UL03202 Marin dan Pembangunan Komuniti

2020/2021

Title:

The Impact of Ship Waste to Our Marine Ecosystem

Lecturer: Kenndy Aaron Aguol

Group members:

Matric Number Member’s name

BK21110116 MALBONLEE NORBERT

BS20110308 MOHD ATIF NAQIUDDIN BIN JAAFAR
BI21110230 SYLVIANUS S TAING
BP21110102 MOHD ZULFADHLI
BI21110106 MUHD KHUZAIREE EKMAL BIN SAMSUDIN
BK21110265 NAIM ABUARI BIN AMAN SAH
BP21110233 NUR ADIMAH BIBTI ADILON
BS21110324 MUHAMMAD BIN ABDUL MALIK
BA21110607 NORDIANA BINTI WAHAB
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Nowadays one of the most powerful causes of pollution at sea is the shipping sector,
which is solely responsible for marine and freight transportation. As 70% of our globe covered
in water, the maritime sector is growing by the day. Despite of such fast industrial
development, undesired concerns such as marine waste and pollution consequences are
certain to disrupt the marine natural system.

The sea has become a medium for people to dispose waste as it is easy and had no
landfill fees to pay. Most of the waste pollution is coming from ships as they are 24/7 on the
sea which comprise of plastics, dunnage and packing material, cleaning material and rags,
food waste, remains of paints, solvents and chemicals. Toxic chemical exposure also has a
negative impact on the development of marine vegetation. The coral reef ecosystem in the
seas is an example of a threatened environment that represents vast biodiversity. It also had
an impact on the lives of birds and other sea animals. Plus, the dumping of trash, such as
plastics and construction waste, has also aggravated the situation bring harm to the marine
environment as marine animals may mistake the waste for food which causing them dying
slowly and painful death from starvation or strangulation. This ships waste also includes
ocean incineration and disposal into the seabed and sub-seabed. Moreover, ships also
contributed in air pollution which can affect marine life. For example, ships polluted the air
by emitting smoke that contain various of gases such as black carbon, nitrogen oxides, nitrous
oxide and many more. These gases are harmful as they can lead to excess levels of acid to
a point where marine environment and aquatic life is threatened. This will also affect humans
especially among hepatitis, cancer patients as they consumed their source of proteins (fish)
as their food.

Therefore, ship waste or ocean dumping is hazardous not only to humans and animals,
but to all living things on the planet. Toxic waste materials discharged into the ocean
endangers life in the ocean as well as life outside the ocean by contaminating a wide range
of water bodies, which is bad for future life on earth. Pollution is becoming more and more
of a worry around the world. This is because plastic waste is a substance that takes a long
time to disintegrate and it is a particularly worrying issue. According to ocean scientists, we
must carefully consider plastic recycling as well as our personal duties then will our world be
secure. Clearly, we need to pay greater attention to this issue.
2.0 Hypothesis Statement

Hypothesis Null (0 ) : Ship Wastes (Oil spill, waste disposal, garbage disposal) have no impact on
the marine environment

Hypothesis Alternative (1 ) : Ship Wastes (Oil spill, waste disposal, garbage disposal) have impact
on the marine environment
3.0 ARTICLE

Article 1

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You are here: Home › Marine Environment › Effects of Noise Pollution from Ships on Marine Life

Effects of Noise Pollution from

Ships on Marine Life
By Smita | In: Marine Environment | Last Updated on September 9, 2021

Just as much salvation has been brought to the world due to developments in marine industry
in terms of better technology, there is no denying the fact that simultaneously

the natural balance of things has had to pay a price. With ship transportation picking up pace,
the environmental effects of it is now surfacing. Among them, effects of noise pollution
especially on marine life are highly prominent.

Two main reasons that make environmental impact of noise in marine life especially grave are-
firstly noise travels much more in water, covering greater distances than it would do on land
while travelling though air, and secondly because the marine life is extremely sensitive to noise
pollution. Due to their extreme reliance on underwater sounds for basic life functions like
searching for food and mate and an absence of any

mechanism to safeguard them against it, underwater noise pollution disrupts marine life in more
serious ways

Source of ocean noise pollution include everything from the ship noise to the low frequency
sonar ‘sounds’ used extensively in submarine detection or even the seismic air gun noise from
oil and gas exploration or even commercial shipping traffic and coastal jet ski traffic. Studies
have showed that while these ‘sounds’ may have no impact on human, in marine life, they can be Seafarer Rushed To Hospital Following
detrimental. Population of cetacean (whales and dolphins) has declined in areas prone to such
noise pollution from ships

The death of animals can occur merely hours after exposure to extreme
underwater noise for example whales can die soon enough due to standings.
Beaching themselves shortly after a tactical sonar exercise is a rather common
environmental impact of noise pollution. Such beaching has been reported in
regions like Greece, Madeira, Hawaii, Spain and the coastal US- areas where
sonar exercises are common.

Mass stranding of giant squids in coastal areas of Spain between 2001 and 2003
showed how grave the implications of noise pollution in marine life can be. These
beaching can occur merely hours after such an exercise. Dislocation or movement
of marine animals to newer location is also one of the many ocean noise pollution
effects.

While this may seem like a survival mechanisms, studies conducted for a follow
up on these animals isn’t that promising as most animals fail to acclimatize in the
new environment, not to mention loss of diversity in many regions.
ARTICLE 2

Cargo ships are cleaning up smog — by

dumping pollution into the seas
How a x for air pollution leads to tons of contaminated
water.

Stewart Sutton / Getty Images

Maria Gallucci

Published May 17, 2021

Topic Climate + Transportation

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Cruise and cargo ships around the world are cleaning up their
dirty smokestacks , installing systems that prevent harmful
pollutants in their exhaust from escaping into the air. Yet much
of that pollution is winding up in the sea instead . And so a
solution meant to reduce smog, experts say, is leaving a
potentially toxic trail in its wake.

Thousands of ships use exhaust cleaning systems, or “scrubbers,”

compared with hundreds of ships just a few years ago , as
companies face rising pressure to tamp down on their pollution.
International regulators now require vessels to burn low - sulfur
fuels at sea, while local authorities are cracking down on
emissions close to shore. Scrubbers o er a middle ground,
$15 $25 $50 $100 Other Donate
allowing ship operators to keep burning sludgy , sulfur-
laden “ bunker fuel” and still comply with air quality rules .

The problem is that those ships are expected to dump at least 10

billion metric tons of what ’s known as wash water — the
contaminated byproduct — into seas around the world every year,
according to a rst- of-its- kind study from the International
Council on Clean Transportation, a nonpro t research group.

About 80 percent of that wash water ends up close to shore,

including near major cruise destinations in the Bahamas, Canada,
and Italy as well as in ecologically sensitive areas such as the
Great Barrier Reef, the ICCT’s study said. The wash water can be
a nasty cocktail of carcinogens from the fuel oil, heavy metals
that harm marine life, and nitrates, which can worsen water
quality in shallow waters. Instead of owing into the open ocean,
where pollutants might disperse, much of the wash water often
pours into places that function more like bathtubs .

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“It means that every year , quite high concentrations will

accumulate in these areas and will be growing and growing,” said
Liudmila Osipova, the study’s lead author and an ICCT researcher
in Berlin.

Separate scienti c research has shown that scrubber wash water

can be acidic and poisonous to some marine life, though the
overall e ect on coastal environments and communities isn’t fully
understood. “ We don’t know what kind of consequences that
will have,” Osipova said.

Only a fraction of the global shipping eet — roughly 8 percent

— uses scrubbers. Other vessels have switched to cleaner -burning
but more expensive petroleum products like “ marine gas oil .”
But scrubber adoption continues to grow , particularly among
giant cargo vessels and cruise ships with huge appetites for fuel.
The bigger the vessel, the bigger its scrubber, and the more wash
water the system will ultimately discharge.

Most scrubber systems are “ open-loop,” meaning they mix

seawater with exhaust gas, lter it, then discharge the
resulting e uent. “Closed-loop” systems treat and recirculate
their wash

water and dispel a smaller amount, but fewer$15

shipping$25
companies
$50 $100 Other Donate

use them because they cost more to install and operate. Until
ICCT researchers studied some 3,600 scrubber-equipped ships,
there wasn’t a solid sense of how much polluted water these
systems produce around the world or where it winds up. Some
700 more ships now use scrubbers since the research data was

collected, so the volume of wash water is likely much higherthan

A diagram of an “open-loop” scrubber system, in which ocean water and exhaust gas mix. The resulting wash water contains chemical byproducts that can worsen water quality and harm marine life. Grist / Amelia Bates

For environmental groups , the study compounds their broader frustration with the
industry’s seemingly tepid e orts to address climate change. Cargo shipping is
responsible for nearly 3 percent of the world’s annual greenhouse gas emissions. Yet
rather than pursue technologies to replace bunker fuel, some shipowners are
spending millions of dollars to install equipment that addresses one problem — air
pollution — but does nothing to advance the industry’s decarbonization e orts, said
Dan Hubbell, manager of the Ocean Conservancy’s shipping emissions campaign in
Washington, D. C.

“ We’re facing a truly global crisis , and it’ s the kind of thing that requires bold
 solutions,” Hubbell said. “A piece we’ve struggled with is the industry’s preference
for short- term xes .”

Proponents of scrubber systems pushed back against the ICCT study and other
criticisms. The Clean Shipping Alliance, an industry group that includes the cruise
giant Carnival, said the report’s estimates of 10 billion tons of wash water are
“greatly exaggerated.” The alliance pointed to industry-funded research that
suggests that wash water has the “same overall water quality” as the seawater it
returns to. In a statement , Capt . Mike Kaczmarek, the alliance’s chairman, said that
scrubbers have become “ a successful bridging solution to carbon neutrality.”

ARTICLE 3

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WORLD REGION

Sri Lanka facing marine disaster

from burning ship MOST POPULAR
By AFP - May 29, 2021 @ 1:15pm
LATEST MOST READ
NEGOMBO, Sri Lanka: Sri Lanka is facing its worst beach pollution crisis as tonnes of
plastic waste from a burning container ship wash ashore, a senior environment
VACCINE
official said Saturday.

NATION
Fishermen have been banned from an 80-kilometre (50-mile) stretch of coast near
Dec 15, 2021 @ 6:56am
the Singapore-registered MV X-Press Pearl as an international firefighting operation
Slow response for
went into a 10th day. booster shots in
Kelantan

"There is smoke and intermittent flames seen from the ship," navy spokesman
Captain Indika de Silva told AFP. "However, the vessel is stable and it is still in WORLD
Dec 15, 2021 @ 1:04am
anchorage."
Pfizer says Covid pill
drastically reduces
Authorities are more worried about millions of polyethylene pellets washing up on severe disease

beaches and threatening fish-breeding shallow waters.

WORLD
Dec 15, 2021 @ 12:23am
The affected seafront is known for its crabs and jumbo prawns as well as its
WHO sees
tourist beaches. unprecedented Omicron
spread, 'probably' in most
countries
"This is probably the worst beach pollution in our history," said Dharshani
Lahandapura, head of Sri Lanka's Marine Environment and Protection Authority
HEAL
(MEPA).
Dec 14, 2021 @ 10:35am

How to protect yourself

while travelling
Thousands of military and security personnel in hazmat suits are cleaning the
beaches of plastic waste and other debris from the ship, which caught fire on May
20. WORLD
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easing plans as Covid
cases jump

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Brazil requires Covid-19

vaccination for arriving
travelers

ACROSS NEW STRAITS TIMES

CRIME & COURTS
6 hours ago

'I was restless, worried

about family's
safetywhen I gave my
statement on 1MDB'
The impact on mangroves, lagoons and marine wildlife in the region was being assessed.

The jobs of thousands of fishermen are at risk, according to authorities, and the MEPA said a possible oil leak would only add to the devastation.

Much of the ship's cargo, including 25 tonnes of nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, lubricants and other chemicals, appeared to have been destroyed in the fire,
officials said.

The X-Press Pearl caught fire as it waited to enter Colombo harbour and remains anchored just outside the port.

Authorities believe the fire was caused by a nitric acid leak that the crew had been aware of since May 11. The 25-member crew were evacuated after an explosion on
the vessel.

Four Indian ships have joined Sri Lanka's navy in the battle to contain the fire. Two vessels were equipped to deal with an oil slick, officials said.

Salvage operations are being led by the Dutch company SMIT, which has sent specialist fire-fighting tugs.

SMIT was also involved in dousing a burning oil tanker off Sri Lanka's east coast last September after an engine room explosion that killed a crew member.

The fire on the New Diamond tanker took more than a week to put out and left a 40- kilometre (25-mile) long oil spill. Sri Lanka has demanded the owners pay $17
million for the clean-up. -- AFP
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ARTICLE 4

Health Society Environment Natural Sciences Researchers' Zone

THIS ARTICLE WAS PRODUCED AND FINANCED BY NILU - NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR AIR
RESEARCH

Workers at shipbreaking space at Chittagong in Bangladesh. NILU's measurements show high levels of pollutants in the air. (Photo: AKG-images)

Air pollution from old ships reacheshazardous levels

At Chittagong in Bangladesh, obsolete ships from around the world are run ashore on tidal beaches and
scrapped on site. A new study shows that the sites have dangerously high airborne concentrations of
old environmental pollutants such as PCBs.

Christine F. Solbakken Article from NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research

Friday 04. December 2015 - 06:20

Environmental and hazardous chemicals are used in many contexts – from
manufacturing to consumer products. They are dispersed in the environment
and transported by water and air. New problem substances are added, while NILU - Norwegian
others have been phased out through regulations and prohibitions. Institute for Air Research
NILU does research on processes and
Many prohibited substances are nevertheless still found in products and
effects of climate change, the
equipment around the world, and how such old equipment is managed and
composition of the atmosphere, air
treated, is vital. A new study from NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air
quality and hazardous substances.
Research – shows that when old ships are broken up on beaches in
Bangladesh – so-called "beaching" – numerous pollutants evaporate into the
air. Thus, the substances may be inhaled, and pose a health risk for people
living and working in these areas.

Are we exporting our problems?

Bans and other measures to remove the materials and products with the “old” environmental pollutants, such as PCBs and DDT, have led to reduced emissions during the last
decades in Norway. An interesting question for the scientists atNILU, were whether we have exported the problems related to regulated pollutants, rather than solved them.Environmental
pollutants that were banned decades ago, such as PCBs, are still found in older products and materials – such as the old ships. And when these ships are dismantled under primitive conditions, like
on the beaches outside Chittagong, a number of pollutants are released into the air.

Air samples for the first time

The NILU researchers took air samples from a total of 23 observation stations in Chittagong and the surrounding beach areas. The analysis shows that airborne concentrations of so-called “old”
environmental pollutants are high compared toother sites in Asia and Europe
ARTICLE 5
BRIEF RESEARCH REPORT article
Front. Mar. Sci., 18 December 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.566363

Marine Pollution Mitigation by Waste Oils Recycling

Onboard Ships: Technical Feasibility and Need for
New Policy and Regulations

Michela Mazzoccoli1, Marco Altosole2*, Veronica Vigna3, Barbara

Bosio1 and Elisabetta Arato1
 1
Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genova,
Genoa, Italy
 2
Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
 3
Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture
(DITEN), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
About 80% of the total pollution from ships is caused by operational oil discharges into the sea, often made
deliberately and in violation of international rules; the main reasons can be due to cost savings or lack of
adequate facilities in ports to receive waste oils. Therefore, reducing waste oil discharges is crucial for a proper
protection of the marine environment. In this regard, the paper presents the preliminary feasibility of a
particular waste recycling technology, aimed at obtaining marine fuel oil from sludge, through a pyrolysis
process to be carried out in a small reactor onboard. The originality of the research consists in the adaptation
of pyrolysis to oily waste produced by ships, since this technology is traditionally applied to solid waste and
biomass. Furthermore, the plant has to be designed for operation on board the ship, therefore under very
different constraints compared to traditional land plants. Although the preliminary lab tests and simulation
results in the chemical process are promising enough, there are still some technical criticalities due to the
energy optimization of the reactor for an efficient use onboard of the whole system. In addition, the possibility
of recycling waste, directly onboard ships, is not yet covered by mandatory regulations, which is why
shipowners generally still feel unmotivated to invest in such technologies.

Introduction
International shipping covers over 80% of global trade (IMO, 2020), thus proving to be an essential component
of any program for future sustainable economic growth. Currently, the world relies on a safe, sustainable, and
efficient international shipping industry, as guaranteed by the regulatory framework developed by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO)—the United Nations specialized agency with responsibility for the
safety and security of shipping, including the prevention of marine and atmospheric pollution from ships.
Despite IMO rules, marine pollution from ships is still a reality, as it accounts for around 20% of the total sea
pollution, and it can be caused both by accidents and ships daily activities. About 80% of the total pollution
from ships is estimated to be originated from operational discharges (such as discharges of waste oils or tank
cleaning operations), made deliberately and in violation of international rules due to several reasons, including:
lack of adequate facilities in ports to receive ships’ wastes, cost-savings (the costs for delivery to shore may
be prohibitive and may cause significant delays to ships), or mere convenience of the ship’s crew (European
Maritime Safety Agency, 2008).
In this framework, the present work shows a preliminary feasibility analysis of a waste recycling system to
produce additional fuel from sludge (mainly generated by the diesel oil treatment). Nowadays, waste oil is
collected and unloaded in reception facilities provided by port authorities, but they could be transformed into
marine fuel oil, leading to environmental benefits and energy savings. It can be made by a pyrolysis process,
that is, a thermal decomposition of organic materials that occurs in the absence of oxygen. The chemical
process produces gaseous, liquid, and solid compounds. Onboard, the oil produced from pyrolysis can be used
directly as fuel, while gas could feed the boiler onboard and solids could be sent to incinerator.

The pyrolysis technology is traditionally applied to biomass and solid waste, while in the present study the
investigation is focusing on oil sludge. Currently, there are very few works in the scientific literature regarding
pyrolysis used for liquids; some examples concern waste cooking oil (Romero et al., 2016), waste automobile
lubricating oil (Kim and Kim, 2000), and oil sludge from the petroleum industry (Chang et al., 2000; Shie et
al., 2002; Punnaruttanakun et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2013).
As far as the authors are aware, there are no studies concerning the use of this technology in the case of oil
sludge from ships. Therefore, the innovation in the present research mainly consists in the new field of
application of pyrolysis, trying to develop an onboard system that is simple to operate and as efficient as
possible, compatibly with the ship requirements. To this end, the main challenge is to design a space-saving
pyrolysis reactor that can possibly be powered by the free energy resources available onboard. This option
would provide a double advantage: an immediate availability of free fuel for the ship and a shorter chain of
waste disposal, with consequent reduction in costs and risk of pollution. A similar idea has been recently
proposed by Eslam (2019), which describes a special coastal vessel, capable of receiving and recycling onboard
sludge from other ships in transit in the Suez Canal, using a catalytic distillation plant.
Both solutions require appropriate legislation to encourage shipowners to use these new waste recycling
technologies. In fact, current regulations provide for compliance with limits on air emissions and onboard waste
management procedures, excluding waste recycling. In this light, the possibility of obtaining new fuel from
sludge does not entail a real fuel reduction, which means a lower emission of pollutants. Then the technology
presented in this report does not facilitate compliance with the current regulatory limits about emissions from
ship’s engines, although the environmental benefits due to the recycling process are obvious. Therefore, it
would be important that at least economic sustainability is demonstrated, pending desirable regulations that
reward shipowners in adopting these waste recycling solutions.
ARTICLE 6
ARTICLE 7

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

Volume 57, December 2017, Pages 403-412

Size matters? Evaluating the drivers of

waste from ships at ports in Europe
Author links open overlay panelIvonePérezaMaría ManuelaGonzálezbJuan LuisJiménezc
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.10.009Get rights and content

Abstract
With the aim of reducing the incentive to illegally discharge waste and contributing to the protection of the sea
from contamination, all ships that stopover in a European Union port are obliged to pay a tariff, whether they
deliver waste or not. In the majority of European ports a single tariff, based on ship size, includes the delivery
of oily waste and garbage. With the aim of determining if other factors also affect waste generation, a database
with almost 6000 observations has been constructed to evaluate key drivers related to ship technology, route
and the people on board. The results show that the main driver in the generation of oily waste is ship size
while the main factor in the generation of garbage is people on board of ships. These results point to the
usefulness of establishing a differential tariff for each type of waste.

Introduction
Maritime transport operations are responsible for more than 70% of the oil that appears in the sea (Collins,
1995). It is estimated that, of the eight million pieces of garbage that are daily thrown into the sea, five million
are from ships (UNEP, 2005). This contamination has a clear impact on human health, marine flora and fauna,
and tourism in coastal areas.
International organizations first acted to prevent sea contamination in the 1950s (International Maritime
Organization, hereafter IMO, 2011). Currently the growth of international trade, maritime transport, and ship
size, as well as the development of new sectors of the maritime industry, such as cruise ships, have produced
an increase in waste, sharpening the need to act in favour of marine environment conservation (Butt, 2007,
Georgakellos, 2007, Zuin et al., 2009).

Following the OILPOL 54 Agreement, which was the first multilateral instrument to reduce hydrocarbon
contamination of waters, various international agreements and legal norms have been adopted and approved,
in an attempt to make further progress. It is important that the proposed actions are not onerous in either
time or cost, as this might generate perverse incentives that could promote illegal dumping.

According to EC (2017), there are various options for encouraging environmental friendly behaviour. They
include incentives to the shipping industry which achieve a more environmentally-friendly maritime operations,
reducing or limiting the negative effects of maritime transport.

Both the IMO and the European Union (hereafter EU) argue that a reduction in sea contamination can be
achieved by improving the availability and use of waste disposal facilities in ports. In this context, European
Directive 2000/59/EC establishes that all ships that stopover in European ports are obliged to deliver in port
their waste on board of ships, except when they can prove they can store it until their following stopover port.
In view of the “polluter pays” principle, each ship calling EU port shall pay a fee to contribute to the costs of
port reception facilities for ship generated waste, irrespective of they deliver waste, which reduces the economic
incentive of throwing it into the sea.

This Directive leaves the tariff system open (e.g. the basis for its application, reductions, limits, etc.) so that
EU countries can define it in line with their national legislation. This has led to a variety of tariff regimes, as it
appears that most countries have sought to modify their previous national legislation to the least extent possible
(Ohlenschlager and Gordiani, 2012).

This diversity of tariffs has generated a number of problems. Firstly, it has led to distortions in competition at
European level (De Langen and Nijdam, 2008). Secondly, it has produced a lack of transparency in the
application of the tariff system (EC, 2015). Thirdly, it makes it difficult to determine if the new tariffs have
achieved the objective of reducing the discharge of waste into the sea (Ohlenschlager and Gordiani, 2012). All
of this provides evidence to show that there is currently no optimum model to calculate the tariff for the ship
waste disposal service (Deja, 2013).

A prior step to stablish a tariff system should be the study of the factors that influence the generation of each
kind of ship waste. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze the factors that determine the volume of
ship waste discharge in ports, with the purpose of confirming whether the indicators used to define the fees,
being the ship size the most used, are the most appropriate. If they are not, policy recommendations should
be generated to improve the tariff configuration. With this end in mind, an empirical analysis involving almost
6000 ships that had stopovers in Las Palmas Port (Spain) was undertaken.
 ARTICLE 8

Published: 12 July 2020

Potential threat of plastic waste during the navigation
of ships through the Turkish straits
 Mehmet Kaptan,
 Nüket Sivri,
 Martin C. Blettler &
 Özkan Uğurlu
 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment volume 192,
Article number: 508 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract
The Turkish Straits System (TSS) is a dangerous and narrow waterway extending between the Black Sea and
the Aegean Sea, including the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles, and the Marmara Sea and the Gulf of Izmit. The
western banks of the TSS constitute the geographic starting point of the European continent, while the banks
to the east are the beginnings of the Asia. TSS is considered one of the most strategically significant waterways
of the world. This waterway is the main trading routes linking the Black Sea riparian countries to the world
markets. As a result, the density in marine traffic through the TSS has recently reached alarmingly high levels.
The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of plastic waste generated aboard merchant ships during
their passage through the TSS during the period 2006–2017. This potential resource of waste would potentially
impact on the Marmara Sea and its natural environment. The results of this study revealed that merchant ships
crossing the TSS generated an average of 187.6 m3 of plastic waste per year. This result suggests that the
threat given by the ships crossing this strait is approximately 1% of the total amount of waste recorded in the
TSS coastals.

Introduction
Leachate, marine garbage, oil residues, wastes from shipbuilding and ship recycling activities, river discharge,
and many other similar types of waste may cause harmful effects to marine ecosystem (Čulin and Bielić 2016).
The magnitude of this impact varies depending on the amount of waste, the size of the marine area, the
proportion of distribution, and the nature of the diffusion area (Chae and An 2018; Sharma and
Chatterjee 2017). It is known that aquatic organisms, their eggs and larvae, and sediment-living forms are
more sensitive to such wastes than other organisms. Many species of fish, crustaceans, and arthropods spend
the first stages of their lives by swimming on the surface. These marine organisms can be damaged by both
liquid wastes in distribution and solid and plastic garbages that affect the surface area (Basar et al. 2018). The
seas, which have been the source of life for people for centuries, have unfortunately been used as waste
disposal areas in recent years. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the
waste discharged to world seas is 8% from natural resources, 0.5% from offshore production, 11% from
marine transport, 30% from atmospheric, 40% from flood and land-based discharges, and 10% unlawful
discharge (garbage from ships and aircrafts, lands, and seas) (Sherrington et al. 2016). It is seen that the
garbage pollution caused by maritime transport is significant.

Particularly, plastic waste is a great threat to the ocean. Sources of plastic pollution can be divided in land-
based (around 80%) and marine-based (around 20%) (STAP 2011). In marine transport, plastics are often
used in the structure of the ship, disposable food tools, and food packages, fishing nets, fishing tools, and
packaging. According to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
(Annex V), the discharge of these wastes into the sea is prohibited.
Although MARPOL 73/78 was signed in 1973, the prohibition on the disposal of plastics to sea goes back to the
late 1980s. However, after the Convention came into force, the problem of pollution of the seas by plastics has
worsened (Pettipas et al. 2016; Rochman et al. 2015). Although it was argued that the main plastic resources
come from the land (Xanthos and Walker 2017), the plastic pollution given by vessels should not be
underestimated (Ryan et al. 2019). Today, the problem of plastic pollution in marine environments of the world
is of major concern (Avery-Gomm et al. 2019; Blettler et al. 2018; Haward 2018).

Jambeck et al. (2015) calculated that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was produced in 192 coastal
countries in 2010, of which 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entered to the ocean. The waste amounts of the countries
stated that they differ depending on the population of the countries and waste management systems. In
addition, they emphasized that if the waste management plans are not improved, the pollution dimensions
caused by black-based plastics will increase significantly by 2025. On the other hand, Čulin and Bielić (2016)
identify several vials of plastic pollution, particularly from ships such as cargo ships, recreational and fishing
boats, and military vessels. These authors also reported large amount of plastics introduced during storms,
tides, and transport spills and accidents. Finally, Vikas and Dwarakish (2015) identified plastics as the main
contaminant in marine coasts, ranged between 60 and 80% on the total coastal pollution. As a result of coastal
pollution, the habitats of most marine organisms are destroyed.

The aim of this study was to calculate the amounts of the plastic waste generated by ships passing through
the Turkish Straits System (TSS; one of the most important waterways in the world). If this waste
accidentally reaches the sea, they will potentially cause a serious ecological damage in the TSS, as well
as in other marine ecosystems.

ARTICLE 9

Arctic pollution rules 'not enough'

By Helen Briggs
BBC Environment Correspondent
Published
16 May 2015

More ships are expected to operate in the Arctic as new sea routes open up

New guidelines have been passed to prevent pollution from ships in polar waters.
The Polar Code, passed at a meeting in London of the International Maritime Organization (IMO),
ban ships from releasing oil, sewage, chemicals and waste into the sea.
The measures are set to come into force in 2017.
But environmentalists say the regulations do not go far enough.
WWF said a strong, legally binding Polar Code was particularly urgent in the Arctic, where new sea
routes are expected to open up in coming decades.
IMO member states should "honour the original vision of the Polar Code, which saw environmental
protection as a priority," said Rod Downie, WWF-UK's Polar Programme Manager.

"That means additional measures to reduce the risk of invasive marine species, more stringent
requirements for oil spill response, banning the use and restricting carriage of heavy fuel oil by ships
in the Arctic, reducing air emissions and black carbon, and addressing underwater noise," he said.
Ice retreat

The IMO is the United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and
the prevention of marine pollution by ships.
A spokesperson for the IMO said many of the things not specifically addressed in the Polar Code are
addressed, or will be addressed, by other measures.
The Arctic is the fastest warming region of the planet.
If the polar ice retreats it could speed up the rise in global temperatures and change the world's
weather patterns.
It could also open up a faster route for commercial cargo ships between Europe and Asia, and boost
trade in ports in Arctic countries such as Russia, Norway and Canada.

ARTICLE 10
Proposals to protect coastlines
Plans to protect 14 of the
critical estuaries and tidal rivers
around Devon have been set by
the county council.

It is one of a number of decisions

taken following a three-year multi-
national pollution initiative led by
the council. Partner countries will share expertise to deal with pollution

It is one of a number of decisions taken following a three-year multi-national pollution

initiative led by the council.

The aim has been to focus on an integrated response to coastal pollution incidents.

Devon has two of the world's busiest shipping lanes off its northern and southern coastlines.

The Emergency Response to coastal Oil, Chemical and Inert Pollution from Shipping
(EROCIPS) project involved international maritime experts, marine biologists, and emergency
planners from 16 Atlantic coast partners from England, Portugal, Spain, France, Wales and
Northern Ireland.

Shared expertise

It was funded by the European Regional Development Fund for the Atlantic Area.The council
said clearer guidelines for dealing with waste from an incident have now been prepared and
frontline officers are trained and properly equipped as coastal surveyors using GPS
technology.

Similar measures are being adopted by the other European countries and partner agencies
now share access to equipment, expertise and experience.

Council spokeswoman Margaret Rogers described the EROCIPS initiative as vital.

"The response capabilities of individual partner regions have been strengthened at a local,
practical level," she said.

"Of course, it is my earnest hope that the response tools developed through the project never
need to be implemented."
ARTICLE 11

X-Press Pearl: The 'toxic ship' that caused an

environmental disaster
By Ranga Sirilal and Andreas Illmer
BBC News

Published

10 June

The ship beginning its slow descent

into the sea

Earlier last month, a cargo ship carrying chemicals caught fire off the coast of Sri Lanka
- leaving in its wake an environmental disaster that the island will likely have to live
with for decades.
For days it stood burning off the Sri Lanka coast, plumes of thick dark smoke that could be seen
from miles away. But the X-Press Pearl has now fallen silent, lying half sunken off the coast of Sri
Lanka, its hull resting on the shallow ocean bed.
But though the flames have now been doused - the problems have only just begun.
Onboard the ship, there are still towers of containers stacked upon each other, many containing
chemicals highly dangerous to the environment - some of these have already leaked into the water,
sparking fears that it may poison marine life.
Additionally, tons of tiny plastic pellets have already washed up on local beaches nearby. And then
there's the hundreds of tonnes of engine fuel sealed in the sunken hull that could also potentially
leak into the sea.
Aside from the environmental threats, there are also devastating consequences for the local
communities, fishermen who overnight lost their livelihoods and will likely suffer for years to come.
"We are small time fishermen and we go to sea daily. We can only earn something if we go to sea -
otherwise our entire family will starve," one local fisherman, Denish Rodrigo, told the BBC.

"There were some 46 different chemicals on that ship," Hemantha Withanage, a Sri Lankan
environmental activist and founder of the Centre for Environmental Justice in the capital Colombo,
told the BBC.
"But what's been most visible so far are the tonnes of plastic pellets."
Since late May, such pellets from the X-Press Pearl cargo have ended up on the Negombo beaches
while fish have already been washed up with bloated bellies and pellets stuck in their gills.

Dead fish and turtles have

washed up in Negombo
The plastic can take between 500 to 1000 years to decompose and is likely to be carried by ocean
currents to shores all around Sri Lanka and even to beaches hundreds of kilometres away from the
shipwreck.

Yet while the plastic might be the most visible impact so far, it's not the most dangerous one.

"If these nurdles are within fish we eat, they're usually in the fish's digestive tract," Britta Denise
Hardesty of Australia's CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere told the BBC. "But we don't eat the entire
fish unless it's maybe anchovies or sardines.

"Pellets are often sensationalised but there is no strong evidence that humans are shown to have
detrimental impact from eating fish that may haven eaten plastics."

'Our entire family will starve'

But for the fishermen of Negombo, their concern is not only what's inside the fish - but the
possibility of not being able to catch any fish at all.

Fishing has now been banned in the affected area - meaning that many of them have lost their
income and livelihood practically overnight.

"The fish are bred in the coral reefs in the area and authorities are saying that all those breeding
grounds are destroyed due to the dangerous chemicals. There is no other option than jump into the
sea and die," says Tiuline Fernando, who's been a fisherman for the past 35 years.

Many families live hand to

mouth and depend on the daily
catch for their livelihood

While the government is expecting compensation and insurance money from the Singapore-based
owners of the ship, the locals aren't too optimistic that much of that money will be used to help
them.
However the fishermen's association told the BBC that they would desperately need help, both the
fishermen and the wider community.
"It's not only us," explains Densil Fernando, the president of the group and a fisherman himself.
"There are other related industries that are also impacted by this. We buy nets and engines and
boats, we need oil, there are people who pull the boats. There are thousands of other related jobs
connected to this fishing industry."

Local fishermen hope for

compensation from the
government

Chemical pollution
The most long-lasting impact, likely to affect the country for decades, is that of chemical pollution.
Among the most dangerous elements on board the ship are nitric acid, sodium dioxide, copper and
lead, says Mr Withanage.
Once in the water, these chemicals make their way into the bellies of the local marine life.
Small fish might die quickly as a result of poisoning, but bigger ones are less likely to. Instead,
feeding on smaller fish, the toxins will slowly build up in their bodies over time.
Mr Withange says fish, turtles and dolphins have already washed up dead on the beaches. Some of
those had turned a greenish colour, suggesting contamination with metals and chemicals.
"So if in a few years you catch a tuna, it will still be contaminated - this bioaccumulation will be a
serious problem."
This means fish from the area will be dangerous for humans - not just for now, but for years to
come.
"People need to be educated on this," Mr Withange urges. "It's a completely toxic ship now. Any
litter coming to shore is very poisonous and people should not even touch it."

Sri Lanka's navy has been

removing debris from the
beaches near Negombo

The problem is by no means limited to the immediate area around the shipwreck on Sri Lanka's
western coast.
"Wastes, toxins or plastics don't follow geographic boundaries," Britta Denise Hardesty of Australia's
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere told the BBC.
"They will be carried by wind, waves, currents and those things change seasonally."
The clean-up job
While there have been shipwrecks before, Sri Lanka has never faced one with such poisonous cargo
- and the country is not well prepared for a difficult job like this.
Activists urge that international experts will be crucial.
The shipping company that owns the X-Press Pearl has already commissioned an international firm
to respond to the crisis and says its specialists are on the ground in Sri Lanka.

But Mr Withanage doubts whether a profit-driven firm will really do its utmost to help the situation.
The shipwreck has become a high-profile insurance case and the idea of a large pay out could very
well trump the concern for marine life.
The Centre for Environmental Justice has sued both the Sri Lankan government and the shipping
company over the situation, but the group acknowledges that the best outcome might just be that
of raising awareness.
For now, Mr Withanage's biggest hope is that the disaster will at least be a valuable lesson to
prevent another such disaster.
ARTICLE 12

Plastic sea pollution to be recycled into kayaks

Published
24 January 2018

Plastic is sorted and

processed and turned into
pellets

Plastic being washed up on beaches and hauled up in fishing nets is being recycled and
turned into kayaks.
It is part of a new scheme in Devon and Cornwall which is looking at different ways of
cleaning up plastic sea pollution.
Neil Hembrow from Keep Britain Tidy said all the plastic collected is processed into
pellets and then "melted and moulded into products".
The kayaks will be used by community groups to clean up beaches.
More on this and other Devon and Cornwall stories

The kayaks will be given to local

community groups to clean up rivers and
coastlines this spring

The plastic gathered on beaches under the new scheme is brought to recycling centres in
one of 11 harbours across the South West.
The idea is to turn washed-up plastic into a useful product.
Mr Hembrow said: "We do find, by weight, around about 80% of the waste is coming in
from the marine environment."
The fishing industry says it has had a project in place for more than 10 years to help with
sea pollution.
Jim Portas, chief executive of South Western Fish Producer Organisation, said fishermen
find an "awful lot of lightweight debris" coming up in their nets, as the nets come aboard.
"Fishermen are bringing that sort of plastic into the harbours to be disposed of and that
finds its way to recycling centres," he added.
The Marine Conservation Society said in the last five years, its volunteer beach cleaners
have found over 42,000 items of fishing industry related litter on beaches in the South
West.
It urges UK governments to "support recent EU proposals and tackle litter from ships,
including fishing vessels" which will "change the 100% indirect fee for waste disposal from
ships".
The kayaks produced are due to be given to local community groups to clean up rivers
and coastlines this spring.
Article 13
MAY 28, 2021

Sri Lanka battles waves of plastic waste

from burning ship
by Amal Jayasinghe

The fire broke out on May 20 as the ship waited to enter the Colombo port.

Tonnes of plastic pellets from a burning container ship swamped Sri Lanka's west coast Friday,
prompting a ban on fishing as international efforts to salvage the vessel dragged into a ninth day.

The government announced the ban along an 80-kilometre (50-mile) coastal area, including Colombo,
fearing contamination with pollutants and plastic waste from the stricken ship.

"We will compensate the owners of 5,600 boats affected by the ban," fisheries minister Kanchana
Wijesekera said while adding that seafood currently in the market was safe for consumption.

Millions of plastic granules washed up at the holiday resort of Kalutara—43 kilometres south of
Colombo—on Friday, a day after similar pollution at Negombo, a tourist and fishing area 40 kilometres
north of the capital.

Sri Lankan authorities meanwhile deployed hundreds of security personnel in hazmat suits to clean
the beaches of plastic waste and other debris from the Singapore-registered MV X-Press Pearl burning
since May 20.

Sri Lanka navy chief Vice Admiral Nishantha Ulugetenne said the fire was largely under control and
the risk of the vessel breaking up had diminished.

"Right now there is no threat of the ship breaking up, but we don't know how much of oil is still left,"
Ulugetenne told reporters in Colombo.

-Microplastic threat-

Navy sailors in hazmat suits were sent to clean the beach.

Sri Lanka's Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) said a possible oil leak was the biggest
threat, but the ship's plastic cargo had already caused extensive damage.

The impact on mangroves and lagoons was still being estimated while a beach clean up was already
underway. Harm to marine wildlife and birds is also being assessed.

"Sri Lanka is one of the best bio-diverse countries in Asia and this type of plastic pollution, especially
from microplastics can have long term repercussions," MEPA chairperson Dharshani Lahandapura
said.

"Microplastics are already an issue in the world's oceans and this disaster here is making it worse for
us."

Microplastics are very small pieces of any type of plastic less than five millimetres and could be
ingested by fish and in turn get into humans.

She said much of the cargo, including 25 tonnes of nitric acid, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda),
lubricants and other chemicals appeared to have been destroyed in the huge fire.

Bulldozers scooped up tonnes of the polythene pellets that came from at least eight containers that
fell off the ship on Tuesday.

Officials said the vessel was known to carry 28 containers of pellets that are used as a raw material
in the packaging industry.

Plastic covered beach, which was declared off limits.

The X-Press Pearl, which is anchored just outside the Colombo harbour, was still smouldering and an
international salvage effort to put out the fire was underway.

The fire broke out on May 20 as the ship waited to enter the Colombo port. Authorities believe the
fire was caused by a nitric acid leak which the crew had been aware of since May 11.

The 25-member crew evacuated on Tuesday and two of them suffered minor injuries in the process,
the owners of the vessel said on Thursday.

Oil residue and charred containers have already washed ashore at Negombo.

Four Indian vessels have joined Sri Lanka's navy in the battle to contain the fire. Two of the vessels
were also equipped to deal with an oil slick, officials said.

Salvage operations are led by the Dutch company SMIT which has sent specialist fire fighting tugs.
 SMIT, renowned salvage troubleshooters, was also involved in dousing the flames on an oil tanker
that caught fire off Sri Lanka's east coast last September after an engine room explosion that killed a
crew member.

The fire on the New Diamond tanker took more than a week to put out and left a 40-kilometre (25-
mile) long oil spill. Sri Lanka has demanded the owners pay a $17 million clean-up bill.

Explore further Sri Lanka braces for beach pollution as ship burns

Article 14

Chinese ships have dumped so much poop in the South China Sea,
you can see it from space: report
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Sewage from Chinese vessels in the South China Sea is destroying the marine ecosystem there, and the
damage can be seen from space. Simularity

 Sewage from more than 200 Chinese vessels in the contested South China Sea waters is
threatening marine life.
 The damage is so extensive, it can be seen from space, according to Simularity, a US
satellite imagery analysis firm.
 The Philippines, a claimant to the islands in the waters, said it's in the process of
verifying the report.

Raw sewage discharged from more than 200 Chinese fishing vessels around the contested Spratly
Islands in the South China Sea is causing extensive damage to coral reefs, Simularity, a US satellite
imagery analysis firm, said Monday.

"The sewage from the anchored ships in the Spratlys is damaging the reefs, and we can see this
from space," Simularity founder and CEO Liz Derr said during a digital forum hosted by the Manila
think tank Stratbase ADR Institute.

"The hundreds of ships that are anchored there are dumping raw sewage, every day onto the reefs
they are occupying," said Derr during the presentation, adding "when the ships don't move, the
poop piles up."

The satellite images taken over five years — between May 14, 2016 and June 17, 2021— show a
stark contrast in alga growth. Researchers found that 236 Chinese vessels were recorded motionless
In the waters during that time period.
Peter Koning, vice president of sales at Simularity, told Insider in an email that it is not normal for
vessels to stay motionless for such long periods, and that they have been monitoring the ships for
months.

The satellite image compares the locations of ships (left) and their corresponding alga growth
(right). Simularity

Excess sewage encourages the growth of phytoplankton in the water, which can cause oxygen
shortages. Without adequate oxygen supply in the water, coral reefs habitats can die.

"These bacteria consume oxygen that would normally be available to the fish, creating a 'dead
zone,'" Simularity said in its report. Coral reefs take up to 10,000 years to form, and barrier reefs
and atolls take between 100,000 and 30 million years to fully form.

Article 15

Ships are illegally dumping plastic trash at sea,

study suggests
Social Sharing
Sources on land blamed for most ocean plastic, but ships may be a bigger
problem than thought

Emily Chung · CBC News · Posted: Oct 15, 2019 4:00 AM ET | Last Updated: October 15, 2019
Kayakers take in the last of the day's light as they paddle past a ship anchored off Cape Town. A
new study suggests garbage dumped off ships is the source of plastic trash washing up on a
remote, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic. (Mike Hutchings/Reuters)
537
comments

Thousands of plastic drink bottles are washing up on a remote, uninhabited island in the South
Atlantic, and researchers say they're evidence of illegal dumping from cargo ships.Ships have been
strictly banned from throwing trash overboard for more than 30 years.Nevertheless, "ships are
responsible for most of the bottles floating in the central South Atlantic Ocean, in contravention of
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships regulations," concludes the new
international study published recently in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences."It's a
surprise in that it makes us rethink the source of the garbage in our oceans," said Robert Ronconi, a
Halifax-based researcher, currently with the Canadian Wildlife Service, who co-authored the new
study. "One of the common assumptions is that most of the garbage in the oceans is flowing out of
rivers on land."A commonly cited estimate is that 80 per cent of plastic in the oceans is washed into
the seas from land-based sources, and much of the rest is fishing gear.

Article 16

EVERYTHING ABOUT SUSTAINABLE

ENERGY
All the technologies energy for future

FILLER

What are advantages and

 disadvantages of dumping at the
sea?
By Kathy Huang - October 29, 201

Dumping waste at sea may show up only negative, causing contamination and compromising
marine ecosystems. Sea dumping has advantages, be that as it may, or people just wouldn't do it.
In general, the disadvantages are severe and long-term, and the advantages mostly relate to
short-term profit margins. There is one long-term, ecological advantage for particular sorts of
trash, though.
Pollutioin and toxic

Photo by Aleks Dorohovich / Unsplash

The risks of dumping toxic waste are clear. The materials may quickly kill marine life, cause
illnesses over the long term or influence the capacity of living things to reproduce. A portion of
the materials lawfully allowed for sea dumping, for example, sediments dredged for boat ways,
happen normally. Be that as it may, sediments from riverbeds frequently have already
accumulated high level of contaminants from industry and agriculture. When these materials are
dumped at sea, the contaminations affect marine life, including industrially important fish.

Organic materials, for example, sewage likewise comprise of natural substances. The issue with
these stems from an overabundance of nutrients, which directs to algal blooms and thus sea
dead zones. Treatment can relieve this partly.
12/16/21, 7:16 PM What are advantages and disadvantages of dumping at the sea?

The advantage: convenience and cost

hoto by Colin Watts / Unsplash

The principle reason individuals and organizations dump at sea is that it is simple. For a person, there
might be little paperwork and no landfill charges to pay. Normally, something being illegal doesn't stop
people or organizations from doing it all the time, and the seas are a place hard to control. You may see
someone dropping void chemical barrels in a pristine local site, however someone doing like that in the
middle of a vast body of water is probably not going to be spotted. Possibilities are high that anyone
disregarding local, national or global rules easily won't get captu -
Article 17

Ships to Reefs
News > Science Updates

00:00 01:00

Sinking old warships creates new habitats for marine species.

HMCS Yukon in Mission Bay, San Diego Photo

Credit: California Ships to Reefs

TRANSCRIPT
Old ships, new life. I'm Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.

The HMCS Yukon lies 100 feet below the surface off of San Diego, California. But the Canadian
warship wasn’t sunk in battle. Instead, it’s been turned into an ecologically friendly artificial reef,
now home to thousands of animals. California Ships to Reefs vice president Dean Rewerts says
that before sinking, all toxic materials are removed from a ship and then large holes are cut
into it.

Rewerts:
This is for access by divers and also by fish, where they can establish breeding populations. Almost
immediately when the vessel hits the bottom of the ocean, a layer of calcium carbonate forms on the steel,
that not only gives a foundation for the other things to latch on and start growing, it also protects the
steel.

He says the Yukon and other ships are helping re-establish fish species that have been
depleted across their natural range. I’m Bob Hirshon, for AAAS, the science society.
MAKING SENSE OF THE RESEARCH
Reefs are important and diverse marine ecosystems in which small organisms like algae and coral form
complex structures that attract other fish and marine life. Humans have been creating artificial reefs
accidentally for as long as we've been sailing ships (and occasionally sinking them). And we've been
creating them deliberately to attact marine life for at least four hundred years: people in 17th-century Japan
submerged rocks to grow a type of seaweed called kelp

Over the past several decades, people all over the world have sunk ships, aircraft carriers, old tires, and
even New York City subway cars to create artificial reefs. For a long time, the costs sometimes outweighed
the benefits. Many structures sunk in the past weren't cleaned well and leached toxic chemicals into the
ocean. Others, like the tires, broke apart and damaged natural coral reef As you heard, the California Ships
to Reefs program is one of many artificial reef creation programs active today. Responsible organizations
make sure that the ship (or other structure to be sunk) is thoroughly cleaned and stripped of all known
toxic substances. They cut holes in the structure to make it more accessible to marine life. They also
make sure to choose a location far from vulnerable marine ecosystems, and away from strong ocean
currents that could carry parts of the structure to unwanted places.So far, the results for ships like the
HMCS Yukon appear positive. Thirteen years after being sunk, the Yukon is home to a thriving reef
ecosystem. It's also a popular spot for scuba divers. Time will tell if it continues to be a positive
contributor to underwater life. But with so many human activities damaging marine ecosystems, it's a worthy
effort to at least try to build some of them back up.
Book 1
Book2
Book 3
Book 4
4.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Article 1
effects of noise pollution especially on marine life are highly prominent. There had
two main reasons that make environmental impact of noise in marine life. First noise
travels much more in water, covering greater distances than it would do on land while
travelling though air, and secondly because the marine life is extremely sensitive to
noise pollution. Due to their extreme reliance on underwater sounds for basic life
functions like searching for food and mate and an absence of any mechanism to
safeguard them against it, underwater noise pollution disrupts marine life in more
serious ways. Source of ocean noise pollution include everything from the ship noise
to the low frequency sonar ‘sounds’ used extensively in submarine detection or even
the seismic air gun noise from oil and gas exploration or even commercial shipping
traffic and coastal jet ski traffic. Population of cetacean (whales and dolphins) has
declined in areas prone to such noise pollution from ships. A group of giant squid
stranded in coastal areas of Spain between 2001 and 2003 showed how grave the
implications of noise pollution in marine life can be. A decreased catch in many fish
species like herring, cod and blue whiting especially in areas susceptible to noise
pollution from ships has been noticed.

Article 2
The ships are expected to dump at least 10 billion metric tons of what’s known as
wash water into seas around the world every year, according to a first-of-its-kind study
from the International Council on Clean Transportation, a non-profit research group.
About 80 percent of that wash water ends up close to shore, including near major
cruise destinations in the Bahamas, Canada, and Italy as well as in ecologically
sensitive areas such as the Great Barrier Reef, the ICCT’s study said. The wash water
can be a nasty cocktail of carcinogens from the fuel oil, heavy metals that harm marine
life, and nitrates, which can worsen water quality in shallow waters. The bigger the
vessel, the bigger its scrubber, and the more wash water the system will ultimately
discharge. Most scrubber systems are “open-loop,” meaning they mix seawater with
exhaust gas, filter it, then discharge the resulting effluent. For environmental groups,
the study compounds their broader frustration with the industry’s seemingly tepid
efforts to address climate change. The Clean Shipping Alliance, an industry group that
includes the cruise giant Carnival, said the report’s estimates of 10 billion tons of wash
water are “greatly exaggerated.” The alliance pointed to industry-funded research that
suggests that wash water has the “same overall water quality” as the seawater it
returns to. Researchers suggested that ships’ scrubber systems might serve as a
“witch’s cauldron,” meaning that chemical compounds brew in a hot, acidic
environment and become more toxic together than they would if taken individually.
Kerstin Magnusson, an ecotoxicologist and co-author of the Swedish study, noted that
scrubber wash water doesn’t affect all species the same, and it may be less toxic in
certain environments than others. That might encourage companies to get more of
their vessels to run on low-sulfur fuels like marine gas oil until fossil fuel alternatives
such as green methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia become viable. Without tighter
restrictions on wash water pollution, or stronger requirements to reduce ships’
greenhouse gas emissions, cruise and cargo ships are expected to continue installing
scrubbers.
Article 3
Sri Lanka is facing its worst beach pollution crisis as tonnes of plastic waste from a
burning container ship wash ashore, a senior environment official said Saturday.
Fishermen have been banned from an 80-kilometre (50-mile) stretch of coast near the
Singapore-registered MV X-Press Pearl as an international firefighting operation went
into a 10th day. "There a smoke and intermittent flames seen from the ship," navy
spokesman Captain Indika de Silva told AFP. "However, the vessel is stable and it is
still in anchorage." Authorities are more worried about millions of polyethylene pellets
washing up on beaches and threatening fish-breeding shallow waters. The impact on
mangroves, lagoons and marine wildlife in the region was being assessed. The jobs of
thousands of fishermen are at risk, according to authorities, and the MEPA said a
possible oil leak would only add to the devastation. Much of the ship's cargo, including
25 tonnes of nitric acid, sodium hydroxide, lubricants and other chemicals, appeared
to have been destroyed in the fire, officials said.
Article 4
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, shows that when old ships are broken up on
beaches in Bangladesh so called "beaching" numerous pollutants evaporate into the
air. And when these ships are dismantled under primitive conditions, like on the
beaches outside Chittagong, a number of pollutants are released into the air.
Postdoctoral fellow Therese Haugdahl Nost has reported the air concentrations for
environmental pollutants in Chittagong, and the results show hazardous levels.
Postdoctoral fellow Therese Haugdahl Nost has reported the air concentrations for
environmental pollutants in Chittagong, and the results show hazardous levels. The
analysis shows that airborne concentrations of so-called “old” environmental pollutants
are high compared to other sites in Asia and Europe. Such surveys of environmental
pollutants are important, and the extensive measurements from Chittagong revealed
a wide range of substances. Chlorinated paraffins are currently widely used in plastics,
paints and insulation materials, while PAHs may be by products from local industrial
and combustion processes. These pollutants have different characteristics, but their
common denominator is that they may lead to adverse health effects for humans and
animals. The campaign in Chittagong confirmed our suspicion that there is a similar
problem associated with shipbreaking, as with similar findings made in poor countries
that receive large amounts of electrical and electronic waste from the rich world.
Measurements of air on the beaches outside Chittagong show very high levels, with
somewhat lower results in the city.
Article 5
In this article we know that the United Nations have formed an agency called
the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) to tackle the waste pollution from ships
issues. Most of the waste pollutions from ships caused by deliberate violation of
international law by certain ship owners due to the cost-saving and lack of adequate
facilities on the port to accept oil wastes by dumping wastes to the ocean. However
pyrolysis technology have been developed to help tackle this issue. Pyrolysis
technology helps to decompose the organic waste without dumping it to the ocean
which probably will cause many negative effects. Pyrolysis facilitate the ship owners
by producing oil from the decomposition process to be used as source of fuel at the
same will save energy and cost. Hence, the pyrolysis technology should be encouraged
among ship owners to keep our ocean clean and safe from any harmful waste that can
disturbs the marine life.

Article 6
In this article, we know that sewage pollution from ships and yachts have
existed in a long time. The first countries to concern about this issue are US and
Canada hence many law regarding the sewage pollution have been introduced such as
Section 31, Section 33(1), Section 33(3) and Section 47. 64 maritime countries held
an international convention in London in order to battle the pollution in 1974.The goal
of this convention is to prevent the pollution of sewage and garbage from ships such
as oil, noxious liquid substances and harmful substances.The disposal of sewage have
been regulated by banning any ships to dispose sewage to the ocean unless it uses a
system that approved by regulation or disinfected.

Article 7
In this article, we know that the European Union (EU) is taking a step to prevent
waste pollution from ships. Every ships that will board on EU ports will have to pay for
tariff based on their size of ship and includes the delivery of oily waste and garbage.
This will helps to reduce the disposal of unwanted waste to the ocean. Both
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and European Union (EU) states that the
reason of ocean pollution is going rampant due to the lack available facilities on the
port that can dispose waste. Both IMO and EU encourages the usage of more eco-
friendly maritime operations to reduce the severity of this issue. Hence, tariff was
introduced to be obliged to the boarding ships on EU ports so that they can reduce the
amount of waste disposal from ships to the ocean. European Directive 2000/59/EC
states that all ships that board on EU ports must deliver their waste on the ports unless
they can prove to store the waste on the ship until they board on the next port.

Article 8
 In this article, we know that Turkish Strait System (TSS) is one of the most
important waterway in the world. It is important because it links the Black Sea riparian
to other market countries as the main trading route. Due to being the main trading
route, the amount trading ships in this waterway are immense. With this immense
amount of trading ships, the number wastes from the trading ship will also increase.
Other marine life will be affected negatively by this phenomena. Activities such as ship
building, ship recycling will cause many wastes, oil residues, marine garbage and
leachate to be dumped to the ocean. Aquatic life are prone to pollution as their larvae
and eggs will die from the amount of wastes in the ocean. This will slowly reduce the
population of aquatic life in the TSS thus will disturbs the ecosystem of TSS.

Article 9
Nowadays, we can see that many part of ocean had been polluted by ships
either accidentally or intentionally. Hence,new guidelines have been passed to prevent
pollution from ships in polar waters. Ships will be banned from releasing oil, sewage,
chemicals and waste into the sea. The measures are set to come into force in 2017,
but environmentalists say they do not go far enough.

Article 10
As we know that there are many reasons of ocean pollution and of them is
through ships.We have heard many stories and news that told us about ocean
pollution by ships.However, there no action from authority to handle those incident
since then.Thus, plans to protect 14 of the critical estuaries and tidal rivers around
Devon have been set by the county council. It is one of a number of decisions taken
following a three-year multi-national pollution initiative. The Emergency Response to
coastal Oil, Chemical and Inert Pollution from Shipping (EROCIPS) project involved
international maritime experts, marine biologists and emergency planners.

Article 11
A cargo ship carrying chemicals caught fire off the coast of Sri Lanka leaving an
environmental disaster that the island will likely have to live with for decades. There
are still towers of containers stacked upon each other, many containing chemicals
highly dangerous to the environment - some of these have already leaked into the
water. Hundreds of tonnes of engine fuel sealed in the sunken hull could also
potentially leak into the sea. Among the most dangerous elements on board the ship
are nitric acid, sodium dioxide, copper and lead. Once in the water, these chemicals
make their way into the bellies of local marine life, eventually poisoning it.
Smaller fish might die quickly as a result of poisoning, but bigger ones are less likely
to. Sri Lanka has never before faced a shipwreck with such toxic cargo - and the
country is not well prepared for a difficult job like this. The shipping company that
owns the X-Press Pearl has commissioned an international firm to respond to the crisis
and says its specialists are on the ground in Sri Lanka. Activists urge that international
experts will be crucial.

Article 12
For the past few years, plastics that been thrown from ships has polluted the
ocean for years. As a result, to overcome this problem, a new smart way to recycled
those plastic have been altered.To be more specific,plastic washed up on beaches and
hauled up in fishing nets is being recycled and turned into kayaks. The kayaks will be used
by community groups to clean up beaches and rivers under a new scheme in Devon and
Cornwall. In the last five years volunteers have found 42,000 items of fishing industry-related
litter on beaches in the South West.

Article 14

A burning container ship dumped millions of plastic pellets off Sri Lanka's west
coast on Friday, prompting a suspension of fishing activities. It is the ninth day since
the vessel has been tried to be salvaged. It was announced that a ban will be applied
along 80 kilometres (50 miles) of coastline including Colombo as a result of the
possibility of contamination with pollutants and plastic waste. Microplastics are very
small pieces of plastic less than five millimetres in width and can be ingested by fish
and then ingested by humans. When the X-Press Pearl caught fire on May 20, it was
awaiting entry into the Port of Colombo. Fire officials suspect the fire was caused by a
nitric acid leak that the crew had been aware of since May 11. Two members of the
25-member crew suffered minor injuries during the evacuation on Tuesday. Owners
of the hotel have been ordered to pay a clean-up bill of $17 million to Sri Lanka.

Article 15

Researchers say raw sewage from more than 200 Chinese vessels is destroying
coral reefs in the South China Sea. U.S. satellite imagery analysis company Simularity
has released satellite images of the contested Spratly Islands. They discovered 236
Chinese vessels were recorded as motionless between May 14, 2016 and June 17,
2021. In the South China Sea, excess sewage from China has created a "dead zone"
for fish and coral reefs, according to environmental group Simularity. Excess sewage
encourages the growth of phytoplankton in the water, which can cause oxygen
shortages. Coral reefs take up to 10,000 years to form, and barrier reefs and atolls
take between 100,000 and 30 million years to fully form.

Article 16
 Thousands of plastic drink bottles washed up on an uninhabited island in the
South Atlantic. Researchers say there are evidence of illegal dumping from cargo ships.
Ships are banned from throwing trash overboard for more than 30 years. A commonly
cited estimate is that 80 per cent of plastic in the oceans comes from land-based
sources. Inaccessible Island is a remote island in the South Atlantic between South
Africa and South America. Millions of birds nest in the cliffs that wrap around it. This
dumping also affected marine life. Researchers collected 2,580 plastic bottles from
about a kilometre of beach, plus another 174 that washed up over 10 weeks. They
found that 73 per cent of accumulated bottles and 83 per cent newly arrived bottles
had been manufactured in China.

Article 17
There are disadvantages and advantages of dumping activities at the sea.
According to the article, the disadvantages are severe and long-term, and the
advantages mostly relate to short-term profit margins. Dumping waste at sea may
show up only negative, causing contamination and compromising marine ecosystems.
There are 2 effects of waste dumping in the article where one of it is pollution and
toxic waste. The materials could kill marine life, causing long-term illnesses and
creating sea dead zones. Next is legality of dumping where the dumping of dangerous
chemical waste, radioactive waste, organic waste and general trash is firmly controlled
in certain nations, yet not all. In the United States, for instance, the dumping of risky
waste goes against the regulation, and different kinds of waste are subject to hazard
assessment by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency. Despite that, the advantages
of sea dumping are they very convenience and does not cost anything. For example,
you may see someone dropping void chemical barrels in a pristine local site but
someone doing like that in the middle of a vast body of water is probably not going to
be spotted. The principle reason individuals and organizations dump at sea is that it
is simple. Sea dumping also brings improvement and enhance instead of harming to
marine ecosystems by creating reefs as several pieces of trash like decommissioned
boats and vehicle bodies could create artificial reefs environment to huge number of
invertebrate species and fish.

Article 18
According to the article, reefs are diverse marine ecosystems where microscopic
organisms such as algae and coral develop complex structures that attract other fish
and marine life and people all across the world have sunk ships, aircraft carriers, old
tires, and even New York City subway carriages to build artificial reefs over the last
several decades. For as long as we've been sailing ships, humans have been
inadvertently making artificial reefs (and occasionally sinking them). For example, the
HMCS Yukon is submerged 100 feet off the coast of San Diego, California has become
home of thriving reef ecosystem and popular spot for scuba divers while the Canadian
warship was not sunk in battle. Instead, it's been transformed into an environmentally
friendly artificial reef, which is now home to tens of thousands of animals. Dean
Rewerts, vice president of California Ships to Reefs, claims that all harmful elements
are removed and big holes are punched into it before it sunk. Todays, the California
Ships to Reefs program is one of the well-known artificial reef development operations.
The ship is properly cleansed and stripped away any dangerous compounds by
responsible agencies. They drilled holes in it for marine creatures easier accessibility
and also making sure to find a location that is far away from sensitive marine habitats
and powerful ocean currents that could move pieces of the structure to undesirable
locations.
Book 1
The book of Introduction to Environmental Geology mentioned about oil spiling
that happens unintentionally, methods that have been used to solve this problem and
the effects of oil spilling towards its surroundings. Based on the book, one of the
reasons of oil spilling towards the sea that happens at oil rig is when a large volume
of methane gas escaped from one of the systems in oil rig that caused the death of 11
workers and injured many others and accidently resulting the release of oil into the
ocean. The efforts and methods that are used to overcome this situation are deploying
booms, skimmers and chemicals dispersant to wash the oil at the beach. Other than
that, they also can use road equipment such as shovels to pick up the oil at sandy
beaches. This kind of methods depends on the site where the oil is present. In the
book, it tells us that oil spilling can be harmful and toxic towards marine life, fish, birds,
mammals, reptiles and shellfish.
Book 2
Environmental Geology Today tells us about the source of surface water
pollution. Based on the book, point source is one of the easiest type of water pollution
to treat because point source is easy to be located, analyzed and isolated. Examples
of surface pollution are mines, industries, and sewage treatment plants. In mining
sites, the water that flows in it usually corrosive waters because the waters are often
acidic that consist of metals such as lead, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and
mercury. Furthermore, abandoned mines are more dangerous because they may have
leaked toxins that may flow towards rivers plus coal mines also could also be the source
of considerable water pollution because surface mining usually strips away coal seams
that expose underclay or ancient peaty soils. With that many of soils that been released
to anaerobic environments usually have incomplete oxidated metals that could make
the water acidify itself and dissolved metals will flow to water streams. Other than
that, commercial and industrial pollution is also another cause of water pollution.

Book 3
According to the article reviewed by the researcher the conclusion that can be
concluded is, the use of acid is very often used in the field of industrial activities. The
effects of the use of this acid have given rise to much greater pollution problems before
strict controls were implemented on the pollution problems caused by acids. The use
of acid is so discouraged because of its nature that pollutes the local area. However,
the use of acid mine drainage still remains a source taken seriously in surface and
groundwater pollution. Examples of concentrated areas are coal and sulfide mining
areas. Apart from that, acids can also dissolve toxic metals. Apart from that, mercury
is also not recommended for use. This is because many cases of death are caused by
the poisoning of this mercury substance. Therefore, these toxic substances and
mercury are strictly prohibited from being used because they contain pollutants.
Book 4
Subsequently, the dumping of solid waste into the river also took place. The
amount of solid waste disposal into rivers often occurs due to pond sewage which has
the highest position in this solid waste disposal. The effects of this dumping will pollute
rivers and make it difficult for humans to access water resources. Not only that, the
effects of this pollution can also cause fish to be affected. In addition, the frequent
pollution is related to some individuals recycling septic fluid through aquifers has
greatly affected the wells used for drinking.

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