mobile mechanical service.

○ Let your tyres down

■ The lower the tyre pressure, the more the tyres mould to the bumps and act
as secondary suspension. It’s important to balance the speed of your vehicle
with the tyre pressures, as too low pressures will make the tyres get hot and
become damaged, and then they will blow out and put you at severe risk of
an accident. Taking about 30% less than your normal highway pressures is a
pretty good guide, unless the corrugations are bad (and then you’ll need
lower pressures and lower speeds).

○ Have some mechanical sympathy

■ For those doing a huge amount of corrugations, remote reservoir shock
absorbers are well worth considering as they help to mitigate the increased
heat endured by your shock absorbers. Light truck tyres are highly
recommended as well and many even regard them as essential

○ Drive at a sensible speed

■ The correct speed takes into account many variables. There’s traction,
corrugation size, mechanical sympathy, road width, and the number of other
vehicles around. Each of these needs to be assessed and accommodated
towards enhanced personal safety and vehicle protection.

○ Slow down when passing

■ On a corrugated road, make sure you slow down when both passing
someone in the opposite direction or overtaking the vehicle in front. This
reduces dust and the chances of a rock shattering either of your
windscreens, plus a good rule to adhere is not to overtake without seriously
good vision in front or the result can be very nasty. So if it’s dusty, best just to
sit back and be patient

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DEPRESSION

MEANING

● Depressions are localized pavement surface areas having elevations slightly

lower than those of the surrounding pavement. In many instances, light
depressions are not noticeable until after a rain, when ponding water creates
"birdbath" areas.

CAUSE

● Depressions are usually caused by poor site preparation leading to uneven soil
compaction. Indentations commonly appear in parking spots where the tires of
parked cars apply extra pressure to the asphalt.

SOLUTION

● Depressions should be repaired by removing the affected pavement then digging

out and replacing the area of poor subgrade. Patch over the repaired subgrade.

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CONCLUSION

As conclusion, roadways are built to ease the flow of transportation so humans can
travel from one distance to another easily. There are many types of transportation
nowadays such as cars, motorcycles, lorries and so on. Roads have played an
important role in the trade and transportation system throughout the world, and there is
a rapid increase in the pavement infrastructure development in Malaysia.

The roads are designed to ensure the convenience to consumers and the public.
Unfortunately, the road might be damaged because of the constant use by heavy trac
destroying asphalt roads and unsuitable weathering. Damaged roads need to be
repaired immediately as they can cause accidents and traffic congestion.

Planning boundaries for roads and assessing associated environmental effects are
often based on socioeconomic considerations, resulting in a mismatch between
planning scales and spatial scales at which ecological systems operate. In part, this
mismatch results because there are few legal incentives or disincentives to consider
environmental effects beyond political jurisdictions, and thus decision making remains
primarily local. The ecological effects of roads are typically much larger than the road
itself, and they often extend beyond regional planning domains.

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REFERENCE

● https://www.wolfpaving.com/blog/what-to-do-when-you-see-alligator-cracking-in-a
sphalt#:~:text=Fatigue%20cracking%2C%20which%20is%20also,dropped%20a
%20hard%2Dboiled%20egg.
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_cracking
● https://www.integritypavingtexas.com/blog/what-to-do-when-you-see-alligator-cra
cking-in-asphalt
● Depression – Pavement Interactive

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