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Unit - 5 - Multiple Antenna Techniques
Unit - 5 - Multiple Antenna Techniques
Unit - 5 - Multiple Antenna Techniques
This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of RMK
Group of Educational Institutions. If you have received this document through email in
error, please notify the system manager. This document contains proprietary
information and is intended only to the respective group / learning community as
intended. If you are not the addressee you should not disseminate, distribute or copy
through e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you have received
this document by mistake and delete this document from your system. If you are not
the intended recipient you are notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking
any action in reliance on the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.
Wireless Communication
(EC8652)
Department : ECE
Batch/Year : 2019-2023
Created by :
Mrs. S. Rosaline
Mr. K. Naresh Kumar Thapa
Date : 07-03-2022
Table of Contents
1 Course Objectives 7
2 Pre Requisites 9
3 Syllabus 11
4 Course outcomes 13
1. MIMO systems 21
2 . Spatial multiplexing 27
5. Beam forming 36
6 . Transmitter diversity 37
Links to videos 46
6.4 Assignment 47
Industry
7 Assessment Schedule 57
Cour PO PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
se 1 0 1 2 1 2 3
Outc
CO-PO/PSO mapping
ome
ADC K3 K4 K5 K5 K3/K A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 K3 K3 K3
5
CO1 2 1 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2
CO2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 2 - - - - 2
CO3 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 2 - - - 3 3
CO4 3 3 3 1 1 - - - - 1 - 2 - - 2
CO5 3 2 2 1 - - - - - 1 - 2 - 3 3
CO6 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - - 2
Averag 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - 3 3
e CO
Mapp
ing
Unit –V
MULTIPLE ANTENNA
TECHNIQUES
LECTURE PLAN
UNIT V – Multiple Antenna Techniques
Mode of Delivery
Taxonomy level
Proposed Date
No. of Periods
Pertaining CO
Actual Date
Reason for
Deviation
S.No
Topic
2 Spatial K2 PowerPoint -
1 CO6 Understand through
multiplexing online
3 K2 PowerPoint -
Receiver diversity 1 CO6 Understand through
online
4 K2 PowerPoint -
System model 1 CO6 Understand through
online
5 K2 PowerPoint -
Pre-coding
1 CO6 Understand through
online
6 K3 PowerPoint -
Beam forming 1 CO6 Apply through
online
7 K2 PowerPoint -
Transmitter
1 CO6 Understand through
diversity online
?
ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING
https://forms.gle/ZfdyN3NNpzT9idoD8
6. Lecture Notes
Unit – V MULTIPLE ANTENNA TECHNIQUES
Fig.1 : SISO
Advantages:
✔ The advantage of a SIS system is its simplicity.
✔ SISO requires no processing in terms of the various forms of diversity that
may be used.
Drawbacks:
• The SISO channel is limited in its performance.
• Interference and fading will impact the system more than a MIMO system using
some form of diversity, and the channel bandwidth is limited by Shannon's law -
the throughput being dependent upon the channel bandwidth and the signal to
noise ratio.
(ii) SIMO - Single Input Multiple output
● The SIMO or Single Input Multiple Output version of MIMO occurs where
the transmitter has a single antenna and the receiver has multiple antennas.
● Also known as receive diversity.
● It is often used to enable a receiver system that receives signals from a
number of independent sources to combat the effects of fading.
● It has been used for many years with short wave listening / receiving
stations to combat the effects of ionospheric fading and interference.
Fig 2: Single Input Multiple output
Advantages:
There are many formats of MIMO that can be used from SISO, through SIMO and
MISO to the full MIMO systems. These are all able to provide significant
improvements of performance, but generally at the cost of additional processing and
the number of antennas used. Balances of performance against costs, size,
processing available and the resulting battery life need to be made when choosing
the correct option.
6.1.2 Smart Antennas
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas) are antenna arrays with
smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as
the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming
vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target.
Smart Antennas
Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas) are antenna arrays with
smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signature such as
the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use it to calculate beamforming
vectors, to track and locate the antenna beam on the mobile/target.
Smart Antenna Vs MIMO
H-BLAST
o The term ‘horizontal’ in the name refers to the fact that the encoders on each
layer perform coding in the time domain.
o It has same spatial rate, spectral efficiency and spatial diversity properties as V-
BLAST.
Advantages:
whose entries hij are complex channel gains (transfer functions) from the j th
transmit to the ith receive antenna.
The received signal vector
• For example you are sending the information and it will pass through the
channel, , and add Gaussian noise, . The received signal at the receiver front-end
will be
• For many situations, multiple antennas can be installed at just one link end (usually
the BS).
• For the uplink transmission from the MS to BS, multiple antennas can act as
receive diversity branches.
• For the downlink, any possible diversity originates at the transmitter.
• Here transmit diversity refers to antenna diversity (which encompasses spatial
diversity, pattern diversity, and polarization diversity).
• Time diversity and frequency diversity inherently involve the TX, and thus need not
be discussed again here.
6.6.1 Transmitter Diversity with Channel State Information
• The first situation we analyze is the case where the TX knows the channel
perfectly.
• This knowledge might be obtained from feedback from the RX, or from reciprocity
principles.
• In this case, we find that (at least for the noise-limited case) there is a complete
equivalence between transmit diversity and receive diversity.
• The optimum transmission scheme linearly weights signals transmitted from
different antenna elements with the complex conjugates of the channel transfer
functions from the transmit antenna elements to the single receive antenna.
• This approach is known as maximum ratio transmission
where the hn are gains from the nth transmit antenna to the receive antenna, and the
impulse response has been normalized so that total transmit power is independent of
the number of antenna elements.
• The signals from different transmit antennas to the RX act effectively as delayed
MPCs.
• If antenna elements are spaced sufficiently far apart, these coefficients fade
independently.
• With an appropriate RX for delay-dispersive channels – e.g., an equalizer or
a RAKE RX – we get a diversity order that is equal to the number of antenna
elements.
• If the channel from a single transmit antenna to the RX is already delay dispersive, then the
scheme still works, but care has to be taken in the choice of delays for different
antenna elements.
• The delay between signals transmitted from different antenna elements should be
at least as large as the maximum excess delay of the channel.
(ii) Phase-sweeping diversity - In this method, which is especially useful if there are
only two antenna elements, the same signal is transmitted from both antenna
elements.
• However, one of the antenna signals undergoes a time-varying phase shift. This
means that at the RX the received signals add up in a time-varying way; in other
words, we are artificially introducing temporal variations into the channel.
• The reason for this is that – even if the TX, RX, and the IOs are stationary – the
signal does not remain stuck in a fading dip.
• This scheme combined with appropriate coding and/or interleaving, it improves
performance.
(iii) Usage of space – time codes
6.7 Receive Diversity
• Diversity
• Types of diversity - microdiversity and macrodiversity
• Diversity combining Techniques
where γ is the SNR at the RX, and H is the normalized transfer function from the TX
to the RX. The key statement of this equation is that capacity increases only
logarithmically with the SNR, so that boosting the transmit power is a highly
ineffective way of increasing capacity.
Consider now the MIMO case, where the channel is represented by H matrix
where ∑ is a diagonal matrix containing singular values, and W and U† are unitary
matrices composed of the left and right singular vectors, respectively.
The received signal is then
Then, multiplication of the transmit data vector by matrix U and the received signal vector by
W† diagonalizes the channel:
Note that – because U and W are unitary matrices - has the same statistical properties as
n – i.e., it is independent identically distributed (iid) white Gaussian noise. The
matrix ∑ is a diagonal matrix with RH nonzero entries σk, where RH is the rank of H (and thus
defined as the number of nonzero singular values), and σk is the kth singular value of H. We
have therefore RH parallel channels (eigenmodes of the channel), and it is clear that the
capacity of parallel channels just adds up.
The capacity of channel H is thus given by the sum of the capacities of the eigenmodes of the
channel:
Where is noise variance, and Pk is the power allocated to the kth eigen mode; we
assume that Pk = P is independent of the number of antennas. This capacity expression can
be shown to be equivalent to
We see that in this case the SNR is increased by a factor of N compared with the
single antenna case, due to beamforming gain at the RX. However, this only leads to
a logarithmic increase in capacity with the number of antennas.
2. All transfer functions are different such that the channel matrix is full
rank, and has N eigenvalues of equal magnitude. This case can occur when the
antenna elements are spaced far apart and are arranged in a special way. In this
case, capacity is
B) Full Channel State Information at the Transmitter and Full CSI at the
Receiver
Let us next consider the case where both the RX and TX know the channel perfectly.
In such a case, it can be more advantageous to distribute power not uniformly
between the different transmit antennas (or eigenmodes) but rather assign it based
on the channel state.
In other words, we are faced with the problem of optimally allocating power to
several parallel channels, each of which has a different SNR.
Solution is : waterfilling.
It is worth noting that (for sufficiently large Ns) the capacity of a MIMO system
increases linearly with min(Nt,Nr), irrespective of whether the channel is known at
the TX or not. Let us now look at a few special cases.
To make the discussion easier, we assume that Nt =Nr = N:
1. All transfer functions are identical – i.e., h1,1 = h1,2 = . . . = hN,N. This case
occurs when all
antenna elements are spaced very closely together, and all waves are coming from
similar directions. In such a case, the rank of the channel matrix is unity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwSDZ6tp8WY
5. Spatial Multiplexing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxp0P_1wfeE
6.4 ASSIGNMENT
K
S. LEVE
QUESTIONS CO
NO.
L
What is pre-coding?
Precoding involves the individual control of the amplitudes and
phases of the signals sent from the various transmit antennas.
6 K2 CO6
When precoding is implemented together with beamforming, it
can better focus energy towards the intended receiver.
What is BLAST?
Bell Laboratories Layer Space-Time (BLAST) is a transceiver
architecture for offering spatial multiplexing over multiple-
10 antenna wireless communication systems. Such systems have K1 CO6
multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver in
an effort to exploit the many different paths between the two
in a highly-scattering wireless environment.
PART B – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
S. K
Question CO
No. level
Explain with relevant diagrams the layered space time structure with
2. K2 CO6
respect to MIMO system.
Determine the capacity of slow fading channel and prove that the outage
5. probability for receive system with L receive antenna is Pout( R ) = (2R- K2 CO6
!)L /L!SNRL , where R is the data Rate.
Duration : 12 weeks
Course Overview:
An in-depth understanding of the wireless channel and
the related impairments (multipath, fading), small-scale and
large-scale propagation ,Understanding of the design of cellular
systems, Detailed discussion of Multiple Access
(TDMA/CDMA/OFDM), Antenna diversity, MIMO, Wireless
Channel Capacity, Computer simulations of wireless systems,
Exposure to current and emerging wireless and cellular systems
(LTE, 802.11).
Since the Massive MIMO concept was introduced a few years ago, it has gained new
heights every year. It has become one of the hottest research topics in the wireless
communication community due to its immense benefits in 5G standardization. The
current MIMO systems have been unable to cope with the massive influx in wireless
data traffic. With the introduction of concepts like IoT, machine to machine
communication, virtual reality, and augmented reality, the current system is unable
to deliver the required spectral efficiency. The recent experiments in the massive
MIMO system have proven its worth by showing record spectral efficiency. A
research conducted by Lund University together with Bristol University in 2015
achieved 145.6 bits/s/Hz spectral efficiency for 22 users, each modulated with 256-
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256-QAM), on a shared 20 MHz radio channel at
3.51GHz with 128 antennas at the base station. The following figure shows the 100
antennae massive MIMO testbed created by Lund University in 2015. The
improvement in spectral efficiency was huge when compared with 3 bit/s/Hz, which
is International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) advanced requirement for 4G.
6.9 CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS
Internal Assessment 1
Unit Test 2
Internal Assessment 2
Model Exam
8. Prescribed Text
Books
&
Reference Books
PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOK AND REFERENCES:
TEXT BOOK:
1. Rappaport,T.S ―Wireless communications, Pearson Education,
Second Edition,2010.(UNIT I, II, IV)
2. Andreas.F. Molisch ―Wireless Communications, John Wiley – India,
2006. (UNITIII,V)
REFERENCES:
1. Wireless Communication – Andrea Goldsmith, Cambridge University
Press, 2011
2. Van Nee, R. and Ramji Prasad, ― OFDM for wireless multimedia
communications,Artech House, 2000
3. David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, ― Fundamentals of Wireless
Communication,Cambridge University Press, 2005.
4. Upena Dalal, ― Wireless Communication, Oxford University Press,
2009
9. Mini Project
Suggestions
9. MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
MIMO wireless system design for
2. v=qcbGWxQpe6Y
5G, LTE, and WLAN in MATLAB
https://www.youtube.com/watch
Underwater wireless optical ?v=U5aHrRsBWpo
3.
communication
Disclaimer:
This document is confidential and intended solely for the educational purpose of RMK Group of
Educational Institutions. If you have received this document through email in error, please notify the
system manager. This document contains proprietary information and is intended only to the
respective group / learning community as intended. If you are not the addressee you should not
disseminate, distribute or copy through e-mail. Please notify the sender immediately by e-mail if you
have received this document by mistake and delete this document from your system. If you are not
the intended recipient you are notified that disclosing, copying, distributing or taking any action in
reliance on the contents of this information is strictly prohibited.