DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

2022-2023

TOPIC – STREET LIGHT POWERED BY

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

NAME – SHAMBHAVI SINGH

CLASS – 12th
STREAM – PCB
SUBJECT – PHYSICS
SUBJECT TEACHER’S NAME – MOHAMMAD AKRAM
 LIST OF CONTENT
• CERTIFICATE
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• INTRODUCTION
• OBJECTIVE
• WORKING PRINCIPLE
• LAYOUT
• MAIN COMPONENTS USED
• SHORT HISTORY OF SOLAR PANEL
• SOLAR PANEL
• DETERMINATION OF RATING OF SOLAR PANEL
• BATTERY
• DETERMINATION OF RATING OF BATTERY
• DETERMINATION OF RATING OF BODY
• LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)
• LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
• CIRCUITRY
• DUSK TO DAWN CIRCUIT
• CHARGE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
• SWITCHING CIRCUIT
• POWER CUT
• VARIOUS IMPACTS
• NEED OF IMPROVEMENT
• ADVANTAGE
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• THE END
CERTIFICATE :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPRCIAL THANKS OF GRATITUDE TO MY TEACHER “ MOHAMMAD AKRAM ” WHO GAVE ME THE
GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL PROJECT OF “ PHYSICS ” ON “ STREET LIGHT POWERED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ” ,
WHO ALSO HELPED ME IN COMPLETING MY PROJECT . I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS I AM REALLY THANKFUL TO
THEM .
SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN FINALIZING THIS PROJECT WITHIIN
THE LIMITED TIME FRAME

SHAMBHAVI SINGH
XII PCB
INTRODUCTION :

• IN WORLD NOW THE ENERGY DEMAND HAS BEEN INCREASING RAPIDLY.

• SO FOR FULFILLING ENERGY DEMANDS MORE FOSSIL FUELS ARE BEING USED WHICH WOULD EXTINGUISH IF WE USE THEM AT
SUCH A RATE.

• SO RENEWABLE ENERGY ARE NEED TO BE USED AS MORE AS POSSIBLE AS THEY ARE FREELY AVAILABLE AND ALSO ADEQUATE .

• ALSO USE OF GREENER POWER REDUCES POLLUTION AND GLOBAL WARMING .

WORKING PRINCIPLE :

• IN THE STREET LIGHT SOLAR PANEL WE HAVE PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS WHICH ARE CHARGED THROUGH THE DAY TIME AND THEIR
POWER IS BEING STORED IN A CIRCUIT WHICH PROVIDES ENERGY AT NIGHT CONVEINIENTLY .

• THIS SWITCH BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY OCCURS THROUGH THE RELAYING ACTION .

• THE RELAYING ACTION IS DONE BY TWO NOT( ) LOGIC OPERATED TRANSITOR THROUGH LDR(LONG DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP )

• PHOTONATION , WHICH SWITCHES ON OR OFF THE LED DURING DAY AND NIGHT AND ALSO DUSK TO DAWN OPERATION IS DONE.

• THE CONDUCTIVE DEVICE LDR( LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR) WHOSE RESISTANCE CHANGES PROPORTIONAL TO THE EXTENT OF
ILLUMIPV CELL CONSISTS OF ONE OR TWO LAYERS OF A SEMI CONDUCTING MATERIAL , USUALLY SILICON . WHEN LIGHT SHINES
ON THE CELL IT CREATES AN ELECTRIC FIELD ACROSS THE LAYERS CAUSING ELECTRICITY TO FLOW . THE GREATER THE
INTENSITY OF THE LIGHT , THE GREATER THE FLOW OF ELECTRICITY.
OBJECTIVE :

• TO COMPENSATE THE GROWING ENERGY DEMAND BY USING RENEWABLE ENERGY AS A SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY.

• TO LIGHT THE STREETS OF RURAL AREAS WITH THE HELP OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS , WHERE HIGH POWER- CUTS OCCUR
BECAUSE OF WEAK TRANSMISSION.

• LOW POWER CONSUMPTION , LONGITIVITY, RELIABILITY ARE MERITS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.

• LOW MAINTAIENCE .
LAYOUT
MAIN COMPONENTS USED :

• SOLAR PANEL

• POWER CIRCUIT

• BATTERY

• LDR

• LED ASSEMBLY
 SHORT HISTORY OF SOLAR PANEL :

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY GOES BACK MORE THAN 100 YEARS . IN THE EARLY DAYS, SOLAR ENERGY
WAS USED PRIMARILY FOR THE PRODUCTIION OF STEAM WHICH COULD THEN BE USED TO DRIVE MACHINERY . BUT IT
WASN’T UNTIL THE DISCOVERY OF THE “PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT ” BY EDMOND BECQUEREL THAT WOULD ALLOW
THE CONVERSION OF SUNLIGHT SOLAR ELECTRIC ENERGY.

• BECQUEREL’S DISCOVERY THEN LED TO THE INVENTION IN 1893 BY CHARLES FRITTIS OF THE FIRST GENUINE SOLAR CELL WHICH
FORMED BY COATING SHEETS OF SELANIUM WITH A THIN LAYER OF GOLD . AND FROM THIS HUMBLE BEGINNING WOULD ARISE THE
DEVICE WE KNOW TODAY AS THE SOLAR PANEL .

• RUSSEL OHL , AN AMERICAN INVENTOR ON THE PAYROLL OF BELL LABORATORIES , PATENTED THE WORLD’S FIRST SILICON SOLAR
CELL IN 1941 . OHL’S INVENTION LED TO THE PRODUCTIION OF THE FIRST SOLAR PANEL IN 1954 BY THE SAME COMPANY . SOLAR PANELS
FOUND THEIR FIRST MAINSTREAM USE IN SPACE SATELLITES . FOR MOST PEOPLE , THE FIRST SOLAR PANEL IN THEIR LIFE WAS
PROBABLY EMBEDDED IN THEIR NEW CALCULATOR- CIRCA THE 1970

• TODAY SOLAR PANELS AND COMPLETE SOLAR PANEL SYSTEMS ARE USED TO POWER A WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS . YES , SOLAR
PANELS IN THE FORM OF SOLAR CELLS ARE STILL BEING USED IN CALCULATORS . HOWEVER , THEY ARE ALSO BEING USED TO PROVIDE
SOLAR POWER TO ENTIRE HOMES AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS, SUCH AS GOOGLE’S HEADQUARTERS IN CALIFORNIA .
SOLAR PANEL :

• SOLAR ENERGY BEGINS WITH THE SUN. SOLAR PANELS ( ALSO KNOWN AS “ PV PANELS” ARE USED TO CONVERT LIGHT FROM THE
SUN , WHICH IS COMPOSED OF PARTICLES OF ENERGY CALLED “ PHOTONS ” , INTO ELECTRICITY THAT CAN BE USED TO POWER
ELECTRICAL LOARDS.

• SOLAR PANELS CAN BE USED FOR A WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS INCLUDING REMOTE POWER SYSTEMS FOR CABINS ,
TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT , REMOTE SENSING , AND OF COURSE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY BY RESIDENTIAL
AND COMMERCIAL SOLAR ELECTRIC SYSTEM .

• IN THIS PROJECT WE ARE USING A SOLAR PANEL OF 20 WATT WHICH CAN GIVE VOLTAGE UPTO 21.5V AND HAVING MAXIMUM
CURRENT OF 1.29AMP
DETERMINATION OF RATING OF SOLAR PANEL:

• HERE WE ARE USING LED ASSEMBLY OF 16 WATT.

• THE OPERATING TIME WAS DESIGNED 2 HRS/ DAY.

• SO ACCORDINGLY RATING OF THE PANEL IS DESIGNED . HERE 32 WATT – HOUR ENERGY IS REQUIRED BY LOAD
DETERMINATION OF RATING OF SOLAR PANEL:

PANEL WATT-PEAK REQUIRED =- WATT - HOUR NEEDED PER DAY / GLOBAL SOLAR
RADIATION (EQUIVALENT HOURS)

Panel Watt- Peak required=32/5 =6.4 Watt(peak) :Considering Global

solar radiation for 5 hours

Panel Watt-Peak required after considering the efficiency of the system

and the module = Calculated Peak-Watt required/Total system
efficiency"PV performance efficiency

= 6.4/(0.7*o.7)
= 13.06 Watt(peak)
= 14 Watt(peak) approx.

Considering total system efticiency = 7o% and PV Performance efficiency

70%
 BATTERY :

• A BATTERY IS A DEVICE CONSISTING OF ONE OR MORE ELECTRICAL CELLS THAT CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL
ENERGY .
• EVERY BATTERY IS BASICLLY A GALVANIC CELL WHERE REDOX REACTIONS TAKE PLACE BETWEEN TWO ELECTRODES WHICH ACT
AS THE SOURCE OF CHEMICAL ENERGY.

• IT WORKS AS A STORAGE UNIT , SOLAR AND CONVENTIONAL SOURCES CHARGE THE BATTERY THROUGH CHARGE CONTROLLER
CIRCUIT.

• WE ARE USING HERE 12V , 7AH BATTERY.

DETERMINATION OF RATING OF BATTERY :

• THE SELECTION OF BATTERY DEPENDS ON TWO FACTORS :

• DEPTH OF DISCHARGE OF BATTERY ( DOD ) .

• SYSTEM VOLTAGE

• IN SOLAR Pv , THE DEEP DISCHARGE BATTERIES ARE USED WITH DOD IN THE RANGE OF 60% AND CONSISTING 12V SYSTEMS FOR
THIS CALCULATION.
DETERMINATION OF RATING OF BODY :

BATTERY CAPACITY(Ah) = DAILY LOAD ( TOTAL WATT – HOUR OER DAY / NOMINAL BATTERY VOLTAGE

BATTERY CAPACITY = 32/12

= 2.67Ah

ACTUAL BATTERY CAPACITY REQUIRED = CALCULATED BATTERY CAPACITY / % OF DEPTH OF DISCHARGE * BATTERY EFFICIENCY
= 2.67 / ( 0.6 * 0.85 )
= 5.23 Ah
= 6 Ah ( APPROX )
 LDR ( LIGHT – DEPENDENT – RESISTOR ) :

• A PHOTORESISTOR OR LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR IS AN ELECTRONIC COMPONENT THAT IS SENSITIVE TO LIGHT . WHEN LIGHT
FALLS UPON IT , THE RESISTANCE CHANGES .

• THEY ARE LIGHT SENSITIVE RESISTORS WHOSE RESISTANCE DECREASES AS THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT THEY ARE EXPOSED TO
INCREASES.

• LIGHT – DEPENDENT RESISTOR IS RESPONSIVE TO LIGHT . ONCE LIGHT RAYS DROP ON IT , THEN IMMEDIATELY THE RESISTANCE
WILL BE CHANGED . THE RESISTANCE VALUES OF AN LDR MAY CHANGE OVER SEVERAL ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE .
LED ( LIGHT – EMITTING – DIODE )

• IN THE SIMPLEST TERMS , A LIGHT – EMITTING DIODE ( LED ) IS A SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE THAT EMITS LIGHT WHEN AN
ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH IT . LIGHT IS PRODUCED WHEN THE PARTICLES THAT CARRY THE CURRENT ( KNOWN AS
ELECTRONS AND HOLES ) COMBINE TOGETHER WITHIN THE SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL .

• LED ’ S HAVE MORE LIFESPAN THAN CFL LAMPS .

• THEY CONSUME LESS ENERGY .

• UNLIKE CONVENTIONAL LAMP THEY CAN BE RECYCLED .

• LESS MAINTENANCE & LESS HEAT GENERATION .
Circuitry -

• HERE FOUR CIRCUITS ARE USED WITH PROPER FUNCTIONING :

• CHARGE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT

• DUSK TO DAWN OPERATION CIRCUIT
• SWITCHING CIRCUIT BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL
• AND SOLAR
• POWER CIRCUIT
DUSK TO DAWN CIRCUIT :
CHARGE CONTROLLER CIRCUIT :
SWITCHING CIRCUIT :
POWER CUT :
VARIOUS IMPACTS :

• DURING THE ENTIRE COURSE OF COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT , I HAVE ALWAYS KEPT IN MIND THE PRICE CONSTRAINT . WE
HAVE SUCCEEDED IN DESIGNING PROJECT THAT IS AFFODABLE AND SUCH THAT THE COST OF THE PRODUCT IS JUSTIFIED BY ITS
FAIR PERFORMANCE . HENCE , WE CAN SAY THAT THIS PROJECT IS ECONOMICALLY EFFECTIVE

• IN THE PROJECT WE HAVE UTILIZED THE MOST CONVENIENT SOURCE OF ENERGY THAT IS THE ENERGY THAT IS TAKEN BY THE
SUN . THE SUN GIVES ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF HEAT WHICH IS RECEIVED BY THE SOLAR PANEL AND CONVERTS IT INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY . AS WE ARE USING THE RENEWAVLE SOURCE OF ENERGY IT DOES NOT CAUSE ANY KIND OF POLLUTION AND
IT IS VERY ECO – FRIENDLY .

• THE UNDER TAKEN PROJECT AIMS AT HUMANS SATISFACTION AND HENCE SUCCEEDS IN FULFILLING ALL THE GLOBAL ASPECTS .
THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF OUR PROJECT IS POSITIVE AS IT ENSURES USER SAFETY AND PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY AT THE SAME TIME .
IT CAN BE USED ANYWHERE AND CAN BE USED BY EVERYONE i.e. CAN BE EASILY BE USED EASILY IN AN EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT
WAY .

• ASSESSING SOCIETAL IMPACTS REQUIRES BOTH QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE IMPACT OF A PROPOSED
DEVELOPMENT . THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND THIS PROJECT REVOLVES AROUND THE NEEDS OF ITS CUSTOMER . THE PROJECT HAS
BEEN DESIGNED FOR THE BENEFITS OF THE SOCIETY . IT HELPS IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AS IT REQUIRES LOW COST . INITIALLY
WE NEED SOMEWHAT HIGH COST BUT THE MAINTENANCE IS VERY LOW HENCE IT BENEFITS THE SOCIETY .
NEED OF IMPROVEMENT :

• HERE MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CAN BE USED TO FETCH MAXIMUM POWER .

• DIGITAL RELAY CAN BE USED TO DO PRECISE AND ACCURATE OPERATION .

• MICRO – CONTROLLER CAN BE USED FOR EASE & ACCURATE OPERATION .

ADVANTAGE :

• COMPLETE ELIMINATION OF MANPOWER .

• REDUCED ENERGY COSTS .
• REDUCED GREEN HOUSE EMISSION .
• REDUCED MAINTENANCE COST .
• HIGHER COMMUNITY SATISFACTION .

DISADVANTAGE :

• CHANCES OF THEFT OF SOLAR PANEL IN CASE OF RURAL AREAS SO SOME SECURITY ASPECTS ARE THERE .
CONCLUSION :

• THIS PROJECT OF “ SOLAR STRRT LIGHTING ” IS A COST EFFECTIVE , PRACTICAL , ECO – FRIENDLY AND THE SAFEST WAY TO SAVE
ENERGY

• IT CLEARLY TACKLES THE TWO PROBLEMS THAT WORLD IS FACING TODAY , SAVING OF ENERGY AND ALSO DISPOSAL OF
INCANDESCENT LAMPS , VERY EFFICIENTLY .

• ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL DATA WE CAN SAVE MORE ELECTRICAL ENERGY THAT IS NOW CONSUMED BY THE HIGHWAYS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :

• https://en.wikipedia.org
• https://byjus.com
• https://www.electronics-notes.com
• https://www.electronicsforu.com
• https://www.loomsolar.com
• https://www.electroschematics.com
• https://in.pinterest.com
• https://vectorstock.com
THANK YOU