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冷凍工程及實習 Experiments in Refrigeration Engineering
冷凍工程及實習 Experiments in Refrigeration Engineering
冷凍工程及實習
Experiments in Refrigeration Engineering
(Eq. 4.3)
Applications to Power Cycles Interacting
with Two Thermal Reservoirs
For a system undergoing a power cycle while
communicating thermally with two thermal
reservoirs, a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir,
the thermal efficiency of any such cycle is
Wcycle QC
1 (Eq. 4.4)
QH QH
Applications to Power Cycles Interacting
with Two Thermal Reservoirs
By applying the Kelvin-Planck statement of the
second law, Eq. 4.3, three conclusions can be drawn:
TC
Refrigeration Cycle: max (Eq. 4.10)
TH TC
COPR=
TH
Heat Pump Cycle: max (Eq. 4.11)
COPHP=
TH TC
TC
max 1 (Eq. 4.9)
TH
Carnot Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
►If a Carnot power cycle is operated in the opposite
direction, the magnitudes of all energy transfers
remain the same but the energy transfers are
oppositely directed.
►Such a cycle may be regarded as a Carnot
refrigeration or heat pump cycle for which the
coefficient of performance is given, respectively, by
COPR= TC
Carnot Refrigeration Cycle: max (Eq. 4.10)
TH TC
COPHP=
TH
Carnot Heat Pump Cycle: max (Eq. 4.11)
TH TC
Clausius Inequality
►The Clausius inequality considered next
provides the basis for developing the
entropy concept in teaching material 6.
►The Clausius inequality is applicable to any
cycle without regard for the body, or
bodies, from which the system undergoing
a cycle receives energy by heat transfer or
to which the system rejects energy by heat
transfer. Such bodies need not be thermal
reservoirs.
Clausius Inequality
►The Clausius inequality is developed from
the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second
law and can be expressed as:
Q
cycle (Eq. 4.13)
T b
where
1000 kJ 600 kJ
(b) cycle 0 kJ/K cycle = 0 kJ/K = 0
500 K 300 K
COPmax=
COP=
COP=
COP=
Solution 4
COP=
Example 5
• As shown in Figure, an air conditioner operating at steady
state maintains a dwelling at 70oF on a day when the outside
temperature is 90oF. If the rate of heat transfer into the
dwelling through the walls and roof is 30,000 Btu/h, might a
net power input to the air conditioner compressor of 3 hp be
sufficient? If yes, determine the coefficient of performance. If
no, determine the minimum theoretical power input, in hp.
Solution 5
Tc= 70oF+459.67=529.67oR
TH= 90oF+459.67=549.67oR
COPmax=Tc/(TH-Tc)=529.67oR/(549.67-529.67) oR=26.48
𝑄𝑐 30,000 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟 1 ℎ𝑝
COP= = × = 3.929
𝑊𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑒 3 ℎ𝑝 2,545 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ℎ𝑟
Example 6