Institute of Energy Technology

Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC - MM1

By
Peter Omand Rasmussen & Stig Munk Nielsen

Content MM1

1. Presentation
2. Purpose and content
3. Rectifier principles
4. Single phase rectifier
5. Commutation
6. Constant DC-link voltage
7. Characteristics
8. Exercises

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

2. Purpose and content

Purpose

& To understand single- and three-phase AC/DC and DC/AC power conversion
& Design aspects about single and three phase converters

Main content

MM1-MM2 Single- and three-phase AC/DC converters POR

MM3-MM4 Single- and three-phase AC/DC and DC/AC POR
Thyristor converters
MM5 Thyristors operation mode POR
MM6 Filters (power) POR
MM7-MM9 DC/AC conversion with high switching frequency SMN
MM10 Interaction with electrical motors SMN

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

2. Purpose and content

Example : A drive system

MM1-MM4 MM7-MM9 AC-motor

Line
AC DC
DC-link
DC AC
MM10
MM5
Filters MM6
Drive- Drive-
circuit circuit

Control/ Control/ MM7-MM9

modulation modulation

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

2. Purpose and content

More goals

& To use the content of the course in the project

& Get more experience with circuit-simulation tools (P-Spice)
& More experience with power electronics

The form of the course

& 2 times lectures of 45 min. per. Mini-Module (MM)

& Exercises
& I expect that the material to each MM are read.
& Primary overheads
& Feedback from you !!. This is very important (Don’t be afraid to put
questions)
& Course home-page with overheads, exercises and latest information
Course Home-page
http://www.iet.auc.dk/~por/teaching/power/power.html
Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

AC/DC 3. Rectifier principles

& DC-voltage
& Load depend
& Current from the grid

& Power supplies

& Drive systems etc.

Resistive Load

Vdiode > 0 < Current

Vdiode < 0 < 0

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

Inductive load 3. Rectifier principles

Basic rules used in power electronics

T
di
u
L Steady state : u dt
0
dt P
0

T
du
i
C Steady state : i dt
0
dt P
0

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

3. Rectifier principles

Internal DC voltage E

A=B
& Capacitor
& Batteries
& DC-motors

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

4. Single phase rectifier

Real rectifier Ideal rectifier

D1 D3

D2 D4

Ls is a model of the line. Typical very

dominating in relation to R.

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

4. Single phase rectifier

Resistive load

Ls = 0

T
Id
i dt
P d
0
Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

4. Single phase rectifier

Constant current load

(Large inductance)

Average voltage
2
Vd0
2 Vs  0.9 Vs
%
Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

4. Single phase rectifier

Definitions
Total Harmonic distortion Power factor Crest factor
Ip
CF

Irms

Power Displacement power factor

We assume that the voltage

is pure sinusoidal

(Apparent power)
Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

4. Single phase rectifier

Analysis
Fourier analysis
<

Idis 1 2
1 2
1 2
THD
100 #
100 #    ......
48 %
Is1 3 5 7
Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

5. Commutation
Ideal operation (Ls = 0)

Simplified

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

5. Commutation
Non-ideal operation (Ls g 0)

u Id
Au
2 Vssin (7t) d (7t)
7L s di s
P P
0 o

Commutation angle
Found from

Ideal average voltage

u
Au
2 Vssin (7t)d (7t)
P
0
Non-ideal average voltage

Reduction in output voltage

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen
 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

5. Commutation
Full-bridge

D1 D2 D3 D4

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

5. Commutation

Full-bridge Average voltage

Same procedure at last method (-Id  Id)

Ls large < Large reduction in voltage

Twice as before

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

6. Constant DC-link voltage

Circuit Equivalent

Ishort circuit = ?

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

6. Constant DC-link voltage

Curves

Load current against voltage

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

7. Characteristics
Harmonics

Crest factor

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

7. Characteristics
Line connected

Curves with line connection

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen

 Institute of Energy Technology
Aalborg University Department of Electrical Energy Conversion

8. Exercises
Exercises

Exercise 5.11

Simulation in PSpice

Exercise 5.14

Power converters AC/DC and DC/AC -MM1 Peter Omand Rasmussen