DDL(DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE)

1) Create
create table tablename(col1 datatype(size) , col2
datatype(size)...);

2)ALter ADD
alter table tablename ADD columnname datatype(size); to
chech whether the col is add or not : Desc tablename ;

....ALTER DROP
alter table tablename drop column columnname ;

....ALTER RENAME
alter table tablename rename col oldname to new col name ;

....ALTER MODIFY
alter table tablename modify address varchar2(15) ;

3)RENAME
Rename old tablename to new_tablename ;

4)DROP
Drop table tablename ;

5) TRUNCATE
truncate table tablename ;

DML(DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)

1) INSERT
Insert into tablename values(eno,'ename',sal);

2) DELETE
Delete from tablename where columnname='value'; AND Delete table
tablename ;

example:Delete from emp where eno=2;

3) UPDATE
Update tablename set columnname=value;

example:Update emp set salary=6000 where eno=3;

4) SELECT
* indicates all the records in the table

Example: Select * from emp where sal>3000 ;

TCL(TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

1) COMMIT : IT PERMANENTLY STORES THE DATA IN A DATABASE

 syntax : commit

2) SAVEPOINT :

syntax : savepoint savepoint name ;

3) ROLLBACK :

syntax : Rollback

DCL(DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE)

CREATING A USER IN DATABASE

.....user created.....

Grant access priviliges to username ;

...... Grant succeded......

1) GRANT
Grant insert , delete privilege to username ;
Grant all access privileges to username ;

2) REVOKE
Revoke delete privileges ;
Revoke username ;

SET OPERATORS

1)ARTHEMETIC OPERATORS : + , - , * , % , / . syntax : select 2 + 3 ;

2)LOGICAL OPERATORS : AND , NOT , OR . syntax : select eno , dept from emp
where sal > 3000 whose dept = 'CSE' AND/OR/NOT 'ECE' ;
3)CONDITIONAL OPERATORS: > , < , >= , <= , == , != , = . syntax : select
eno , dept from emp where sal > 3000 whose dept = 'CSE' >/</>=/<=/==/!=/= 'ECE' ;
4)BITWISE OPERATRS: & , ! , && , !! , ^ . syntax : select a & b ;
5)BOOLEAN OPERATORS: TRUE , FALSE .

SQL OPERATORS

1) UNION select * from emp union select * from emp1;

2) UNION ALL select * from emp union all select * from emp1 ;

3) INTERSECT select * from emp intersect selct * from emp1 ;

4) MINUS select * from emp minus select * from emp 1 ;

JOINS

1) INNER JOIN select table1.col1 , table2.col1,.....

from table1
 inner join table2 on table1.matching_col=table2.matching_col ;

2) LEFT JOIN select table1.col1 , table2.col1,.....

from table1
left join table2 on table1.matching_col=table2.matching_col ;

3) RIGHT JOIN select table1.col1 , table2.col1,.....

from table1
right join table2 on table1.matching_col=table2.matching_col ;

4) FULL JOIN select table1.col1 , table2.col1,.....

from table1
full join table2 on table1.matching_col=table2.matching_col ;

VIEWS

1) CREATING VIEW FOR ONE TABLE create view viewname as

select col1 , col1 from tablename
where condition ;

2) CREATING VIEW FOR TWO TABLES create view viewname as

select tablename1.col1 , tablename1.col2,......
tablename2.col1 , tablename2.col2,.....
from tablename1 , tablename2
where condition ;