• Typical chemical/BioChemical process

Physical treatment steps-Unit operations

Design of equipment for chemical treatment steps – CRE.
• Reactor design uses information, knowledge, and experience from a variety of
areas-thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, mass
transfer, and economics.
• Industrial Unit Operation and Bioprocess Engg are the synthesis of all these factors
with the aim of properly designing a chemical reactor and other equipment's of
industrial importance.
 Units and Dimensions
• In the scientific literature, “ dimension ” refers to a physical
property and the magnitude of dimensions is expressed by
numbers with specified units.

• Historically, a wide range of units has been used for the same
quantity, for example length can be measured in inches, feet,
yards, centimeters, or meters, mass in ounces, pounds, grams,
or kilograms.

• A set of units used to specify the various dimensions in a self -

consistent manner constitutes the system of measurement.
The most common measurement systems includes
• the older centimeter – gram – second (cgs),
• meter – kilogram – second (MKS),
• foot – pound – second (fps) systems,
• technical (gravitational) and engineering systems, and
• the international unit system, the Syst è me
International d ’ Unit é s (SI).
The unit systems that have length, time and mass as base units are known as absolute
unit systems , while those that have length, time, and force as base units are known as
technical (or gravitational) unit systems. There are also engineering unit systems that
have length, time, mass, and force as base units.
 Units: Review of Measurement
There are several systems of units (SI, FPS, MKS, CGS etc.,) each
containing units for properties such as length, volume, weight, and time.

International System of Units (SI)

• The principle behind the International System of Units is to provide the
same values for measurements such as length, weight, and time no
matter where in the world measurement is performed.
• The units used in this system are referred to as “SI units.”
• The system was established at 1960 General Conferences on Weights
and Measures (CGPM).
• The abbreviation “SI” stands for “Le Système International d'Unités.”

The International System of Units comprises the following three

categories.
• Base units
• Supplementary units
• Derived units
The seven base units for
the SI system are given below.

The units of every measurement in

the SI system must be derived from
one or more of the seven base
units. Some of the common derived
SI units used are given below.

Mass Versus Weight

Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, so the mass of an object is constant.
Weight is a measure of the force of attraction of the earth acting on an object. The weight of
an object is not constant.
Non-SI Units
Strict adherence to SI units would
require changing directions such as
"add 250 mL of water to a 1-L
beaker" to "add 0.00025 cubic
meters of water to an 0.001-
m3 container."

Because of this, a number of units

that are not strictly acceptable
under the SI convention are still in
use. Some of these non-SI units are
given below.
In the English system the units are defined in an arbitrary way.
 Scientific Notation

Chemists often work with numbers that are extremely large or extremely small. For
example, there are 10,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 carbon atoms in a 1-carat
diamond each of which has a mass of 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams.

It is impossible to multiply these numbers with most calculators because they can't
accept either number as it is written here.

To do a calculation like this, it is necessary to express these numbers in scientific

notation, as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to some exponent

The exponent in scientific notation is equal to the number of times the decimal point
must be moved to produce a number between 1 and 10.
In 1990 the population of Chicago was 6,070,000 1000.

To convert this number to scientific notation we move the decimal point to the left
six times.

6,070,000 = 6.070 x 106

Definition of Some Derived Physical Quantities
Definitions of some commonly used derived dimensions and
their units (mostly shown in SI) are described here.
Density ( ρ )
• Density is the ratio of the actual mass of a particle to its
actual volume. Its dimensional formula is ML − 3 and is
expressed as kg · m − 3 in SI units.
• For powders and particulate solids, the density of individual
particles represents the particle density.
• The density of gases depends on temperature and pressure.
The ideal gas law states that
PV = nRT