Daydream (D-Crunch EP)

Introduction to Daydream (D-Crunch EP)

Daydream (stylized in all caps) is the fourth mini-album by South Korean idol group D-
Crunch. It was released on April 6, 2021, by Ai Grand Korea and distributed by Kakao M. It
marks the group's first record following the departure of vocalist Hyunwoo. A dance and
ballad album, its concept revolves around its three themes: "Memory", "Nightmare", and
"Daydream".
Following a series of photo and video teasers, Daydream and its lead single "My Name"
were concurrently released. D-Crunch promoted the song by performing on music chart
programs across various television networks. Two of the group's members were diagnosed
with COVID-19 shortly after the album was issued, which forced D-Crunch to cease
promotions. The mini-album peaked at number 74 on South Korea's national Gaon Album
Chart.

== Background and composition ==

On December 28, 2020, Ai Grand Korea announced that vocalist Hyunwoo, who had halted
promotions with D-Crunch due to an ongoing back injury three months earlier, would leave
the group. He cited his health as the reason for his departure. Conceptually, Daydream
revolves around three themes: "Memory", signifying the longing to return to reminiscent
happy moments; "Nightmare", denying the inescapable reality of being abandoned; and
"Daydream", expressing the fulfillment of a desire which is only possible in a dream.

Quantum stochastic calculus

Quiz 1 Quantum stochastic calculus

Quantum stochastic calculus is a generalization of stochastic calculus to noncommuting

variables. The tools provided by quantum stochastic calculus are of great use for modeling
the random evolution of systems undergoing measurement, as in quantum trajectories.: 148 
Just as the Lindblad master equation provides a quantum generalization to the Fokker–
Planck equation, quantum stochastic calculus allows for the derivation of quantum
stochastic differential equations (QSDE) that are analogous to classical Langevin equations.
For the remainder of this article stochastic calculus will be referred to as classical stochastic
calculus, in order to clearly distinguish it from quantum stochastic calculus.

== Heat baths ==
An important physical scenario in which a quantum stochastic calculus is needed is the case
of a system interacting with a heat bath. It is appropriate in many circumstances to model
the heat bath as an assembly of harmonic oscillators. One type of interaction between the
system and the bath can be modeled (after making a canonical transformation) by the
following Hamiltonian:: 42, 45 

H
=

s
y
s

)
+

1
2

p
 n

,
 {\displaystyle H=H_{\mathrm {sys} }(\mathbf {Z} )+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{n}\left((p_{n}-\
kappa _{n}X)^{2}+\omega _{n}^{2}q_{n}^{2}\right)\,,}
where

s
y
s

{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {sys} }}

is the system Hamiltonian,

{\displaystyle \mathbf {Z} }

is a vector containing the system variables corresponding to a finite number of degrees of
freedom,

{\displaystyle n}
is an index for the different bath modes,
 ω

{\displaystyle \omega _{n}}

is the frequency of a particular mode,

{\displaystyle p_{n}}
and

{\displaystyle q_{n}}
are bath operators for a particular mode,

{\displaystyle X}
 is a system operator, and

{\displaystyle \kappa _{n}}

quantifies the coupling between the system and a particular bath mode.
In this scenario the equation of motion for an arbitrary system operator

{\displaystyle Y}
is called the quantum Langevin equation and may be written as:: 46–47 

where

[
⋅
,
⋅
]

{\displaystyle [\cdot ,\cdot ]}

and

{
⋅
,
 ⋅
}

{\displaystyle \{\cdot ,\cdot \}}

denote the commutator and anticommutator (respectively), the memory function

{\displaystyle f}
is defined as:

f
(
t
)
≡

cos
⁡
(

ω
 n

t
)

{\displaystyle f(t)\equiv \sum _{n}\kappa _{n}^{2}\cos(\omega _{n}t)\,,}

and the time dependent noise operator

{\displaystyle \xi }
is defined as:

ξ
(
t
)
≡
i

n
 ℏ

−
i

n
 (
t
−

(
t
 −

{\displaystyle \xi (t)\equiv i\sum _{n}\kappa _{n}{\sqrt {\frac {\hbar \omega _{n}}{2}}}\
left(-a_{n}(t_{0})e^{-i\omega _{n}(t-t_{0})}+a_{n}^{\dagger }(t_{0})e^{i\omega _{n}(t-
t_{0})}\right)\,,}
where the bath annihilation operator

{\displaystyle a_{n}}
is defined as:

n
 ≡

+
i

2
ℏ

{\displaystyle a_{n}\equiv {\frac {\omega _{n}q_{n}+ip_{n}}{\sqrt {2\hbar \omega

_{n}}}}\,.}
Oftentimes this equation is more general than is needed, and further approximations are
made to simplify the equation.

=== White noise formalism ===

For many purposes it is convenient to make approximations about the nature of the heat
bath in order to achieve a white noise formalism. In such a case the interaction may be
modeled by the Hamiltonian

H
=

s
y
s

i
n
t
{\displaystyle H=H_{\mathrm {sys} }+H_{B}+H_{\mathrm {int} }}
where:: 3762 

=
ℏ

−
∞

(
ω
)
b
(
ω
 )

{\displaystyle H_{B}=\hbar \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} \omega \,\omega b^{\
dagger }(\omega )b(\omega )\,,}
and

i
n
t

=
i
ℏ

−
∞

κ
(
ω
 )

(
ω
)
c
−

b
(
ω
)

{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {int} }=i\hbar \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\mathrm {d} \

omega \,\kappa (\omega )\left(b^{\dagger }(\omega )c-c^{\dagger }b(\omega )\right)\,,}
where

b
(
ω
)
 {\displaystyle b(\omega )}
are annihilation operators for the bath with the commutation relation

[
b
(
ω
)
,

)
]
=
δ
(
ω
−

{\displaystyle [b(\omega ),b^{\dagger }(\omega ^{\prime })]=\delta (\omega -\omega

^{\prime })}
 ,

{\displaystyle c}
is an operator on the system,

κ
(
ω
)

{\displaystyle \kappa (\omega )}

quantifies the strength of the coupling of the bath modes to the system, and

s
y
s

{\displaystyle H_{\mathrm {sys} }}

describes the free system evolution.: 148  This model uses the rotating wave
approximation and extends the lower limit of

ω
 {\displaystyle \omega }
to

−
∞

{\displaystyle -\infty }
in order to admit a mathematically simple white noise formalism.

Priscilla Morgan

NotePriscilla Morgan

Priscilla Morgan (born 14 January 1934) is a British actress who appeared in British TV
series such as Rooms (1977) and Pride and Prejudice (1980) and My Old Man, and movies
such as Separate Tables (1958), On the Fiddle (1961), The Punch and Judy Man (1963), The
Idol (1966), and The Cherry Picker (1974). She also appeared in the original 1954 West End
theatre production of Terence Rattigan's Separate Tables, as well as the 1958 film
version.She was married to the actor Clive Dunn (1920–2012) from 1959 until his death.

Horst Urban

NoteHorst Urban

Horst Urban (15 May 1936 – 2 March 2010) was a Czech luger. He competed at the 1964
Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics.

Horst Urban

NoteHorst Urban

Horst Urban (15 May 1936 – 2 March 2010) was a Czech luger. He competed at the 1964
Winter Olympics and the 1968 Winter Olympics.