AEN 301 - PESTS OF FIELD CROPS AND STORE PRODUCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (1+1)

Lecture - 1 and 2 Pests of Rice

S.No Pest
1 Thrips
2 Green leafhopper
3 Brown planthopper
4 Earhead bug
5 Yellow stem borer
6 Gall fly
7 Swarming caterpillar
8 Leaf folder
Economic threshold level (ETL)
ETL
60 numbers in 12 passes
10 % damage during seedlings stage (rolling of the first and second leaves)
20/m2 (Nursery) or 60 numbers per 25 net sweepings
5/hill - Vegetative stage or 10/hill - Flowering stage
2/hill – Tungro endemic area
1/tiller or 2/ tiller when spider is present at 1 /hill
5bugs/100 panicles at flowering stage
16 bugs/ 100 panicles at milky stage
2 egg masses/ m2
10% dead hearts - Vegetative stage or 2% white ear - Flowering stage
10 % Silver shoots
8 egg masses/m2
10% damaged leaves in vegetative stage
5% damaged leaves (flag leaf) in flowering stage

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Damage symptoms MANAGEMENT

1 Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis 1.Clipping off the terminal leaves
Thripidae, Thysanoptera Silvery streaks on the leaves 2. Spraying of
Terminal rolling and drying of  Azadirachtin 0.15 % 1500 – 2500 g/ha or
leaves from tip to base  Lambda- cyhalothrin 2.5 % EC 500 ml/ha or
 Thiomethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha.

2 Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens 1. Set up of light traps to attract and control the hopper.
N. nigropictus Both nymphs and adults desap 2. Apply any one of the insecticides
Cicadellidae, Hemiptera the leaves and cause “hopper o Buprofezin 25 % SC 800 g/ha
burn”. It acts as a vector for the o Fipronil 5 % SC 1000 – 1500 g/ha
diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, o Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha
rice yellow dwarf
3 Brown Nilaparvata lugens Nymphs and adults congregate 1. Avoid use of excess nitrogen
planthopper Delphacidae, Hemiptera at the base of the plant and suck 2. Use resistant varieties like Co 42
the sap from the tillers and cause 3. Provide alternate wetting and drying of plants
“hopper burn”. 4. Encouragement of predator natural enemies, mirid bug,
Circular patches of drying and Cytorhinus lividipennis and wolf spider, Lycosa
lodging of plant pseudoannulata
It acts as a vector of grassy 5. Avoid use of insecticides causing resurgence such as
stunt, ragged stunt and wilted synthetic Pyrethroids, Quninalphos.
stunt diseases.
5 Rice earhead bug Leptocorisa acuta Both nymphs and adults suck the 1. Apply new KKM dust formulation consists of 10 % of
Alydidae, Hemiptera sap from individual grains, Acorus calamus rhizome powder and 90 % of fly ash
which are in milky stage. which repels EHB bugs.
Affected grains become chaffy. 2. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5 % 25 kg/ha.
Obnoxious odour comes while 3. Spraying of Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha
disturbing the bugs.
6 Rice mealybug Brevennia rehi Large number of insects
Pseudococcidae,Hemiptera remains in leaf sheath and suck
the sap and plants become weak,
Puddling and removal of grass on the field bunds
yellowish and stunted
Presence of white waxy fluff in
leaf sheaths
7 Rice leaf mite Oligonychus oryzae Discolouration of leaves to
Tetranychidae, Acarina yellowish with minute spots. 1. Spraying of any one of the following insecticides
o Abamectin @ 0.5 ml/l
o Fenpyroximate @ 1.25 -1.5 ml/l
o Propargite @ 2-2.5 ml/l

8 Yellow stem Scirpophaga incertulas Drying of the central shoot 1. Clip the seedling tips before transplanting to eliminate
borer Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera known as “dead heart” - young egg masses
seedlings and drying of the 2. Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum
panicle - “white ear”. twice on 30 and 37 DAT @ 5cc/ha/release.
3. Apply any one of the following of insecticide
 Azadirachtin 5 % 400 ml/ha
 Chlorpyrifos 20 EC 1.25 l/ha
 Fipronil 80 WG 50-62.5 kg/ha
 Flubendiamide 20 % WG 125 g/ha
9 Gall midge Orseolia oryzae The maggot feeds at the base of 1.Set up light trap @ 1 / ha as a monitoring device.
Cecidomyiidae , Diptera the growing shoot causing 2.Release larval parasitoid, Platygaster oryzae (effective
formation of “onion needle” or predator) through parasitized galls @ 1 per 10 m2 in the
“silver-shoot” or Anaikomban. main field at 10 days after transplanting.
3.Conserve predatory spiders like Tetragnatha, Argiope
and carabid beetle (Ophionia indica) in rice ecosystem.
4.Apply any one of the insecticide based on ETL:
 Carbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg/ha
 Chlorpyriphos 20 % EC 1250 ml/ha
 Fipronil 5 SC 1.0 -1.5 kg
10 Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Caterpillar folds the leaves 1. Use resistant varieties like TKM-6, TNAU LFR 831311
Pyralidae, Lepidoptera longitudinally and remains 2. Release the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis
inside. It scrapes the green thrice on 37, 44 and 51 DAT @ 1,00,000/ha
tissues of the leaves and makes 3. Avoid resurgence inducing chemicals like Carbofuran.
them white and dry.
11 Rice case worm Nymphula depunctalis Caterpillars feed on green tissues
Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera of the leaves and form tubular
cases which float on water.
Passing of the rope over the crop helps to remove pupal
cases

12 Rice grasshopper Hieroglyphus banian Irregular feeding on leaves

Acrididae, Orthoptera /seedling of leaf blades
Trimming the bunds

13 Field rat Bandicota bengalensis Dug up and eat away the freshly
sown seedling
Cut the leaves and seedlings in
nursery and transplanted crop
Use poison bait: Zinc phosphide 1 part with 49 parts
popped corn/rice or dry fish or Warafin 0.5 % one part
with 19 parts of bait material (0.025 %) or Bromadiolone
0.25 W/W (1:49) at 0.005 %.
Provide perches on the field bunds for the owls.
 Lecture – 3 Pests of Maize, Sorghum and Cumbu
S.No Pest ETL
1 Sorghum shoot fly 10% dead hearts or 1 egg / plant in 10 % of plants (first 2 weeks)
2 Earhead bug 10 Nos/ear head
3 Stem borer, Pink stem borer 10% dead hearts

Common Scientific Name Typical Symptoms Management

S.No
name
MAIZE
Scraping and skeletonizing the 1.Deep ploughing and application of neem cake
upper epidermis resulting into @ 250 kg/ha
papery structure. 2. Use sex pheromone traps @ 50 /ha from 10 -
15 DAS (Change the lure once in 20 days) -
Spodoptera frugiperda Second or third instar larvae make Mass trapping
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera holes in leaves. 3. Release egg parasitoids, Trichogramma
pretiosum @ 16,000/acre twice at weekly
Invasive pest,
Older larvae cause extensive interval.
Maize fall
1. defoliation 4. At 5-10% infestation - Whorl application of
army worm
Bacillus thuringiensis v. Kurstaki @ 2g/litre or
Metarhizium anisopliae or Beauveria bassiana
with spore count of 5g/litre
5. If infestation is more than 10% - Whorl
application of any one of the recommended
insecticides for FAW viz., Chlorantraniliprole
18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/litre or Emamectin benzoate
5% SG @ 0.4g/litre.
2. Corn leaf Rhopalosiphum maidis Yellowing of leaves and colonies of 1. Apply Carbaryl 50 WP 1.0 kg/ha at silk drying
aphid Aphididae, Hemiptera aphids in central leaf whorl presence of stage.
ants 2. Repeat the insecticidal application 15 days later
(500 l spray fluid /ha)
3. Spray systemic insecticide like Dimethoate 30
EC 500 ml in 500 L of water or Thiamethoxam 25
% WG 100 g/ha
 Caterpillars feeds on silk and
developing cobs
Corn worn/cob Helicoverpa armigera 1. Hand pick the larvae and destroy
3
worm Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 2. At silk drying stage: Apply Carbaryl 10 D 25 kg/ha

Irregular feeding of leaves

Cut worm or Mythimna separate
Spraying of Carbaryl 50 WP @ 3 kg/ha.
4 Army worm Agrotis ipsilon
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Birds pick the seeds that are sown for Fencing with video tapes around the fields which
Columbia livia germination and feed on it scare the birds by sunlight falling on moving video
5 Birds Psittacula krameri Tassel and tender cob are damaged by tapes due to wind causes reflection of light. This
Corvus splendens Parakeets (Parrots) reflection scares the birds. Moreover noise of
fluttering tapes due to wind rattles birds.
SORGHUM
Larvae cause dead heart and 1. Use higher seed rate (12 kg/ha) and remove
production of side tillers the shoot fly damaged seedlings at the time of
thinning
Sorghum shoot Atherigona soccata 2. Set up hanging type plastic TNAU fish meal
1
fly Muscidae, Diptera traps @ 12/ha till the crop is 30 days old.

1. Young larva cause dead heart in 1. Sow lab lab or cowpea as an intercrop in the
early stage of crop ratio of 4:1 to minimise the stem borer damage.
Chilo partellus 2. Pin holes on the whorl of newly 2. Release egg parasitoids namely.,
Pyralidae, Lepidoptera opened leaves Trichogramma chilonis @ 2, 50, 000 /ha and
larval parasitoids namely., Cotesia flavipes @
Sorghum stem 5000 /ha,
2
borer 3. Apply in the leaf whorls on 20th day of sowing
by granules such as Phorate 10 % CG 10 kg/ha/
Carbofuran 3 % CG 33.3 kg/ha. (Mix with sand
to make up the total quantity of 50 kg)
 Calocoris angustatus Presence of bugs on the earhead and
Miridae, Hemiptera\ grains become chaffy (No grain Apply neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 % or
Sorghum formation) Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha on 3rd and 18th day
3 after panicle emergence
earhead bug

Nymphs and adult suck the sap from Spray Dimethoate 0.02 % or Phosphomidan @
the leaves and infestation favours for 250 ml/ha
Perigrinus maidis development of sooty mould
4 Shoot bug
Delphacidae,Hemiptera

Grubs and adults feed on the grains

Oxycetonia versicolor
5 Chafer beetle Apply neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 % or
Cetonidae, Coleoptera
Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha

PESTS OF CUMBU
Larvae cause dead heart and 1. Use higher seed rate (12 kg/ha) and remove
production of side tillers the shoot fly damaged seedlings at the time of
Cumbu shoot Atherigona approximata thinning
1 2. Set up hanging type plastic TNAU fish meal
fly Muscidae, Diptera
traps @ 12/ha till the crop is 30 days old.

1. Young larva cause dead heart in 1. Sow lab lab or cowpea as an intercrop in the
early stage of crop ratio of 4:1 to minimise the stem borer damage.
2. Pin holes on the whorl of newly 2. Release egg parasitoids namely.,
opened leaves Trichogramma chilonis @ 2, 50, 000 /ha and
Chilo partellus larval parasitoids namely., Cotesia flavipes @
2 Stem borer
Pyralidae, Lepidoptera 5000 /ha,
3. Apply in the leaf whorls on 20th day of sowing
by granules such as Phorate 10 % CG 10 kg/ha/
Carbofuran 3 % CG 33.3 kg/ha. (Mix with sand
to make up the total quantity of 50 kg)
 Dead heart a. Release of egg parasitioid, Trichogramma
chilonis,
Sesamia inferens
Pink stem b. larval parasitoid: Bracon sp
3 Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
borer c. Pupal parasitoid: Tetrastichus sp
2. Infestation crosses 10% spray
chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha
Grains become chaffy or spotted
black and shrivelled
Apply neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5 % or
Dolycoris indicus
4 Plant bug Carbaryl 10 D @ 25 kg/ha
Pentatomidae, Hemiptera

LECTURE- 4 PESTS OF WHEAT, FINGER MILLET AND TENAI

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Typical symptom MANAGEMENT

PESTS OF WHEAT
Dead heart 1. Grow resistant cultivars like Deccan 101 and 103
a. Release of egg parasitioid, Trichogramma chilonis,
Sesamia inferens
b. larval parasitoid: Bracon sp
1 Pink stem borer Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
c. Pupal parasitoid: Tetrastichus sp
2. Infestation crosses 10%, spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5
SC @ 150 ml/ha
Entire shoots dries up and can be 1. Flood irrigate the furrows to avoid termite attack in the
pulled out. Shoot hollow inside and furrows at the time of planting (Irrigate the crop timely)
Odontotermes obesus, may be filled with soil 2. Dip the setts in Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.04 % for 5 min.
2 Termite
Termitidae, Isoptera 3. Apply any one of the insecticides - Chlorpyriphos 20 %
EC 750 ml/ha or Chlorantraniprole 18.5 % SC 500 – 625
ml/ha
Nymphs and adult suck the sap
from tender grains and cause
Nezara virudala chaffiness in individual grains Apply Carbaryl 10 D 25 kg/ha
3 Green plant bug
Pentatomidae, Hemiptera
 PESTS OF RAGI (FINGER MILLET)
Aphid remains at the base of the plant
(root region) and suck the sap.
Root aphid Wilting and drying of plants in
Tetraneura nigriabdominalis, patches 1. Mix Dimethoate 30 EC ml in 1:1 of water and drench
1 the rhizosphere of the infested and surrounding plants.
Aphididae, Hemiptera

Grubs feed on roots and results in

the death of grown up plants. 1. Collection and destruction of adult beetles on host
Root grub
Holotrichia consanguinea, plants (Neem/Acaria sp) immediately after first showers
2 Melolonthidae, Coleoptera 2. Application of Carbofuran 3G in furrows at the time of
sowing.

PESTS OF TENAI
Stem borer Anadastus parvulus Soil application of Phorate 10% G 10 kg/ha, Carbofuran 3
1 Dead of the whole plant. Grub.
Languriidae, Coleoptera % CG 33.3 kg/ha.
Stem fly Atherigona destructor Dead hearts in young plants.
2 Refer sorghum
Muscidae, Diptera Maggot.
Adult feeds on leaves. Leaf
margins notched. Roots eaten
away by grubs. Wilting of plants
in patches. Plants come off easily
Ash weevil Myllocerus sp when pulled. Grub and adult Soil application of Phorate 10% G 10 kg/ha, Carbofuran 3
3
Curculionidae, Coleoptera % CG 33.3 kg/ha.
 LECTURE- 5 PESTS OF RED GRAM, BENGAL GRAM, BALCK GRAM, GREEN GRAM AND COWPEA
S.No. Pest ETL
1 Gram pod borer 5 -8 eggs or 2-3 early instar/plant
2 Pod borer 10% affected plants
3 Spotted pod borer Larvae 3 /plant
4 Plume moth Larvae 5 /plant
5 Stem fly 10 % affected plants
6 Aphid 20/2.5 cm shoot length
1. Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera Larva is seen feeding with the 1.Install bird perches @ 50/ha to pickup the
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera head alone thrust inside the parts larvae by birds
and the rest of the body hanging 2.Set up light traps (1 light trap/5 acre)
out. 3. Set up pheromone traps @12 Nos./ha
4. Release egg parasitoids Trichogramma sp.
@ 1.5 lakh/ha
5. Spray Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV) @
500 LE/ha in 0.1% teepol.
6. Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by
triazophos 0.05%.
7. Apply Carbaryl 5D at 25 kg/ha or
Chlorantraniprole 18.5 % SC 500 – 625 ml/ha
2. Blue butterflies Lampides boeticus Larva borer into the pods Spray any one of the insecticides, Emamectin
Euchrysops cnejus benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha, Indoxacarb 15.8 %
Lycaenidae, Lepidoptera SC 333 ml/ha, neem oil 2%, NSKE 5% twice
followed by triazophos 0.05%
3. Plume moth Exelastis atomosa Tiny larva bores into unopened
Pterophoridae, Lepidoptera buds, flowers and tender parts
Spray NSKE 5% +1 % Soap solution

4. Spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata Larva web the flowers and
Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera young pods
Spray NSKE 5% +1 % Soap solution
5. Pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa, Maggots feed on the seeds of red
Spray Dimethoate 0.03 %
Agromyzidae, Diptera gram
6. Blister beetle Mylabris phalerata Adult feeds voraciously on buds, Collect and destroy larvae and adults to the
Meloidae, Coleoptera flowers and young pods extent possible
Spray NSKE 5% twice followed by triazophos
0.05%

7. Pod wasp Tanaostigmodes cajaninae Larva feeds on young seed of

Tanaostigmatidae, Hymenoptera pods and cause complete
abortion of the Spray NSKE 5% +1 % Soap solution as
seed. oviposition deterrent

8. Pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis Spray NSKE 5% +1 % Soap solution as

Bruchidae, Coleoptera oviposition deterrent
Spray Malathion 50 EC @ 0.05 % three to 5
days before harvesting of seed crop to
minimize the bruchids infestation in storage.
9. Redgram Aceria cajani It acts as vector for sterility Apply any one of the insecticides
Eriophyid mite Eriophyidae, Acarina mosaic virus disease Abamectin 0.5 ml/l, Fenpyroximate 1.25 -1.5
ml/l, Propargite 2-2.5 ml/ha, Dicofol 2ml/l,
wettable sulphur 2g/l of water

11 Aphids Aphis craccivora, Congregate on the growing Spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 500 ml/ha or
Aphididae, Hemiptera shoots, leaves, flowers and pods Methyl demeton 25 % EC 500 ml/ha or
Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.

12 White fly Bemisia tabaci, Act as vector for yellow mosaic 1. Spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 500 ml/ha or or
Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera virus Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.
2. Install yellow sticky trap 12/ha
 LECTURE- 6 PESTS OF GROUND NUT, GINGELLY AND SUNFLOWER

S.No Common Name Scientific Name Typical symptom Management

1 Red hairy caterpillar
PESTS OF GROUND NUT
Amsacta albistriga Caterpillars cause defoliation of 1. Organize campaigns to hand pick and destroy the
Arctiidae, Lepidoptera the crop- all the leaves eaten away pupae after summer ploughing.
leaving the main stem alone 2.Collection and destroy egg masses and early instar
ETL: 1 larva per meter larvae
3. Hand pick and destroy grown up caterpillars
row
4. Grow cow pea as intercrop which helps to attract
the female moths to lay more eggs on it
5. Set up 3-4 light traps /ha or bonfire in endemic
areas to attract and kill the moths
6. Apply NPV at 250 larva equivalents/ha (1.5 x
1012 PIB/I)
7. Conserve predators like coccinellids, green lace
wing fly, spiders, praying mantis, ground beetles and
parasitoids like Trichogramma sp, Braconids sp
8. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1250 ml or
diflubenzuron 25 % WP 300 – 400 g /ha.

1. Sow spreading and semi spreading varieties in leaf

miner endemic areas since bunch varieties suffer more
due to leaf miner.
2. Sow cowpea (1:4) or cumbu (1:6) as intercrop with
ground nut to minimise the leaf miner and Cumbu
enchances the parasitization of Goniozus sp on leaf
miner.
3.Set up light traps between 8 and 11 pm at ground
2 Leaf miner cum Aproaerema modicella level for mass traping
webber Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera 4. Release Trichogramma chilonis @ 5000 /ha twice
(7-10 days interval)
5. Conserve predators like coccinellids, green lace
wing fly, spiders, dragon flies, damsel flies, praying
mantis, ground beetles and parasitoids like
Trichogramma sp, Braconids sp
6. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1250 ml or Dichlorvos
76 WSC 750 ml /ha
 Irregular feeding marks on the 1. Grow tall sorghum as companion crop to serve as
leaves and flowers. biological bird perches.
2. NPV 250 LE /ha three times starting from
3 Helicoverpa armigera flowering stage at 15 days interval
Gram pod borer
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 3. Set up pheromone trap (Helilure) - ETL 5-6
moths/trap
4. Spray NSKE 5% +1% Soap solution or neem
oil/kernel based formulations as oviposition deterrent.
1. Grow castor as border or intercrop in groundnut
Skeletanization of leaves and fields to serve as indicator or trap crop.
defoliation in tobacco 2. Monitor the emergence of adult moths by setting up
of light and pheromone traps (litlure).
3. Collect egg masses and destroy
4 Spodoptera litura 4. Apply Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus 1.5 x 1012
Tobacco caterpillar
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera POBs/ha with crude sugar 2.5 kg/ha and Teepol 250
ml/ha.
5. Apply Carbaryl 10 D 25 kg/ha or Diflubenzuron 25
% WP 300 – 400 g /ha or or Chlorantraniprole 18.5
% SC 500 – 625 ml/ha
Earwig/Podborer Anisolabis stali Young pods showing bore holes 1. Soil application of Malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha or
Forficulidae, Dermaptera plugged with excreta. Carbofuran 3 % CG 50 kg/ha prior to sowing.

Sand particles or discoloured Note: Repeat soil th application of above dust

formulation on the 40 day of sowing and incorporate
5 pulps. Pods without kernal.
in the soil during the earthing up

Wilting of plants in patches. 1. Digging the termite mount and destruction of the
queen in most important in termite management.
Bore holes into pods and damage 2. Harvest the ground nut as soon as they are matured,
the seed. early removal of the produce from the field will
reduce the chances of termite damage to pods.
Odontotermes obesus
6 Termite/White ants 3. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 EC to control termites
Termitidae, Isoptera 4. Dust Chlorpyriphos @ 30-40 kg/ha in soil before
sowing in endemic areas.
5. Seed treatment with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 6.5
ml /kg of seed reduce termite damage
 Wilting of plants in patches - 1. Plough deep at the time of land preparation to
Wilted plants without tap root and expose the grubs and kill them.
rootlets 2. Collect and destroy the adults of white grubs
attracted to tress like neem, Ailanthus, Acacia near
7 Holotrichia sp ground nut fields on receipt of monsoon showers
White grubs
Melolonthidae, Coleoptera 3.set up light trap or bonfire to attract the adults
4. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 % EC 1125 ml/ha or
Carbofuran 3% 33.3 kg/ha, Phorate 10% G 25 kg/ha

1. Apply NSKE 5%
2. Conserve bio agents like lady bird beetles
(Coccinellids), Praying mantis, Hover flies (Syrphids),
green lace wing (Chrsopids), spiders
8 Aphis craccivora 3. Augmented release of Menochilus sexmaculata
Aphids
Aphididae, Hemiptera @1250/ha or Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi grubs @
5000/ha whenever possible
4. Spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 500 ml/ha or or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.

1.Apply NSKE 5%
9 Empoasca kerri 2. Spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 650 ml/ha or
Jassids
Cicadellidae, Hemiptera lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 200 -300 ml/ha or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.

Scirtothrips dorsalis 1. Apply NSKE 5%

10 Thrips Thripidae, Thysanoptera 3. Spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 650 ml/ha or
lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC 200 -300 ml/ha

PESTS OF GINGELLY
1 Leaf webber Antigastra catalaunalis Larvae web the leaves together and
Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera bore into capsule and feed on
developing seeds. Spray neem oil 2%, Carbaryl 50 WP 1250 g/ha or
Chlorpyriphos 20 % EC 750 ml/ha or
Chlorantraniprole 18.5 % SC 500 – 625 ml/ha
2 Gall midge
3 Sphingid
4 Leaf hopper
1 Capitulum borer
(Head borer)
2 Bihar hairy caterpillar
3 Tobacco caterpillar
4 Leaf hopper (Jassids)
Aspondylia sesami Maggots feed the floral bud which
Cecidomyiidae, Diptera Leads to formation of gall like
structure
Spray neem oil 2% or Carbaryl 50 WP 1250 g/ha
Acherontia styx Defoliation 1. Deep ploughing exposes the pupae for predation to
Sphingidae , Lepidoptera insectivorous birds.
2. Hand picking collection and destruction of
caterpillars
3. Two rounds of dusting with Malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha
first at 30 DAS and second at 45 DAS.
Orosius albicinctus Curling of leaves and turn brown. 1. Spray neem oil 2%, Carbaryl 50 WP 1250 g/ha,
Cicadellidae, Hemiptera and act as Vector of sesamum Malathion 5 D 25 kg/ha
phyllody
PESTS OF SUNFLOWER
Helicoverpa armigera
Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Hand pick the Helicoverpa larvae and destroy
Dust Phosalone 4 D 25 kg/ha or Spinosad
Spilosoma obliqua
Arctiidae, Lepidoptera Insecticidal application at the time of bee visit is toxic to
bees. So, apply the insecticides after 4 pm when the bee
Spodoptera litura activity is minimum.
Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Amrasca devastans Treat the seeds with imidacloprid 70 WS at 7 g/kg
Cicadellidae, Lepidoptera
Spray imidacloprid 17.80 %49 SL 100 ml/ha
 LECTURE – 7 Pests of Castor, Soybean, Safflower, Jatropha and Mustard

S.No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical symptoms Pest image
PESTS OF CASTOR
1. Capsule and Shoot Conogethes punctiferalis Capsules with bore holes, damaged
borer Pyraustidae, Lepidoptera capsules webbed together and
capsules showing galleries made of
silk and frass. Larvae

2. Castor gall fly Asphondylia ricini Flowers and young capsules with gall
Cecidomyiidae, Diptera like swelling and malformed. Maggot
3. Castor semilooper Achaea janata, Defoliation.
Dysgonia algira Larvae resting on the underside of
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera midribs or petioles. Larvae
Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg in 1000 L or Emamectin
benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8
% SC 333 ml/ha
4. Slug caterpillar Parasa lepida Defoliation. Larvae
Cochlididae Lepidoptera Leaving only the midrib and veins.

5. Hairy caterpillar Euproctis fraterna Defoliation. Larvae

(Lymantriidae)
Erebida, Lepidoptera

6. Hairy caterpillar Olene mendosa Defoliation. Larvae

Erebidae, Lepidoptera Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg in 1000 L or Emamectin
benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8
% SC 333 ml/ha
7. Hairy caterpillar Somena scintillans Defoliation. Larvae
(Porthesia scintillans) Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg in 1000 L or Emamectin
Erebidae, Lepidoptera benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8
% SC 333 ml/ha

8. Castor butterfly / Ariadne merione Defoliation. Larvae

Spiny caterpillar (Ergolis merione)
Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera

Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg in 1000 L or Emamectin

9. Wooly bear Olepa ricini Defoliation. Larvae benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8
Erebidae, Lepidoptera % SC 333 ml/ha

10. Tussock caterpilla r Orgyia postica Defoliation. Larvae

Erebidae, Lepidoptera

Carbaryl 50 WP 2 kg in 1000 L or Emamectin

11. Tobacco Caterpillar Spodoptera litura Complete Defoliation. Larvae benzoate 5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxacarb 15.8
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera % SC 333 ml/ha

12. Leafhopper Empoasca flavescens Leaf margins become yellow and then Spray Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha or
Cicadellidae, Hemiptera brown and curled. Nymph and Adult Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.
13. Whitefly Trialeurodes ricini Water soaked spots on the leaves which 1. Spray Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha or
Aleyrodidae , Hemiptera become yellow and dried. Colonies of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.
Whitefly on the under surface. Nymph 2. Install yellow sticky trap 12/h
and Adult
14. Thrips Retithrips syriacus Terminal leaves crinkled and silvered. Spray Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha or
Thripidae, Thysanoptera Nymph and Adult Imidacloprid 17.8 SL 100 -125 ml/ha.

PESTS OF SOYABEAN
1. Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Transmits soybean mosaic virus. 1. Set up yellow sticky trap
Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera Nymph and Adult 2. Spray NSKE 5% or Dimethoate 30 % EC 2 ml/l

2. Leafhopper Orosius sp. Vector of witches broom disease. Nymph

Cicadellidae, Hemiptera and Adult 1. Spray NSKE 5% or Dimethoate 30 % EC 2 ml/l
3. Leaf miner/ Aproaerema modicella Larva mines into the leaflets and feed on at the crop age of 35 -40 days and repeat after 15
Soybean leaf miner Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera green tissues resulting in brownish dried days if needed
up patches. Larva

PESTS OF SAFFLOWER
Condica capensis
1. Safflower caterpillar Feeds on leaves and Pods. Larva
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Helicoverpa armigera
2. Flower head borer Feeds on leaves. Larva
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 1. Release Chrysoperla @ 50000/ha
Eublemma rivula
3. Safflower semi looper Defoliation. Larva 2. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2000 ml/ha,
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
Feeds on buds and cause bore holes, leads Dichlorvos 76 WSC 1250 ml
to rotten with foul smell, ooze coming out
Acanthophilus helianthi
4. Safflower bud fly the apices, giving the buds a soaked
Tephriditidae Diptera
appearance. Maggot

Suck the sap from leaf and tender parts.

Euroleucon carthami
5. Safflower aphid Nymph and Adult
Aphididae, Hemiptera
 PESTS OF JATROPHA
1. Spray NSKE 5% or Dimethoate 30 % EC 2 ml/l
Pempelia morosalis
1. Larvae web the leaves or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2000 ml/ha or Dichlorvos
Leaf webber Crambidae, Lepidoptera
76 WSC 1250 ml

Suck the sap from fruits

1. Encourage and conserve parasitoid, Trissolcus
2. Scutellera nobilis jatrophae
Scutellarid bug
Scutelleridae, Hemiptera
2. Apply Beauveria bassiana 11 X 106 spores per
ml or Metarhizium anisopliae 1 x 106 spores per ml
Suck the sap from the leaves, tender
stems and fruits 3. Apply Carbosulfan 25 EC 0.025 %, dichlorvos
76 WSC 0.076 %, Acephate 75 SP 0.07%.
Chrysocoris purpureus
3. Scutellarid bug
Scutelleridae, Hemiptera

PESTS OF MUSTARD
1. Mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Suck the sap from under surface of 1. Set up yellow stick trap to monitor aphid
Myzus persicae leaves. Nymph and Adult population
Aphididae, Hemiptera
2. Collect and destroy the affected part along
with aphid population in the initial stage

3. Encourage or release the most efficient

predators and parasitoids,
Ladybird beetles -Coccinella septempunctata,
Menochilus sexmaculata
Syrphid fly/hover fly - Syrphus sp,
Lacewing fly - Chrysoperla carnea
Braconid parasitoid - Diaretiella rapae

4. Apply 2% Neem oil and 5 % NSKE

5. Apply thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 20 -40 g

in 200 - 400 L of water.
2. Diamond back moth Plutella xylostella Typical whitish patches due to 1. Set up pheromone trap @ 4/ acre and
Plutellidae, Lepidoptera scrapping of epidermal leaf tissues by monitor the adult activity
young larvae. Advance stage larvae 2. Collect and destroy larvae
bits holes in the leaves. Larva 3. Encourage and conserve natural enemies
Viz., Cotesia plutellae, Diadegma insulare –
most important parasitoids of the
Diamondback moth
4. If necessary apply 4 % NSKE

3. Mustard sawfly Athalia lugens proxima Grub nibbles the margins of tender Summer ploughing will destroy the pupae in
Tenthredinidae, leaves and pod. Grub the soil
Hymenoptera Early sowing. Collection and destruction of
larvae of sawfly in the early hours and evening
Encourage and conserve natural enemies Viz.,
larval parasitoids, Perilissus cingulator and the
bacterium, Serratia marcescens which infect
the larvae of saw fly

LECTURE – 8 PESTS OF COTTON

S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management
BOLLWORMS
Earias vittella
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 1.Collect and destroy all the shed fruiting parts
Drying and drooping of terminal
1. Spotted bollworm shoots during pre-flowering stage, 2.Plant bhendi as trap crop
and young boll formation stage.
3.Avoid extending the crop period
Shedding of squares, holes on bolls.
Larvae 4.Spray Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 150 ml/ha or
Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC 100-125 ml/ha or
Spinosad 45 % SC 220 ml/ha or Emamectin benzoate
Earias insulana
5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxcarb 14.5 % SC 500 ml/ha
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera or Fipronil 5 % SC 1000 ml/ha
2. Spiny bollworm
5. Apply Bt formulation: Bacillus thuringiensis
kurstaki 5% WP 750 -1000 g/ha.
 1. Remove and destroy the crop residues
2. Deep ploughing to expose the hibernating larvae
3.Plant bhendi as trap crop and pulses as intercrop
4.Avoid monocropping
Helicoverpa armigera 5Install pheromone trap @ 12/ha to monitor
Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 6. Inundative release of egg parasitoid,
Bolls with circular bore holes, Trichogramma sp. at 6.25 cc/ha at 15 days interval 3
time from 45 DAS
larvae seen feeding by insert their
7. Augmentation release of predator, Chrysoperla
heads alone and remaining body zastrowi sillemi @ 1,00,000 /ha at 6th , 13th and 14th
week after sowing
hanging out with presence of faecal
3. American bollworm 8. Spray Ha NPV at 3x 1012 POB /ha with 10%
pellets outside the bore hole. cotton seed kernel extract, 10% crude sugar, 0.1
% each of Teepol for effective control of
Larvae
Helicoverpa on 7th and 12th week after sowing
9. Apply Bt formulation: Bacillus thuringiensis
kurstaki 5% WP 750 -1000 g/ha or Beauveria
bassiana 1.15% WP 400 g/ha
10. Spray Azadirachtin 0.03 % EC 500 ml/ha or
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 150 ml/ha or
Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC 100-125 ml/ha or
Spinosad 45 % SC 220 ml/ha or Emamectin benzoate
5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxcarb 14.5 % SC 500 ml/ha
or Fipronil 5 % SC 1000 ml/ha
4. Cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella 1.Clean cultivation and destruction of crop residues
Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera Rosetted flowers, interlocular before onset of the season
burrowing, discoloured lint with 2. Deep ploughing to expose the hibernating larva
burrowed seeds. Larvae. and pupae
3.Acid delinting of cotton seeds
4.Install Pheromone trap 12/ha to monitor the adult
5.Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma sp. at
1,00,000 per ha
6. Spray Phosalone 35% EC 2000 ml/ha
5. Cotton stem weevil Pempherulus affinis, Swelling on the stem just above the 1.Basal application of FYM 25 t/ha and 250 kg/ha of
Curculionidae, Coleoptera ground level and the young plants neem cake
killed invariably. Older plants lack 2. Seed treatment with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 10
vigour and strength and may break ml/kg of seed
when heavy winds blow. Grub. 3. Drenching collar region with Chlorpyriphos 20 EC
@ 2.5 ml/ L on 15 and 30 DAS + Earthing up
4. Stem drenching of NSKE 5 % 3-5 times – first
application 20 DAS and repeat at 10 days interval
6. Red cotton bug/cotton Dysdercus cingulatus Red stained lint and rotting bolls. Plough the field to expose the eggs.
stainer Pyrrhocoridae, Hemiptera Inner boll wall with warty growth Spray Phosphamidan 100 EC @ 250 ml/ha
or water soaked spots; young bolls
abort and turn dark brown. Nymph
and adult

LECTURE – 9 PESTS OF SUGARCANE

S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management

1. Early planting during main season (Dec – Jan)
2. Intercropping with Daincha, green gram and black
Chilo infuscatellus gram results in low shoot borer incidence
Crambidae 3. Trash mulching: 10 – 15 cm thickness on 3 days
Dead heart in 1-3 months old crop, after planting
which can be easily pulled out 4. Earthing up on 45th days after planting (DAP).
Bore holes at the base just above the 5. Remove and destroy dead hearts
ground level 6. Set up sex pheromone traps @ 10 / ha for monitoring
1. Early shoot borer of pest density
7. Spray Granulosis virus 1.5x1012 PIB/ha
8. Release Sturmiopsis inferens @ 125 gravid
females/ha twice 35 and 50 days of planting (DAP)
9. Soil application: Carbofuran 3G @ 33 kg/ ha or
Chlorpyriphos @ 12.5kg/ ha
10. Spraying of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 375
ml/ha or Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @1000 ml / ha or NSKE
5 % 25 kg/ha, Fipronil 5 % SC 1500 - 2000 ml/ha
2. Internode borer Chilo sacchariphagus Internodes constricted and 1. Collect and destroy the eggs periodically
indicus, Crambidae, Shortened with a number bore 2. Detrash: 150 and 210 DAP
Lepidoptera holes and frass in the nodal region 3. Avoid use of excessive nitrogen fertilizers
Affected tissues reddened 4. Install of internode borer sex pheromone traps @
10/ha
5.Release egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis @
2.5 cc/ ha (6 releases from 4th month onwards at 15
days interval)
3. Top shoot borer, Scripophaga excerptalis Parallel rows of shot holes in the
Pyralidae, Lepidoptera emerging leaves 1. Collect and destroy the eggs masses
Dead heart in grown up canes which 2. Install of top shoot borer sex pheromone traps @
cannot be easily pulled
10/ha
Bunchy top due to growth of side shoots
3.Releas Ichneumonid parasitoid, Isotima javensis @
125 females / ha (Prepupal parasitoid)
4.Apply Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 375 ml/ha or
Carbofuran 3% 33.3 kg/ha or Phorate 10% CG 30
kg/ha
4. Woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Maharastra in July 2002. 1. Select setts free from aphid infestation for
Aphididae, Hemiptera In TN - Vellore, Nellikuppam, planting
Udumalpet, Coimbatore occurred 2. Drain excess water
during July 2004 3. Detrash as per schedule
Thousands of young and adults with the
4. Release Dipha aphidivora, Brown lace wing -
white woolly coating dwell on the under
Micromus sp, Hover fly, Lady bird beetle or
surface of the sugarcane leaves hiding
from the direct sun light. coccineelids.
They pierce the leaves with their 5. Spray Acephate 75 SP @ 2 g/L or
flexible straw like mouth parts and suck Chlorpyriphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/L
the plant sap.
5. Leafhopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Leaves become yellow 1.Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers
Lophopidae, Hemiptera 2.Set up light trap
Covered with black sooty mould 3. Detrash on 150th and 210th Days After Planting
4. Release lepidopteran parasitoid: Epiricarnia
Top leaves get dried up and lateral buds melanoleuca @ 8000 -10,000 cocoon /ha (or) 8 - 10
germinate lacs egg/ha.
5. Soil application of Carbofuran 3% CG 33.3kg/ha
6. Spray Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/L
6. Whitefly, Aleurolobus barodensis 1. Yellowing of leaves turn pinkish later
Aleyrodidae, Hemiptera 2. Gradual drying and presence of sooty 1.Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers
mould 2.Set up light trap
3.Detrash on 150th and 210th Days After Planting
4.Spray Imidacloprid 200 SL at 250 ml in 250 l of
water / ha

7. Mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari Yellowing of leaves 1.Detrash on 150th and 210th Days After Planting
Pseudococcidae, Hemiptera 2.Keep bunds free from weeds and drain excess water
5.Spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/L or methyl
demeton 25 EC @ 2ml/L
8. Black winged bug Proutista moesta
Derbidae,Hemiptera 1.Spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/L or methyl
demeton 25 EC @ 2ml/L

9. Skipper, Telicota augias Defoliation

Hesperiidae, Lepidoptera
1. Spray Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/L

10. Termites, Odontotermes obesus Poor germination of setts
Termitidae, Isoptera Semicircular feeding marks in the
margin of leaves in standing crop
Entire shoot dries up and can be easily
pulled out
Setts hollow and filled with soil
11. White grub, Holotrichia consanguinea Yellowing and wilting of leaves
Melolonthidae, Coleoptera Drying of crown
Extensive damage to roots
Affected canes come off easily when
pulled
1. Flood irrigate the furrows to avoid termite attack in
the furrows at the time of planting
2. Dip the setts in imidacloprid 70 WS 0.1% or
Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 0.04 % for 5 min.
3. Apply Chlorpyriphos 20 % EC 750 ml/ha or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL at 350 ml/ ha or
Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC (Coragen) 500 -625
ml/ha
1. Flooding irrigation discourages adults from egg
laying and kills the grub.
2. Deep ploughing immediately after harvest will
expose the grubs for predation
3. Avoid ratoon cropping in the hot spot areas
4. Use light traps to collect adults in neem, ailanthus
and acacia trees around the fields immediately after the
summer showers.
5.Apply Beauveria brongniortii @2.5 kg/ha (1* 109
cfu/g) along with FYM at the time of planting in
endemic regions
6. Soil drenching of Imidaclorprid 40 Per cent +
fipronil 40 per cent – 80 WG @ 300 g/ha was found to
be most effective for control white grub followed by
Clothianidin 50 WDG @ 250g/ha, flubendiamide 480
SC @ 400 ml/ha and rynaxypyr 0.4 per cent G @125
g/ha
 LECTURE - 10 PESTS OF GREEN MANURES (SUNNHEMP, SESBANIA, DAINCHA,
LUCERNE, SUBABUL AND GLIRICIDIA)
PESTS OF SUNNHEMP
S. No Name of the pest
1 Indian tiger moth
Hairy caterpillar
2 Hairy caterpillar
3 Hairy caterpillar
PEST OF SESBANIA
S. No Name of the pest
1 Sesbania stem borer
2 Stem weevil
Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management
Utetheisa pulchella Defoliation of the plant. Larva feeds on
Erebidae, Lepidoptera leaves and also causes severe damage by
feeding on the contents of developing pods.
1. Set up of light traps to monitor the pests to assess
the damage and kill them
Argina astrea Larva feeds on leaves. 2. Hand pick and destroy the caterpillars
Erebidae, Lepidoptera
3. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem oil 2
% with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water
Argina syringa Larva feeds on leaves 4. Spray Carbaryl 50 WP 2.5 kg/ha
Erebidae, Lepidoptera
Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management
Azygophleps scalaris Larva feeding inside the stem, stoutly build 1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem oil
Cossidae Lepidoptera larva bores into the stems and feeds, faecal 2 % with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water
matter getting accumulated at the entry 2. Apply Carbofuran 3 g 1.5 kg a.i./ha along with 3
hole. Plants will dry.
parts of sand on 20th and 50th days respectively
Alcidodes bubo Grubs feed on terminal branches or whole
3. Splash water on the leaves after spot application
Curculionidae Coleoptera plants resulting in drying of branches,
affected stem with numerous bore holes and of Carbofuran
swellings. 4. Do not pluck the leaves for 4o days once granular
application is given
 PEST OF DAINCHA
S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management
1 Stink bugs Piezodorus rubrofasciata Adults and nymphs suck the sap. 1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem oil 2 %
Pentatomidae, Hemiptera with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water

2 Green semilopper Pericyma glaucinans Defoliation of plants.

Noctuidae, Lepidoptera
3 Green looper Semiothisa pervolgata Defoliation of plants.
Geometridae, Lepidoptera Larva - pale green

1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem oil 2 %

with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water
4 Brown lopper Hyposidra talaca Defoliation 2. Apply Carbofuran 3 g 1.5 kg a.i./ha along with 3 parts
Geometridae, Lepidoptera Larva - Reddish brown - spots -
of sand on 20th and 50th days respectively
body.
6 Sulphur butterfly Eurema hecabe Defoliation 3. Splash water on the leaves after spot application of
Pieridae, Lepidoptera Adults are yellow coloured butterfly Carbofuran
with black markings 4. Do not pluck the leaves for 40 days once granular
application is given

7 Mottled emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Defoliation. Green larva with

C. crocale C. Pomona annulate body. Butterflies are
Pieridae, Lepidoptera creamy white.
 PESTS OF LUCERNE

S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management

1 Spotted alfalfa aphid Therioaphis maculata Nymphs and adults suck the sap and secrete large
Aphididae, Hemiptera amounts of honeydew. Adult is yellow with four 1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem
to six rows of dark spots oil 2 % with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water
2. Apply Carbofuran 3 g 1.5 kg a.i./ha along
with 3 parts of sand on 20th and 50th days
respectively
2 Lucerne weevil Hypera variabilis Grubs and adults make irregular holes in the 3. Splash water on the leaves after spot
Curculionidae, Coleoptera leaves. Affected plants remain stunted. application of Carbofuran
4. Do not pluck the leaves for 4o days once
granular application is given

PESTS OF SUBABUL
S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management
1 Jumping lice Heteropsylla cubana Nymphs and adults suck sap from the shoots and 1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or neem
Psyllidae, Hemiptera leaves. Wilting of growing shoots result in die oil 2 % with 1 g of Khadi soap / litre of water
back, Honey dew secretion and development of
sooty mould

PESTS OF GLIRICIDIA

S. No Name of the pest Scientific name Typical Symptoms Management

1 Aphid Aphis craccivora
Aphididae, Hemiptera
2 Weevil Indozocladius asperulus
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
3 Ash weevil Myllocerus discolor
Myllocerus viridanus
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
Both nymphs and adults cause damage by
sucking the plant sap. Severe infestation
leads to complete drying of affected parts.
Grubs feeds on pollen inside the buds and 1. Spray Neem Seed Kernel Extract 5% or
adult feeds on flowers. neem oil 2 % with 1 g of Khadi soap /
Grubs feeds on roots, adults feeds on litre of water
leaves from edges.
M. discolor : Brown and white spots
M. viridanus : Small light green weevil
 LECTURE – 12 - ROLE OF PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, MECHANICAL
AND CHEMICAL FACTORS IN DETERIORATION OF GRAIN

Factor affecting deterioration

1. Seed deterioration is highly influenced by environmental (temperature, relative humidity

and seed moisture content) and biological factors (such as fungi).
2. Temperature, high temperature is important which speed up the rate of biochemical
processes with rapid losses of high moisture content resulted seed deterioration.
3. Seeds stored at high moisture content increased respiration, heating, and fungal invasion
resulting in reduced seed vigor and viability.
4. Below 4-6% seed moisture content lipid autoxidation leads to deterioration
5. Microorganisms associated with seeds in storage are bacteria, fungi, mites, insects and
rodents.
6. Most storage fungi belong to Penicillium and Aspergillus genera. They induce seed
deterioration by producing toxic substances that destroy the cells of seeds.
7. The activity of bacteria, fungi, mites, insects and rodents can lead to damage resulting in
loss of vigor and viability or, complete loss of seed.
8. Mechanically damaged seed allow quick and easy access for mycroflora to enter the seed.
9. During storage inorder to control insect pest and mites use of fumigants and insecticides
cause adverse effect on seed viability and vigor.
10. Hence all the factors affects the seed quality, germination, vigor and viability are highly
influence in field and storage.
 LECTURE – 13 PESTS OF STORED PRODUCTS
I. PRIMARY STORAGE PESTS –Insects that damage sound grains
A. INTERNAL FEEDERS
S.No. Common name Scientific name, family, order Damaging stage
1 Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae
Curculionidae, Coleoptera
2 Lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica
Bostrychidae, Coleoptera
3 Cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne
Anobiidae, Coleoptera
4 Pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculates
Callosobruchus chinensis
Bruchidae, Coleoptera
5 Drug store beetle Stegobium panaceum
Anobiidae, Coleoptera
6 Sweet potato weevil Cylas formicarius
Apionidae, Coleoptera
7 Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella
Gelechiidae, Lepidoptera
B. EXTERNAL FEEDERS
8 Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, T. confusum
Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera
Damage Symptom
Grubs and adults Grubs feeds inside and pupates within the
grain. The exit holes are characteristic signs of
weevil damage.
Grubs and adults Grubs feed on the inner content (starch) of
grains like wheat and rice. After pupation
adults leaves large irregular exit holes.
Grubs and adults Grubs and adults feed on stored tobacco,
turmeric, chillies, ginger, cocoa bean etc.,
Grubs Adult lay individual eggs on pulses and the
grubs once they emerge feed on the inner
content and pupate inside.
Damage pulses can be recognized by the white
eggs on the seed surface and the circular exit
holes
Grubs and adults Grubs feed on stored products like turmeric,
ginger, coriander seeds, dry vegetable
Grubs and adults Grubs and adults feed on the tuber by boring
into it and make them unfit for consumption.
Caterpillar Caterpillar which bores into grain kernels
remaining inside until mature and adult leaving
exit pin holes on the grain surface.
Grubs and adults Grubs and adults feed from outside and they
are serious pests of processed foods like flour,
grains, cornflakes, dry fruits etc.,
In sever infestation, the flour turns greyish and
mouldy and has a pungent, disagreeable odour
making it unfit for human consumption
9 Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Grubs Grubs mainly attack stored wheat and other
Dermestidae , Coleoptera grains like maize, barley, oats, rye, flour, malt
and noodles and feed on them.
10 Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Caterpillar Larvae feed on grains and dried fruits
Phycitidae, Lepidoptera
11 Fig moth Ephestia cautella Caterpillar Caterpillar webs the food materials specially
Phycitidae, Lepidoptera dried fruits and feeds by remaining inside the
webbed material
12 Rice moth Corcyra cephalonica Caterpillar Larvae web together the grains and feed within
Pyralidae, Lepidoptera inside.
It also attacks broken grains and also milled
products. Cocoa beans etc.,
II. SECONDARY STORAGE PESTS - Insects that damage broken or already damaged grains by primary storage pests
13 Saw toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis Grubs and adults Grubs and adults feed externally on grain dust
Cucujidae , Coleoptera
14 Long headed flour beetle Latheticus oryzae Grubs and adults Grubs feed on damaged grains wheat embryos
Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera
15 Flat grain beetle Cryptolestes minutus Grubs and adults Grubs and adults feeds on stored grains
Cucujidae, Coleoptera
16 Grain mite Acarus siro Nymph and adult Nymph and adults feeds on the surface of the
grains and also damage flour
 LECTURE -14 METHOD OF GRAIN STORAGE AND VARIOUS METHODS OF STORAED
PEST MANAGEMENT

 Management of stored products broadly classified in to two categories namely preventive

measures and Curative measures
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1. Clean the Threshing floor/yard, harvesting and threshing machines, trucks, trolleys
or bullock carts before their use and should be free from insect infestation
2. All the cracks, crevices, holes existing in the floors, walls, ceiling should be plastered
with mud or cement permanently.
3. To avoid entry of rats, birds and squirrels, fix wire meshes to windows, ventilators etc.,
4. Disinfect old gunny bags by dipping them in 0.0125 % fenvalerate 20 EC and Disinfect
empty godown walls, floor and surface of gunny bags by spraying of Malathion 50 % EC
(1: 100 dilution rate) and deltamethrin 2.5 % WP (40 g in 1 L of water) @ 3 L emulsion
on 100m2 surface area.

CURATIVE MEASURES
 Stored grain insect pests can be controlled by the following methods by non-chemical control
and chemical control

NON-CHEMICAL CONTROL MEASURES

o Cultural measures, Physical measures and Mechanical measures

CULTURAL MEASURES

Timely harvesting - Many insects infest the crop in the field. Besides insects from stores, fly to
fields and lay eggs on harvested material. Prompt timely harvesting can prevent such infestation.

Splitting of pulses - Pulse beetles prefer to attack whole pulses and not split ones. Split pulses
escape from the attack and suitable for storage than whole pulses.

Drying of grain - Grains are dried by spreading a thin layer of grains in the sun. Mainly to reduce
the moisture content below 10%, most of the insect do not survive/multiply.

Use of plant products - Sweet flag (Vasambu) rhizome powder @ 10g /kg can be used for
protection against storage pests (killing & deterrent). Coconut, groundnut or mustard oil @ l kg/100
kg for the protection of pulses against pulse beetles upto 6 months. Neem seed kernel extract can be
mixed at 1 kg for every 100 kg of cereals grains and stored pulses.

Hermetic or airtight storage - Food grains kept in airtight sealed structures remain insect free,
reason being that during storage the grain respires and liberates carbon dioxide. Excessive CO 2
accumulation and depletion of oxygen do not allow the insects to survive.
PHYSICAL MEASURES
 It includes heat treatment, Controlled atmosphere, Mixing of inert dust, Use of
activated clay and Irradiation
Heat treatment - Most of the stored grain insects die at 55 to 60°C within a period of 10 to 20
minutes. Therefore, flour mills and other type of food processing plants have arrangement of super
heating by infra red heaters for the control of insects. Optimal temperature for most of the storage
insects is between 25 and 33° C. Temperatures between 13 and 25° C will slow development. High
temperatures of 35° C and above will stop development.
Controlled atmosphere - In grain storage, insects can be controlled by decreasing O2 or increasing
CO2 or N2 concentration in the atmosphere thereby interfering with the normal respiration of
insects. This is achieved by modified atmospheric storage, controlled atmospheric storage or airtight
storage.
Mixing of inert dust - Mixing of such dusts with the grain makes the entry of insects in grains a
difficult task and cause physical injuries; block mouth parts and lodges in joints of the insects. Inert
dusts includes clays, sand, paddy husk ash, wood ash, dolomite, natural silica (diatomaceous earth),
synthetic silica (silicon dioxide) for managing stored-product insects and mites or also to improve
fumigation efficiency.
Use of activated clay - Activated clay (kaolin) has been used in protecting grains from the attack of
storage insects. This method is very effective against most of the storage pests and nontoxic to
higher animals.
Irradiation - Low dose irradiation completely kills or sterilizes the common grain pests, and even
the eggs deposited inside the grains.
MECHANICAL MEASURES

 Mechanical control for monitoring and mass trapping stored product insects.
 Trapping devices are TNAU insect probe trap, TNAU pitfall trap, TNAU two in one
model trap, Indicator device, Automatic insect removal bin, UV light trap.
 These traps are effective in the detection of stored grain insects namely Sitophilus
cryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Corcyra cephalonica and Tribolium castaneum in stored
food grains.

CHEMICAL CONTROL MEASURES

 Decide the need for shed fumigation (entire store house or godown) or cover fumigation (only
selected blocks of bags).
 Check the store house/godown and the black polythene sheets or rubberized aluminium covers
for holes and get them ready for fumigation.
 For cover fumigation, Aluminium Phosphide - 3 tablets of 3 g each per tonne of grain.
o In case of cover fumigation. Keep ready sand-snakes. Insert aluminum phosphide tablets
in between the bags in different layers. Cover the bags immediately with fumigation
cover. Plaster the edges of cover all round with clay plaster or use sand-snakes to make
leak proof. Keep the bags for a period of 5 -7 days under fumigation.
 For shed fumigation: 21 tablets of 3 g each for 28 cubic metres. Period of fumigation: 5 days.
o Follow similar steps in case of shed fumigation also.
 LECTURE- 16
LOCUSTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Locusts are short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae under certain favourable
conditions, congergate and move together on their nymphal stages as bands and the adult
swarms fly to distant areas in dense masses. This is referred as locust plague. Locust do cause
damage by devouring the leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, bark and growing points and also by
breaking down trees because of their weight when they settle down in masses. There are 9 well
recognized locust species viz.,

S.No. Common name Scientific name Distribution

1 Desert locust Schistocerca gregaria India, Pakistan, Arabia, North
African countries
2 Bombay locust Patanga succincta India, Pakistan, East and south
Asia, Europe and Australia
3 Migratory locust Locusta migratoria India, SriLanka, Malaysia
4 Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus Italy, France, Northern Africa,
Iran , southern Russia
5 Red locust Nomadacris septemfasciata Southern Europe, Northern
Africa, Iraq, Iran ,Afghanistan
6 Brown migratory locust Locustana pardalina Southern Africa, Tanganyika
7 South American locust Schistocerca paranensis Southern Africa
8 Italian locust Calliptamus italicus Argentina to Mexico
9 Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminefera Australia
All locusts are grasshoppers but all grasshoppers are not locusts

 Four species viz. Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), Migratory locust (Locusta
migratoria), Bombay Locust (Nomadacris succincta) and Tree locust (Anacridium
sp.) are found in India.
 Among them the Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria is the most dangerous species in
India as well as in worldwide.
 These insects are usually solitary, but under favorable conditions they become more
abundant and change their colour, behaviour and habits, becoming gregarious to form
swarms. This is referred as locust plague.
Desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, Acrididae, Orthoptera
 After 25 years, India reported worst attack of desert locust on 26 May 2020 (Middle of
corona period) due climate change effect and unexpected cyclones in the Arabian
Peninsula have aided their rapid multiplication and spread.
 There are many breeding areas for these locusts in Africa, Middle East and India. The
swarm that invades India originates in the desert of Pakistan or Arabian Peninsula which
are carried to India through monsoon winds.
 The swarms speared into Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab after destroying crops
in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Haryana.
  It is usually very difficult to control a locust swarm because of its huge population
density. It is estimated that even a very small swarm of 1 km2 contains around 1 – 1.5
billion insects and any control measures will be useless against such a large population.

Host Plants
 Wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, rice, finger millet, oats, small millets, sugarcane, cassava
potato, sweet potato, yam, pulses, grapevine, citrus, date palm, banana, groundnut,
linseed, rape and mustard, sesame, coffee, tobacco and cotton.
Symptoms
 Damage includes complete destruction and defoliation selective destruction of milky
grain, bark, fruit flowers, seed and growing points.

LOCUST BIOLOGY
 Locust life cycle has three distinct stages (i) Egg, (ii) Hopper and (iii) Adult.
 Eggs are laid in pods in moist sandy soil. It lay 2-3 egg pods having 60-80 eggs in
average.
 Hopper/Nymph: There are 5 instars in gregarious and 5-6 instar. In each instars there is
a growth and change in characteristic coloration.
 Adult: The 5th instar adult moults into adult stage. This change is called 'fledging' and
the young adult is called 'fledgling' or 'immature adult' means they are sexually immature.
The period of sexual maturity varies. In suitable condition the adult may mature in 3
weeks and under cool and /or dry condition it may take 8 months time. During this stage
the adults fly for search of favorable breeding condition and may cover thousands of
kilometers.
 Young immature adults are pink in color but old ones become dark red or brown in cold
condition. On maturation the adults become bright yellow. Males mature before females.
Oviposition commences within two days of copulation

Morphology and Behavior

Desert locust exists in two phases Viz., GREGARIOUS and SOLITARIOUS phases.
1. Solitary phase – immobile – swarm not take place
2. Gregarious phase - highly mobile – swarm takes place
 Each grasshopper can eat 2-3 times more of its body weight per day. A very small swarm
of 1 km2 can eat the same amount of food in one day as about 35 000 people.

Breeding Season

 There are three breeding seasons for locusts (i)Winter breeding [November to
December], (ii) Spring breeding [January to June] and (iii) Summer breeding [July to
October].
 India has only one locust breeding season and that is Summer breeding. The
neighboring country Pakistan has both spring and summer breeding.
  Hence in India, Locust Warning organization (LWO) is established in 1939 which
responsible to monitor and control the locust situation in Scheduled Desert Area
(SDA) mainly in the States of Rajasthan and Gujarat while partly in the States of Punjab
and Haryana by way of intensive survey, surveillance, monitoring and control operations
where required.

MANAGEMENT

EGGS
 Locate the breeding sites and destroy by ploughing/digging and expose them to sun and
predators

NYMPHS
 Near breeding sites dig the trenches with 30-45 cm wide and 60 cm depth driven the
nymphs into the trench and bury them live

ADULTS
 Scaring away the locusts by beating drums or empty tins
 By using flame throwers threaten the locust not to settled on green bushes or trees
 The swarms can be mechanically collected and burnt.
 Allow the predatory birds to feast on the locusts.
 Neem kernel spray 5% acts as a repellent and deterrent to locusts.
 Poison baits containing wheat or rice bran, add Carbaryl 50 WP used to kill the locusts.
 Insecticide as dusts formulation applied @ 25 kg per hectare.
 Aerial sprays (Helicopters and aircraft) are alternate choice to control the flying swarm

Desert locust -Schistocerca gregaria

Bombay locust -Patanga succincta Migratory locust - Locusta migratoria6

 LECTURE -17
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IN RICE AND COTTON

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN RICE

S.No Pest ETL

1 Thrips
2 Green leafhopper
3 Brown planthopper
4 Earhead bug
5 Yellow stem borer
6 Gall fly
7 Swarming caterpillar
8 Leaf folder
60 numbers in 12 passes
10 % damage during seedlings stage (rolling of the first and second
leaves)
20/m2 (Nursery) or 60 numbers per 25 net sweepings
5/hill - Vegetative stage or 10/hill - Flowering stage
2/hill – Tungro endemic area
1/tiller or 2/ tiller when spider is present at 1 /hill
5bugs/100 panicles at flowering stage
16 bugs/ 100 panicles at milky stage
2 egg masses/ m2
10% dead hearts - Vegetative stage or 2% white ear - Flowering stage
10 % Silver shoots
8 egg masses/m2
10% damaged leaves in vegetative stage
5% damaged leaves (flag leaf) in flowering stage

A. CULTURAL METHOD
 Remove / destroy stubbles after harvest and keep the field free from weeds.
 Trim and plaster the bunds of rice field to expose the eggs of grasshoppers and to eliminate
the breeding in grasses.
 Form the bunds narrow and short to reduce the damage by rodents.
 Use resistant varieties like
 Co 42, ADT 36 against for Brown plant hopper
 TKM 6 – Yellow stem borer
 MDU-3/ IR 36 – Gall midge
 TKM-6, TNAU LFR 831311 – Leaf folder
 Organize synchronized planting
 Clip the tip of seedlings before transplanting to prevent the carryover of egg masses of
rice yellow stem borer from nursery to mainfield.
 Leave 30 cm rogue space at every 2.5 m to reduce damage by BPH and Rodents.
 Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers.
 Alternative wetting and drying reduce BPH and case worm
 Remove the egg masses of stem borer in the main field.
 Keep owl perches in the field
 Allow ducks into the field to feed on the larvae.

B. MECHANICAL METHODS
 Dig out the rat burrows and destroy the rats and young ones at the beginning of the season.
 Set up bow traps to kill rodents.
 Set up light trap @ 1 / ha as a monitoring device and control the pests.
 Install sex pheromone traps to monitor and mass trap.
C. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
 Release Trichogramma japonicum on 30 and 37 DAT (twice) @ 5cc/ha/release against
stem borer.
 Release Trichogramma chilonis on 37, 44 and 51 DAT (thrice) @ 5cc/ha/release against
leaf folder.
 Release of Platygaster oryzae parasitized galls @ 1 per 10 m2 on 10 days after transplanting
(DAT) against gall midge.
 Spray Bacillus thuringiensis @1.0 kg/ha when the stem borer/ leaf folder crosses ETL.

D. PLANT PRODUCTS
 Apply new KKM dust formulation consists of 10 % of Acorus calamus rhizome powder
and 90 % of fly ash which is a waste product from Thermal Power Station. This dust
formulation repels the rice ear head bug.

 Spray Neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% (25 kg/ha), Neem oil 3% (15 lit/ha) to
control brown planthopper.

 Spray botanicals viz., NSKE, Notchi or Prosopis leaf extract leaf extract 10% to control
earhead bug and black bug.

E. CHEMICAL METHODS
1. Use insecticides based on ETL.
2. In BPH - prone areas/seasons avoid use of Synthetic Pyrethroids, Methyl parathion and
Quinalphos as they lead to resurgence.
3. Spray any one of the following insecticides to control thrips
1. Azadirachtin 0.15 % W/W 1500 – 2500 g/ha
2. Lambda- cyhalothrin 2.5 % EC 500 ml/ha
3. Thiomethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha.
4. Apply any one of the insecticides as twice at 15 and 30 DAT to control hoppers
1. Azadirachtin 0.15 % W/W 1500 – 2500 g/ha
2. Buprofezin 25 % SC 800 g/ha
3. Fipronil 5 % SC 1000 – 1500 g/ha
4. Imidaclorprid 17.8 % SL 100 – 125 ml/ha
5. Thiamethoxam 25 % WG 100 g/ha
5. Apply any one of the following of insecticide to control borers and other defoliators
 Carbofuran 3 G @ 25 kg/ha
 Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC 150 ml/ha
 Chlorpyrifos 20 EC 1.25 l/ha
 Fipronil 80 WG 50-62.5 kg/ha
 Flubendiamide 20 % WG 125 g/ha
6. Spraying of any one of the following insecticides to control mite
a. Abamectin @ 0.5 ml/l,
b. Fenpyroximate @ 1.25 -1.5 ml/l,
c. Propargite @ 2-2.5 ml/l
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) IN COTTON

A. CULTURAL METHOD
 Plough deeply to expose the resting pupae.
 Early sowing and close spacing of cotton reduces pest infestation
 Synchronize sowing of cotton preferably with short duration varieties.
 Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 70 WS, Thiamethoxam @ 5g/kg of seed.
 Use resistant varieties like
 MCU 3, MCU 5 and MCU 9 against for leafhopper
 LPS 141 and Supriya against for whitefly
 L 1245, LD 135, Sujata, LK 861, Abadhita against for American bollworm,
Helicoverpa armigera
 L 1245, JK 119-25-54, BCS 10, BCS 10-75, FBRN 2-6, Hopi, Deltapine, LH 95, UK
48G 27, Sanguineum against for spotted bollworm
 Grow Transgenic Bt. cotton (e.g. Bollgard) is resistant to Boll worms.
 Remove the alternative weeds host (Parthenium against for Mealybug)
 Collect and destroy all the shed fruiting parts.
 Acid delinting of cotton seeds against for pink bollworm
 Mechanically remove the adults and larvae from the trap crops and also remove the affected
plant parts along with larvae of bollworms
 Trap the eggs of Helicoverpa on trap crops like marigold and okra raised as border crops.
 Optimize the use of nitrogenous fertilizers that favour the multiplication of the pest.
 Provide more perching points for the predatory birds like king crow, mynah, etc. in the
field.
 Avoid extending the crop period

B. MECHANICAL METHODS
 Set up light trap to monitor the broods of leaf hopper and to attract and kill.
 Set up yellow sticky trap and water pan @ 12/ha for the management of whitefly.
 Set up sex pheromone traps @ 12 traps/ha at 1-2 feet above the crop canopy to kill the moths.
C. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
 Release the egg parasitoids like Trichogramma chilonis or T. brasilienis @ 2.5 cc/ acre
from 45th day onwards at 10-15 days intervals (releases) and larval parasitoids such as
Chelonus blackburni or Bracon brevicornis or Campoletis chlorideae @ 800 adults/acre at
15 days interval.
  Release the predators, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi (2 larvae/plant) or Scymnus sp. to
suppress the larval population.
 Apply NPV @ 200 LE/acre at 7th and 12th week after sowing. It can also be mixed with
10% cotton seed kernel extract, 10% crude sugar and 0.1% wetting agent, e.g.
Teepol/Tinopal.
 Spray Ha NPV at 3x 1012 POB /ha with 10% cotton seed kernel extract, 10% crude sugar,
0.1 % each of Teepol for effective control of Helicoverpa on 7th and 12th week after sowing
 Apply Bt formulation: Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki 5% WP 750 -1000 g/ha or Beauveria
bassiana 1.15% WP 400 g/ha

D. PLANT PRODUCTS
 Spray fish oil rosin soap (FORS) @ 25 g /lit. of water twice at an interval of 15-20 days,
depending on the pest incidence against mealybug.

E. CHEMICAL METHODS

 Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides, especially synthetic pyrethroids.

 Spray Thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 0.4g/lit or 100 g/ha (or) Acetamiprid 20% SP @ 0.1g/lit.
or 50 g /ha against for sucking pests (Thrips, Aphid, Leaf Hopper, Whitefly, Mealybug)
 Spray Azadirachtin 0.03 % EC 500 ml/ha or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 % SC 150 ml/ha or
Flubendiamide 39.35 % SC 100-125 ml/ha or Spinosad 45 % SC 220 ml/ha or Emamectin benzoate
5% SG 220 g/ha or Indoxcarb 14.5 % SC 500 ml/ha or Fipronil 5 % SC 1000 ml/ha
 Spray Spiromesifen 240 SC 0.3 ml/lit against mite.