Cell Structure

&
Function

Biology
 What is a cell?
• Smallest unit of life that can carry out
all the functions of a living thing.
• Come in various sizes and shapes
• Organism- living thing
– Unicellular - one celled
– Multicellular - many celled
 Microscope Development
• 1665 – Robert Hooke named cell
• 1674 – Anton von Leeuwenhoek -
looked at cells in pond water and blood
and published his observations
 Cell Theory Developed
• 1838 – Schleiden – all
plants are made of cells
• 1839 – Schwann – all
animals are made of cells

• 1855 – Virchow – all cells come from

pre-existing cells
 Modern Cell Theory
• Cells are the basic units of all life.
• All organisms are made of one or more
cells
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
 Microscopes
• Hand lens
• Compound light microscope
Cells from Labs:
 Electron Microscope
• Uses electrons for energy source
• Specimen must be killed
• Transmission electron microscope
(TEM) – take pictures of slices of
specimen
TEM Examples
•Scanning electron microscope (SEM) –
take pictures of surface of specimen
 SEM
Examples
Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic
– Simple cell – Complex cell
– No membrane- – Membrane-bound
bound organelles organelles
– Chromosome not – Chromosomes
contained in nucleus contained in nucleus
– Small cells – Larger cells
– Ex - bacteria – Ex – all other
organisms
 BASIC CELL STRUCTURES
• Cell Membrane – Double layer of lipids
(fats) that lets stuff in and out of cell
 Cytoskeleton

• Cell support
• Anchors organelles
• Transports materials
• Helps cell move
 Nucleus
• Control Center /Brain of the cell
• Contains Chromosomes
• Humans have 46 in each cell
• Made of DNA

• Surrounded by double membrane – nuclear

membrane
– In eukaryotes only Plants and animals
• Cell Membrane
 Nucleolus
• Within nucleus
• Makes ribosomes
• “ribosome factory”
• Rich in RNA
• Contains chromatin
which makes DNA
 Cellular Organelles – small,
specialized structures in the cell
 Ribosomes
• Make proteins, “protein factory”
• Some are free,
some attached to
Endoplasmic reticulum.

in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Transports materials through the
cytoplasm
• Rough ER – have ribosomes attached
– Transport proteins
– Helps make membranes
• Smooth ER – no ribosomes attached
– Makes and transports lipids
– Detoxifies wastes
Golgi Body
• Packages,modifies, sorts cell secretions
• “post office”
• Makes lysosomes - clean up crew
– Contain digestive enzymes for
breaking down old, worn out structures
–
– ex – sperm tail after fertilization.
– Packages them in vesicles
– In plants and animals
Golgi Bodies, Complex, apparatus
Golgi Bodies look like a stack
of pancakes
After materials are sorted, they
are stored in Vesicles-storage
which look like maple syrup
 Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration – food is broken down to release energy.
• Powerhouse of the cell-produces ATP as energy
– Has it’s own DNA*
– Can divide on its own
– Inherited from your mother only
– Thought to once be a prokaryote
engulfed by a eukaryote
• Looks like the bottom of a
nike shoe
* Plants and animals
Structures used for Movement
• Cilia • Flagella
Eukaryotic Cells include Plant and
Animal Cells

ANIMAL CELL STRUTURE

 Plant cells have some parts that
animal cells don’t
• Cell Wall - support
• Central Vacuole - holds water
• Plastids give color
– Chloroplasts -site of photosynthesis
– Chromoplasts- Give plants color
 What animal cells have that plant
cells don’t
• Centrioles – structures that help cell
division
• Lysosomes – clean up crew- digest old
stuff
THE END
 CELL
• BOUNDRIES-CELL MEMBRANE, CELL WALL
• NUCLEUS AND CELL CONTROL,REPRODUCTION
– NUCLEUS, NUCLEOLUS, CHROMATIN, RIBOSOMES

– TRANSPORT
– ENDOPLASTIC RETICULUM--SMOOTH AND ROUGH

• ASSEMBLY,STORAGE
– GOLGI BODIES, VESICLES, VACUOLES

• ENERGY
– MITOCHONDRIA, CHLOROPLAST(PLANTS)

• STORAGE & CLEAN UP

– LYSOSOME

• SUPPORT -
– CYTOSKELETON, MICROTULULES, CENTRIOLES

• LOCOMOTION
– FLAGELLUM, CILIA