Presentation - Bridges - Tunnels - Geotechnics - SAMAN

MINISTRY
OF
TRANSPORT
SRI LANKA RAILWAY EFFICIENCY

IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
CONSULTANCY FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY

AND DETAILED DESIGN OF KANDY
SUBURBAN RAILWAY PROJECT
DRAFT-FEASIBILITY STUDIES
BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND

GEOTECHNICS APPROACH
SRI LANKA RAILWAY EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND GEOTECHNICS APPROACH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 BRIDGES APPROACH
2 TUNNELS APPROACH
3 GEOTECHNICAL APPROACH
2
BRIDGES
3
REFURBISHMENT
BRIDGES RESTORATION
RENOVATION
EXTENSION
4
BRIDGES BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND GEOTECHNICS APPROACH
CONTENTS
1. Introduction (Basic Information)
2. Procedure of Feasibility Study
3. Technical Considerations
4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan
5. Section from Peradeniya to Gampola
6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota
7. Section from Katugastota to Matale
8. Summary
5
1. Introduction (Basic Information)

1) Bridges & Culverts are greatly affected by Railway Alignment
(Horizontal & Vertical)
2) In the Railway Alignment Part, 3 Railway Alignment Options are

presented for Design Speed
(for example V=60km/h, 80km/h, 100km/h)
3) Design Speed by the TOR

- Kadugannawa∼Katugastota : 100km/h(Double Track)
- Peradeniya∼Gampola : 70∼80km/h(Single or Double Track)
- Katugastota∼Matale : 60km/h(Single Track, Rehabilitation)
6
2. Procedure of Feasibility Study

1) Gathering the Information of Existing Bridges & Culverts
2) Field Investigation to identify the Types of Existing Structures

and to access the Conditions of Existing Bridges & Culverts
3) Evaluation of the Conditions of Existing Bridges and Culverts
4) Suggestion about the Types of Bridges and Culverts

● Superstructures
● Substructures
7
3. Technical Considerations
1) Type of Existing Bridges and Structures are Steel, Concrete or
Masonry (Stone or Brick)
2) Most Bridges and Structures were built 150-160 years ago.

(Some Bridges and Structures were rebuilt after first Construction.
Some were added recently.)
3) There are two functional Requirements in Railway Bridges &

Structures.
(1) Adequate Support : Safety, Strength, Deflection & Deformation,
Damage, Corrosion etc.
(2) Adequate Clearances
● Horizontal Clearance for Double Track
● Vertical Clearance for Future Electrification of Railway System
8

4.1 Considerations for Bridge & Structure Design
1) Suitability of Rail Alignment and Bridge Location
● Bridge type is determined in consideration of the alignment and geotechnical
conditions while structures are designed by taking maintenance into account.
2) Structural Safety
● Bridge structural designs are conducted to function as important structures of
the railway in consideration of structural safety.
3) Economic Efficiency and Construction Efficiency
● Precision and economic efficiency of the construction are considered through
the simplified and standardized construction process.
● Bridge type is determined by optimum design that is conducted in
consideration of initial investment and maintenance costs.
4) Environmental Impact and Maintenance
● Minimization of vibration, noise and environment pollution
● Detailed design to minimize maintenance
9

4.2 Superstructure(1)
Classification R.C Rahmen PSC Girder (PSC Type Girder)
Cross Section
• Sharped Curved Section & • General Section, Overhead Bridge

Turnout Section, O.H Bridge • Applied Span : 20, 25m
Application
• Applied Span : 10∼15m ( PSC Type Girder : 30∼35m)
• Height : 1.2∼1.5m • Height : 2.7m
Classification PSC BOX Girder Steel BOX Girder
Cross Section
• Medium Span Length • Medium Span Length

Application • Applied Span : 35∼40m • Applied Span : 40∼50m
• Height : 3.3m • Height : 3.4m
10

4.2 Superstructure(2)
Classification PSC half Trough Girder Steel half Trough Girder
Cross Section
• Section with insufficient • Section with insufficient

Vertical Clearance Vertical Clearance
Application
• Applied Span : 30∼40m • Applied Span : 30∼40m
• Height : 4.2m • Height : 4.0m
Classification Steel Truss Steel Arch
Cross Section
• Long Span Length • Long Span Length

Application • Applied Span : 40∼60m • Applied Span : 50∼80m
• Height : Various • Height : Various
11

4.3 Substructure (Abutment & Pier)
Classification Semi-gravity Type Reverse T Type Box Type
Cross Section
• Advantage in small • Advantage in Hill • Applied to high

River Crossing Area Embankment
Feature • Applicable Height • Applicable Height • Applicable Height
: 4∼7m : 7∼14m : 14∼18m
Classification T-Type Pier(Solid) T-Type Pier(Hollow) π Type Pier
Cross Section
•High Constructability •Low Constructability •Low Constructability

& Economic Feasibility & Economic Feasibility & Economic Feasibility
Feature
•Beneficial for lower •High Strength & •Applicability to wide
Space Utilization Bearing Power width of Superstructure
12

4.4 Over Head Bridge(Flyover)
• Main Factors and Considerable Items of Planning a Overhead Bridge
- Regulation, Design Standard, Current Status, Road Plan, Bridge Plan, Secure the Clearance,
Selection of the Pavement Type, Minimization of Environmental Damage
• Suggestion of Typical Bridge Type
- PSC Girder Type / R.C Rahmen / R.C Box Culvert
• Minimum Clearance : over 7.1m (for the Future Electrification of Railway System)
Longitudinal Section Cross Section
13

4.5 Culvert(Bridge or Drainage Structure)
• Main Factors and Considerable Items of Planning a Culvert
- Regulation, Design Standard, Composition of Cross Sections, Composition of Crossings,
Secure the Clearance, Minimization of Environmental Damage, Drainage System
• Suggestion of Typical Culvert Type
- R.C Box Culvert (1∼3 Cell)
• Road Crossing Culvert
- Inner Height(H) : 4.5∼5.1m (according to the Road Class) or 3m(for Pedestrian)
• Water Culvert
- Inner Height(H) : 1.5∼3.0m, Inner Width(W) : 1.5∼3.0m
Cross Section of Culvert
14

5.1 Investigation of Existing Bridges & Culvert Structures
• Assessment of Existing Bridges & Culverts
- According to visual inspection, most of the existing Bridges and Culvert Structures are very
old(not good condition) and need to be replaced or newly be rebuilt within near future.
For example, the Steel Truss Bridge(Galgediyawa Iron Bridge) was built 91 years ago(1931).
- Nearly all Bridges & Culverts need to be replaced or rebuilt or extended for Double Track
according to new railway Alignment plan.
Number of
Items Type of Structure Span Length
Bridges/Culverts
- Steel Trough Span Bridges(2) min 6.5m
Railway - Steel Plate Girder Deck Bridge(1) ~
- 5 Bridges - Steel Truss Bridge(1) max 30m
Bridge
- Masonry Arch Bridge(1) 4.5m
- Dress Stone Arch Road Bridge(1) 9m
Over Head - 3 Bridges - Brick Arch + Concrete Beam & 4.6m(Arch)
Bridge Slab + Brick Arch(1) 7.3m(Tunnel)
- PS Concrete Pedestrian Bridge(1) 15.5m
- Masonry Stone Arch Culverts min 0.3m
- 52 Culverts
Culvert - Rail Top Culverts, Hume Pipes ~
- Steel Trough Span Culverts max 1.8m 15

5.2 Nature of Existing Major Bridges
Steel Trough Span Steel Plate Girder Steel Trough Span
Steel Truss Bridge O.H Stone Arch Road Br. O.H Brick Arch + Con. Beam & Slab
16

5.3 Proposed Bridges & Culvert Structures
• Selection of Bridge Type & Culvert Type
- Economically Efficient, Constructable, easy to maintain(Maintenance), Clearance, required
Span Length, Aesthetically satisfactory & suitable for Site Conditions
Number of
Items Proposed Type of Structure Span Length
Bridges/Culverts
- R.C Rahmen Bridge(1) 15m
Railway - PSC Girder Bridges(2) 25m, 20m
- 5 Bridges - PSC BOX Girder Bridge(1) 35m
Bridge
- R.C Box Culvert Bridge(1) 2×3m
- R.C Rahmen Road Bridge(1) 15m
Over Head - 3 Bridges - R.C Rahmen + Concrete Beam &
12m
Slab + R.C Rahmen(1)
Bridge
15.5m (No
- PS Concrete Pedestrian Bridge(1)
Modification)
1.5m, 2.0m,
Culvert - 52 Culverts - Concrete Box Culverts 2.5m or
2×1.5~2.0m 17

6.1 Investigation of Existing Bridges & Culvert Structures (Main Line)
- Some Steel Plate Girder Trough Span Bridges are corrosion due to water at bridge support.
- Nearly all Bridges & Culverts need to be replaced or rebuilt or extended for Double Track
according to new railway Alignment plan.
Number of
Bridges/Culverts
- Steel Trough Span Bridges(2) 6.2~6.6m
Railway
- 7 Bridges - Steel Plate Girder Trough Span(3) 18~19.5m
Bridge
- Masonry Stone/Brick Arch Bridges(2) 3~7.6m
Over Head - 1 Bridge - Steel Lattice Girder Pedestrian
17.8m
Bridge Bridge(1) (inside Kadugannawa Station)
- 31(39) Culverts - Masonry Stone/Brick Arch Culverts min 0.3m

Culvert - Dress Stone Culverts ~
- Rail Top Culvert, Hume Pipe max 1.8m
18

6.2 Nature of Existing Major Bridges (Main Line)
Steel Trough Span Steel Plate Girder Trough Span
Steel Plate Girder Trough Span
Stone/Brick Arch Bridge O.H Steel Lattice Girder Pedestrian
19

6.3 Proposed Bridges & Culvert Structures (Main Line) : V=60km/h
Number of
Items Proposed Type of Structure Span Length
Bridges/Culverts
- R.C Rahmen Bridges(2) 12m
25m
Railway - PSC Girder Bridge(1+2)
- 7 Bridges 2×20m
Bridge
4m
- R.C Box Culvert Bridges(2)
2×4m
Over Head - 1 Bridge - PSC Girder or Steel Lattice Girder
2×17.8m
Bridge Pedestrian Bridge(1)
1.5m, 2.0m,
Culvert - 31 Culverts - Concrete Box Culverts 2.5m, 3.0m
20

6.4 Investigation of Existing Bridges & Culvert Structures(Matale Line)
- Nearly all Bridges & Culverts need to be replaced or rebuilt or extended for Double Track.
Number of
Bridges/Culverts
- Steel Trough Span Bridge (1) 5.7m
- Steel Plate Girder Bridges(2) 18~20.1m
Railway
- 8 Bridges - Masonry Stone/Brick Arch Bridges(2) 3.8m, 9m
Bridge
- Concrete Arch Bridge(1) 4m
- Steel Lattice Girder Bridges(2) at Mahaweli River 20~40m
- Concrete Slab/Arch Road Bridges(2) 6~6.1m
Over Head - 8 Bridges - Steel Trough Span Road Bridge(1) 5m
Bridge - Steel Plate Girder Road Bridges(2) 5~7.9m
- Steel Lattice Girder/ Plate Girder Pedestrian(3) 5.4m, 11.8m
- Concrete/Stone Box Culverts min 0.45m
- 38(43) Culverts
21
- Brick/Concrete Arch Culverts max 2.5m

6.5 Nature of Existing Major Bridges (Matale Line)
Steel Lattice Girder(1) Steel Plate Girder Trough Span Steel Lattice Girder(2)
Stone/Brick Arch Bridge O.H Steel Plate Girder Pedestrian Steel Plate Girder Road Br.
22

6.6 Proposed Bridges & Culvert Structures (Matale Line) : V=60km/h
Number of
Bridges/Culverts
- PSC Girder + PSC BOX Girder Bridge(1) 2×20m+2×35m
- PSC Girder Bridge(1) 20m+25m
Railway
- 8 Bridges - R.C Box Culvert Bridges(3) 2×5m, 4m
Bridge
- PSC Girder Bridges(2) 23×25m, 14×25m
- PSC BOX Girder Bridge(1) 66×40m
- PSC Girder/R.C Rahmen Road Bridges(5) 2×15m, 15m
Over Head - 8 Bridges - PSC Girder or Steel Lattice Girder
15m
Bridge Pedestrian Bridge(1)
- Steel Plate Girder Pedestrian Bridges(2) 12m
2×2.5m,
Culvert - 38 Culverts - Concrete Box Culverts
1.5m, 2.0m, 2.5m
23

7.1 Investigation of Existing Bridges & Culvert Structures(Matale Line)
- Nearly all Bridges & Culverts need to be replaced or rebuilt for new Single(or Double)
Track according to new railway Alignment plan.
Number of
Bridges/Culverts
- Steel Trough Span Bridges(0+4) 4~7.3m
Railway
- 19 Bridges - Steel Plate Girder Bridges(4+10) 4m, 17.4~20.4m
Bridge
- Steel Lattice Girder Bridge (1+0) 20.1m
- PSC Girder & Steel Plate Girder Road Bridge(0+1) 10.4m
- PS Concrete Girder Road Bridge(0+1) 10m
Over Head - 5 Bridges
- Steel Plate Girder Road Bridges(0+1) 7.3m
Bridge
- Steel Plate Girder Pedestrian Bridge(1+0) 10m
- Concrete Girder Pedestrian Bridge(1+0) 10m
- Stone Top Culverts min 0.3m
- 104 Culverts
- Masonry Brick/Stone Arch Culverts max 2.7m 24

7.2 Nature of Existing Major Bridges (Matale Line)
Steel Plate Girder Steel Lattice Girder Steel Trough Span
Steel Plate Girder PSC Girder Road Br. Steel Plate Girder Road Br.
25

7.3 Proposed Bridges & Culvert Structures (Matale Line) : V=60km/h
Number of
Bridges/Culverts
- PSC Girder Bridges (3+2) 20m, 25m
Railway
- 35 Bridges - PSC Girder Bridges (1+6) (2~6)×25m
Bridge
- R.C Box Culvert Bridge (5+18) 5m, 2×3m
- PSC Girder Road Bridges(1+1) 25m
- PSC Girder or R.C Rahmen Road Bridges(0+3) 10m, 15m
Over Head - 7 Bridges
Bridge - PSC Girder or Steel Plate Girder
11m
Pedestrian Bridge(1+0)
- R.C Girder Pedestrian Bridge(1+0) 11m
1.5m, 2.0m,2.5m,
Culvert - 104 Culverts - Concrete Box Culverts
3.0m
26
8. SUMMARY
● Bridges & Culverts are directly affected by Railway Alignment (Horizontal

& Vertical).
● Nearly all Bridges & Culverts need to be replaced or rebuilt for new
Double (or Single) Track Railway according to new Railway Alignment plan.
● Nearly all Over Head Bridges need to be replaced or rebuilt due to not
enough Vertical Clearance for Future Electrification of Railway System.
● Nearly all Bridges & Culverts suggest to Concrete or Prestressed Concrete

Type Structures because Steel Structures require periodically maintenance
due to corrosion and bring to noise environmental problem.
27
TUNNELS
28
TUNNELS
Ⅰ Tunnel Plan
1. Big Cut Area ( Cut Height ≥ 20.0m _ not fixed )
or Long Cut Area ( Cut Length ≥ 100.0m _ not fixed )
Big Cut Area Long Cut Area
Korean Highway Tunnel
BIG
CUT
· Tunnel Length = 10.96km
29
TUNNELS
Ⅰ Tunnel Plan
2. Important Obstacles above Tunnel
House Area
Temple
High voltage line
Vehic le Road
Pos ts of
30
TUNNELS
Ⅱ Tunnel Construction Method
1. Bored Tunnel : Mountainous Area
2. Cut and Cover Tunnel : Urban Area
Bored Tunnel Cut and Cover Tunnel
31
TUNNELS
Ⅲ Excavation Methods of Bored Tunnel
1. Drill and Blast in New Austrian Tunneling Method
2. Tunnel Boring Method in Shield Tunnel
Drill and Blast Tunnel Boring Method
TBM
Blasting
Drilling
32
TUNNELS
Ⅳ Tunnel Support Principle in NATM
1. Main Support : Natural Ground Arch
2. Aux. Support : Shotcrete + Rockbolt + Steel Support
Ground Arc h
Shotc rete
Tunnel Shotcreting
Ground
Steel Support
Roc kbolt
Rockbolting
Steel Rib
33
TUNNELS
Ⅴ Geometric Guideline for Tunnel Portal
1. Rockcover Depth ≥ 1.0 ~ 2.0D (D: Tunnel Diameter)
2. Adjust, Depending upon Facilities and Obstacles
Tunnel Portal Area
34
TUNNELS
Ⅵ Proposed Tunnels of Kadugannawa-Peradeniya Section
1. In case of speed 80 km/h, 3 Tunnels
Tunnel 1 [K-P_T-1_80], Length = 100m
Tunnel ·Division Station Length(m)
Start 5+090
K-P_T-1_80 100
End 5+190
Start 6+640
KADUGANNAWA K-P_T-2_80 330
80km/h End 6+970
-PERADENIYA
Start 7+900
K-P_T-3_80 120
End 8+020
Sum 550
35
TUNNELS
Plan of Tunnel 1 [K-P_T-1_80km/h], Length = 100m
STA.5+190
STA.5+090
T1-E
Proposed Line
Existing Line
T1-S
Max. Cut Height = 24.5m
36
TUNNELS
STA.6+970
T2-S Proposed Line
STA.6+640
Existing Line
T2-E
37
TUNNELS
STA.8+020
STA.7+900
Proposed Line
T3-S T3-E
Existing Line
38
TUNNELS
Ⅵ Proposed Tunnels of Kadugannawa-Peradeniya Section
2. In case of speed 100 km/h, 3 Tunnels
Start 2+900
K-P_T-1_100 200
End 3+100
Start 5+080
KADUGANNAWA K-P_T-2_100 450
100km/h End 5+530
-PERADENIYA
Start 6+100
K-P_T-3_100 200
End 6+300
Sum 850
39
TUNNELS
Existing Line
T1-E
T1-S
STA.3+100
Proposed Line
STA.2+900
40
TUNNELS
T2-E
T2-S Proposed Line
STA.5+530
STA.5+080
41
TUNNELS
T3-E
T3-S
STA.6+300
Proposed Line
STA.6+100
42
TUNNELS
Ⅶ Proposed Tunnels of Katugastota-Matale Section
In case of speed 70 km/h, 2 Tunnels
Tunnel 1 [K-M_T-1_70], Length = 440m
Tunnel 2 [K-M_T-2_70], Length = 320m
Start 28+980
K-M_T-1_70 440
End 29+420
KADUGASTOTA
70km/h Start 30+970
- MATALE
K-M_T-2_70 320
End 31+290
Sum 760
43
TUNNELS
Plan of Tunnel 1 [K-M_T-1_70km/h], Length = 440m
Proposed Line
Existing Line
44
TUNNELS
Plan of Tunnel 2 [K-M_T-2_70km/h], Length = 320m
Proposed Line
Existing Line
45
THANK YOU !!
TUNNELS APPROACH
46
GEOTECHNICS
47
GEOTECHNICS
Geotechnical studies
Geotechnical studies ;
v Detailed geotechnical investigations of the
Site area based on the proposed conceptual
design of the Project
v Desk study of the geological / geotechnical
engineering aspects of the Site area.
v Reconnaissance Survey of the Site area
48
GEOTECHNICS
Scope of work for Detailed geotechnical investigation
Package Package-A Package-B Package-C
Kadugannawa- Katugastota-Matale Peradeniya-
Katugastota Gampola
Number of 66 75 48
Boreholes
Number of DCP tests 66 58 31
Number of Plate 10 10 5
load tests
Number of trial pits 66 30 20
Number of 10 10 -
Makintosh probing
tests
Laboratory tests As needed As needed As needed
49
GEOTECHNICS
Geotechnical issues at site
ead
50
GEOTECHNICS
Conclusion
Proposed development is feasible as far as the

geotechnical conditions of the site area are concerned
subjected to;
v Adopt slope stability measures where unstable

slope gradients are encountered.
v Raise embankment in locations where shallow
ground water table encountered and folding can
occur.
v Undertake ground improvement measures where
unsuitable soils are encountered.
51
THANK YOU!
BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND

GEOTECHNICS APPROACH 52

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MINISTRY

SRI LANKA RAILWAY EFFICIENCY

CONSULTANCY FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY

BRIDGES, TUNNELS AND

2. Procedure of Feasibility Study

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

5. Section from Peradeniya to Gampola

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

7. Section from Katugastota to Matale

1. Introduction (Basic Information)

2) In the Railway Alignment Part, 3 Railway Alignment Options are

3) Design Speed by the TOR

2. Procedure of Feasibility Study

2) Field Investigation to identify the Types of Existing Structures

3) Evaluation of the Conditions of Existing Bridges and Culverts

4) Suggestion about the Types of Bridges and Culverts

2) Most Bridges and Structures were built 150-160 years ago.

3) There are two functional Requirements in Railway Bridges &

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

• Sharped Curved Section & • General Section, Overhead Bridge

Classification PSC BOX Girder Steel BOX Girder

• Medium Span Length • Medium Span Length

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

• Section with insufficient • Section with insufficient

Classification Steel Truss Steel Arch

• Long Span Length • Long Span Length

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

• Advantage in small • Advantage in Hill • Applied to high

Classification T-Type Pier(Solid) T-Type Pier(Hollow) π Type Pier

•High Constructability •Low Constructability •Low Constructability

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

Longitudinal Section Cross Section

4. Bridge & Structure Design Plan

5. Section from Peradeniya to Gampola

5. Section from Peradeniya to Gampola

5. Section from Peradeniya to Gampola

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

- 31(39) Culverts - Masonry Stone/Brick Arch Culverts min 0.3m

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

Steel Plate Girder Trough Span

Stone/Brick Arch Bridge O.H Steel Lattice Girder Pedestrian

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

Steel Plate Girder Trough Span

6. Section from Kadugannawa to Katugastota

7. Section from Katugastota to Matale

7. Section from Katugastota to Matale

Steel Plate Girder Trough Span

7. Section from Katugastota to Matale

● Bridges & Culverts are directly affected by Railway Alignment (Horizontal

● Nearly all Bridges & Culverts suggest to Concrete or Prestressed Concrete

Korean Highway Tunnel

· Tunnel Length = 10.96km

Max. Cut Height = 24.5m

Max. Cut Height = 32.5m