1wQuestion 1

A researcher conducts a qualitative study and learns that individuals have a variety
of reactions to an event. What can the researcher conclude from this finding?
D. The variety of reactions is expected since perception varies with
individuals (test bank chap 3 #4)

Question 2
A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young
adults with cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic
fibrosis clinic, where 250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of
50 young adults are selected to complete the survey. These 50 people are the:
C. Sample population (test bank chap 9#3)

Question 3
A researcher conducts a quasi-experimental study to determine whether there is
improved weight gain among premature infants who are fed according to cue-based
protocols. The researcher trained neonatal intensive care nurses to apply cue-based
feeding to orally fed infants and notes a statistical difference in weight gain between
infants fed according to cue-based protocols and those fed according to standard
protocols. The reviewer notes that parents who gave consent to participate in the
study were from a higher socioeconomic class than the population as a whole. This
is a threat to:
A. Construct Validity (test bank chap 8#14)

Question 4
The statement, In this study, elevated blood glucose is a value greater than 110
mg/dL, is an example of a(n):
C. Operational Definition (test bank chap 5 #20)

Question 5
An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept
will be:
C. Measured or manipulated (course hero )

Question 6
A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on
high school students. In this study, high school students represent the:
D. target Population (test bank chap 9#4)
Question 7
A researcher begins with a registry of all patients with HIV in the United States. The
researcher uses a computer to generate a random sample from the list, and then
those individuals agree to participate in a study. What kind of sample has been
created?
C. Simple Random (chap 9#30)

Question 8
A study yielding negative results is withheld for publication for several years,
contributing to which type of bias?
D. Time-lag bias (test bank chap 13#11)

Question 9
In order to increase participation among potential subjects of a larger population, the
researcher will:
A.Limit the time and effect required to participate in the study (test bank
chap8#25)

Question 10
Which best describes qualitative research?
Test bank rationale Qualitative research seeks to study the experiences of subjects and
to gain insights from their perspective and not that of the researcher

Question 11
The statement, Do patients who receive care in a Patient-Centered Medical Home
have fewer emergency department visits than those who do not? is an example of a
Research:
D. Question (Test bank chap 5#17)

Question 12
A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep
aid medication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a
sleep lab while participating. Which type of research setting is this?
B. High controlled (testbank chap 2 #12)

Question 13
A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has
occurred when:
A. Additional sampling reveals redundant information(test bank chap 9#27)
Question 14
What is the purpose of qualitative research?
C. To describe experiences and insight from the subjects perspective
(test bank chap 3#38)

Question 15
A researcher reviews demographic characteristics of potential study subjects, such
as age and gender, to determine whether these characteristics may influence the
outcome of the study. This is done to help ensure:

C. Internal Validity (quizlet)

Question 16
If a nurse wishes to critically appraise a study s sampling criteria and measurement
tools, the nurse will read which part of the study report?
Methods (quizlet)

Question 17
The goal of sampling theory is to:
B. Determine the best way to achieve representative samples (test bank chap 9 #37)
Question 18
A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a
rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members
from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the
researcher develops theories about the group based on this experience. Which type
of qualitative research does this represent?
A. Ethnographic (testbank chap 3#2)

Question 19
A researcher conducts a study to examine the feelings of cancer patients at various
points during their disease, including at diagnosis, when beginning chemotherapy,
and during remission. Which type of study will the researcher use for this study?
D. Phenomenological (test bank chap 3#6)

Question 20
Which of the following Cronbach alpha coefficients would be the lowest value you would accept
in
evaluating the reliability of a newly-developed measurement tool?
Cronbach alpha score of 0.80 to 0.90 indicates that the measure is
sufficiently reliable to use in a study, although a value of 0.70 is considered
acceptable. The researcher should use the scale with the larger group and
monitor this value.
Ana put 0.7 but i was stuck between 0.7 and 0.8

Question 21
What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research?
B. Study finding are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied (test
bank chap 3#7)

Question 22
The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomly
assigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on a
specific
outcome. This is which type of study?
C. Experimental (test bank chap 2#5)

Question 23
A researcher wishes to identify all school-age children who have type 2 diabetes
mellitus in a local community in order to develop a sampling methodology for a study
of this population. Which might serve as a barrier to obtaining this information?
C. HIPPA (test bank chap9 #12)

Question 24
A researcher enters a list of subject from a sampling frame into a computer and the
computer randomly assigns subjects to control or treatment groups. This is an
example of:
B. Simple Random Sampling (test bank chap9 #13)

Question 25
In a study comparing the effects of complementary therapies on pain scores and
narcotic analgesic use in homeless women and women who own homes, which of
the following is a demographic variable?
B. Homeless Women (test bank chap 5#19)

Question 26
What is true about phenomena in qualitative research?
C. Multiple realities are possible based on meanings created by individuals
and groups (test bank chap 3#3)

Question 27
Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis:
Mothers of infants born with spina bifida who participate in support groups report
higher levels of confidence when caring for their infants than do mothers who do not
participate in support groups.
 D. Support Group Participation (Test bank chap 5#14)

Question 28
A nurse researcher wishes to identify rates of pertussis infection in children less than
one year of age and then again at 6 years of age to examine the relationship of
immunization status on infection rates in this population. This is an example of which
type of study design?
A. Correlational,Longitudinal (test bank chap8 #3)

Question 29
In a quasi-experimental study examining the effects of nonpharmacologic treatments
on postoperative pain management, the researcher trains nursing staff so that all
experimental group subjects receive the same types of treatments. This is an
example of:

A. Manipulation (Quizlet)

Question 30

A reviewer assesses a potential researcher s credentials and experience, the

availability of funding and resources, and ethical considerations of a potential study.
This represents evaluation of a studys:

B. Feasibility (Testbank)

Question 31

The goal of grounded theory research is to:

A. Develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings. (Testbank)

Question 32

A researcher conducts a survey of patients seen in an inner-city ambulatory clinic to determine

barriers to receiving health care affecting minorities. The target population includes African-
American, Hispanic, and Somali immigrant patients, as well as a variety of foreign-born students
from a nearby university. The researcher chooses subjects from the African-American, Hispanic,
and Somali immigrant populations to participate. This is which type of sampling?

B. Purposive (Testbank)
Question 33

In a quasi-experimental study design, the group that receives standard care or placebo is
usually
referred to as the:

Question 34

In a research proposal, the author describes what is already known about the
research topic. This would be included in the discussion of the studys:

A. Background (Testbank)

Question 35

A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-
American children with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to
which population?

Native American children with Type I Diabetes (Quizlet)

Question 36

In a research proposal, a statement about expected relationships among variables is

the:

C. Research Hypothesis (Testbank)

Question 37

What is true about grounded theory research?

D. Theory is developed from the data collection during the research (Testbank)

Question 38

Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are called:
 Hypotheses?

Question 39

In a study of patients experiencing arthritis, the researcher used real names in the
field notes. Which human right was violated?In a study of patients experiencing
arthritis, the researcher used real names in the field notes. Which human right was
Violated?
Privacy (quizlet)

Question 40

In a study about concussion recovery in high school football players, which

statement would be part of the introduction?
B. The purpose of the study was to determine average length of recovery time after a
first concussion. (Testbank)

Question 41

A statement about the significance of a study describes the:

A. Influence of results on nursing practice (Testbank

Question 42

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with

cancer and obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment
in a local hospital. This sample represents the:
A. Accessible Population (Testbank)

Question 43

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the

effects of moderate exercise on patients abilities to perform self-care. The researcher
decides to use subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed
with dementia for less than 1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets:
B. Exclusion Criteria (Testbank)

Question 44

How are findings from qualitative studies used to add to the body of nursing
knowledge?
D. Findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory (Testbank)
Question 45

How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies?

B. Based on knowledge or experience (Testbank)

Question 46

Another name for purposive sampling is:

Judgmental or Subjective sampling?

Question 47

In a research proposal, the researcher states that the proposed study will explore children’s
feelings about chemotherapy side effects. This statement describes the:
D. Research purpose (Quizlet)

Question 48

The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will
Include:
A. What relationships among key variables will be examined (Testbank)

Question 49

A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of

the population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a:
D. Representative sample (Testbank)

Question 50
A tool with perfect reliability will have a Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of:
1.0 ( Exam 4 Ana)

Question 51
The purpose of a study abstract is to:
C.Summarize a study concisely and capture the reader's attention (test bank #31
chap 2)

Question 52
Basic research seeks to:
B . Generate knowledge for knowledge sake (test bank chap 2 #7)
Question 53
A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the
study is concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample:
Attrition rate (TestBank Chap 9 #9)

Question 54
The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to:
Accurately reflect the characteristics of the target population (test bank chap 9
#1)

Question 55
A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and
energy levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable
in this study?
A.Low fat diet (Testbank chap 5 #26)

Question 56
The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental
education and emergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type
of research study will this researcher use?
B. Correlational (Test bank chap 2 #2)

Question 57
A researcher conducts a review of relevant literature prior to developing a research
study in order to:
D. Identify what is known or unknown about a particular problem Course hero

Question 58
To help determine the relevance of a study to practice, it is recommended that the
reviewer read which two sections of the study initially?
A. Abstract ;Disscusion (test bank chap 2 #35)

Question 59
A researcher develops a study to examine various phenomena that contribute to
theory development. This is an example of which type of research?
B. Grounded theory research (test bank chap 3#5)

Question 60
In a quasi-experimental study using a convenience sample of subjects from a local
high school, the researcher asks potential subjects to volunteer for placement in
either a low sugar diet program or a regular sugar diet program. This technique for
assigning participation may compromise:
Internal Validity (quizlet)
Question 61

A study in which subjects are assign themselves into experimental and control groups
increases:
A. Bias (chap 8#11)

Question 62
A researcher wishes to understand how inner-city Somali immigrants adapt health
care practices into their experiences with the U.S. health care system. Which type of
study approach will the researcher use?
B Ethnographic (test bank chap 3 #14)

Question 63
A nursing researcher determines that there is little information about the use of
complementary practices in treating obesity. This represents the research:
B. Problem (test bank chap 5 #2)

Question 64
A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator
either via nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a
pediatric inpatient hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting?
D. Partially Controlled (test bank chap 9 #35)

Question 65
A researcher administers a written test to evaluate knowledge of insulin
administration and glucose monitoring to a group of subjects at annual intervals over
the next decade. This is an example of which type of study design?
D. Longitudinal (test bank chap 8 #2)

Question 66
A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1
levels in patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-
month period. This is an example of which type of sampling method?
A. Convenience (test bank chap 9 #21)

Question 67
The statements in the introductory paragraphs of a research report that cite results of
previous studies about a research problem represent the:
A. Problem Background (test bank chap 5 #7)
Question 68
In nursing research, abstract ideas like anxiety, coping, depression, etc, are measured:
Indirect ;Indirect measurement measures abstract ideas or characteristics and
often must use more than one measure to measure all aspects of the concept
(test bank rationale chap 10)

Question 69
A researcher wants to investigate the possibility that diabetic patients who are
allowed to cook their own meals will adhere to dietary restrictions better than patients
who do not. What is the dependent variable?
Adherence to dietary Restrictions (Chegg )

Question 70
The following hypothesis was investigated in a study you are reviewing: Children
who have a parent who is dieting are more likely to put themselves on diets at a
young age. As you critique this study, what kind of hypothesis will you report?

Question 71
To learn whether there is a statistically significant difference between the control
group and the experimental group in a study, the nurse would review which section
of the research report?
D. Results (test bank chap 2 #34)

Question 72
A researcher uses old film footage to collect data in which type of research?
C. Historical (test bank chap 3 #40 )
Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs, or artistic representations of
historical events.
Phenomenological =Phenomenological research attempts to capture the lived
experience of study participants. Historians may observe film, videotapes, photographs,
or artistic representations of historical events.

Question 73
A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are
overweight. This study represents what type of research?
B. Descriptive (test bank chap 2 #1)

Question 74
In qualitative research, the sampling plan is developed in order to:
B. Increase the representativeness of the findings related to the phenomena (test
bank chap 9 #39)
Question 75
What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research?
C.Creating empathetic and honest relationship with study subjects (test bank
chap 3 #24)

Question 76
The dependent variable is defined as a:
Dependent variable → variable to be predicted
The dependent variable is the outcome that the researcher wishes to predict or
explain.
Independent variable → all other variables or the predictor

Question 77
A nurse conducts a study to see whether there are differences in the number of
books Latino parents and the number of books African-American parents read to
their toddlers each week. Which type of study will this researcher utilize?
A. Comparative Design (test bank chap8 #5)

Question 78
The author of a research report describes the research problem in order to:
D. Identify gaps in Knowledge (test bank chap 2#36)

Question 79
The statistical (null) hypothesis in a research study states that there is:
D. No relationship between variables (test bank chap 5 #23)

Question 80
In order to attribute causality of a post test measure in an experimental study, the
independent variable will be:
C. Administered to treatment group subjects ( test bank chap 8#26)k

Question 81
In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?
C. Experimental (test bank chap 2 #9)

Question 82
If a researcher wishes to describe variables and to examine many relationships in a
study, which type of study design will the researcher employ?
C. Descriptive Correlational (test bank chap 8#7)
Question 83
An important measure to decrease threats to internal validity in an experimental study is
to:
D. Randomly assign subjects to study groups (test bank chap 8 # 21)

Question 84
Which of the following rules of measurement apply to nominal data?
Nominal level measurement is used when data can be organized into categories
of a defined property, such as a disease diagnosis, but when categories cannot
be rank ordered.

Question 85
In a study of adolescent children using a group of high school football players and
junior-high school cyclists, researchers compared the length of recovery from
concussion between those wearing brand X helmets and those wearing brand Y
helmets. In this study high school football players represent which type of variable?
A. Demographic (test bank chap 5 #40)

Question 86
To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a
researcher might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known
as a/an:
C. pilot study (test bank chap 2 #17)

Question 87
A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with
breastfeeding in which data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with
premature newborns after discharge home from the NIC. This would be an example
of which type of research setting?
C. Natural , field (test bank chap 2#10)

Question 88
The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between
computer and television screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a
correlation of +0.95. What can the nurse conclude about the relationship between
these two variables?
D. Screentime and obesity vary together ( testbank chap 2 #3)

Question 89
What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)?
B. It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience
and behavior (test bank chap 3 #1)

Question 90
Which of the following is an example of direct measurement?
Weight (quizlet) height (on exam it didn't have weight asn a choice but i chose
height (ana)

Question 91
To reduce or eliminate the influence of environmental variables on study results, the
researcher may:
C. Use a research unit in a hospital or lab (test bank chap 5#30)

Question 92
In a study investigating type 2 diabetic patients ability to make lifestyle changes, the
researcher randomly selects a sample from a list of all patients diagnosed with type 2
diabetes in the United States. The researcher also selects the sample by randomly
selecting patients diagnosed for 3 years or longer and those who are newly
diagnosed. What sampling technique is used in this study?
C. Stratified Random (test bank chap 9#32)

Question 93
A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in
children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL are an example of
which of the following?
D. Target Population ( test bank chap 9#2)

Question 94
During a study to measure the effects of violent video games on aggressive
behavior, the researchers learned that a portion of the subjects lived in homes with
one or more alcoholic parents. In this study, the presence of an alcoholic parent is
a(n):
A. Confounding Variable (test bank chap 5 #29)
Question 95
The most important initial step when developing a research study is to:
C. Identify the research problem (test bank chap 5#1)

Question 96
The methodology portion of the research report is used to:
A. Describe the study design (test bank chap 2#27)
The methodology is in the middle part of the report and describes the study
methods, tools, data collection, and analysis.

Question 97
A researcher will conduct a qualitative study about partners of patients diagnosed with
sexually transmitted diseases. This researcher will use which sampling technique to
achieve the best representation of this population?
C. Network Sampling (test bank chap 9 #25)

Question 98
In a study to examine the effects of a newly modified anxiety-reducing nursing action on
a group of subjects who have cancer, the control group will receive:
D. The standard Intervention (test bank chap 8 #27)

Question 99
What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called?
B. Participants (test bank chap 3#22)

Question 100
In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships
among variables.
D. Quasi-experimental (test bank chap 2 #4)

Set 2 Of Questions : The were answers already DONE

There document is just compiled answers from exam 1-
exam 4
ANSWERS WERE NOT CHECKED

RESEARCH FINAL
Exam 1
1.Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statistical
analysis
during the Crimean War?
a. Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public.
b.Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing
documentation.
c. Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care.
d.Using clinical research to evaluate the importance of sanitation,
clean drinking water, and adequate nutrition.
ANS: D

2.Under Ada Sue Hinshaw, the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change
its
focus to:
a. funding nursing rather than medical research.
b. evaluating outcomes rather than process studies.
c. increasing the status and funding for nursing research.
d. supporting the dissemination of nursing research.
ANS: C

3.The lead agency designated to improve health care quality is:

a. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
b. American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).
c. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN).
d. National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR).
ANS: A

4. What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research?

a.Appraising studies and implementing evidence-based guidelines and

protocols.
b.Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence-based guidelines and
protocols.
c. None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research
process.
d.Synthesizing findings and leading health care teams to make
evidence-based changes.
ANS: A

4. A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight.
This study represents what type of research?
a. Correlational
b. Descriptive
c. Experimental
d. Quasi-experimental
ANS: B

5.In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships among
variables
without being able to manipulate the variables?
a. Descriptive
b. Correlational
c. Experimental
d. Quasi-experimental
ANS: D

Basic research seeks to:

a. directly influence clinical practice.
b. generate knowledge for knowledge’s sake.
c. predict or control outcomes of variables.
d. validate or test theoretical frameworks.
ANS: B

When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent and
dependent variables in order to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example of:
a. control.
b. manipulation.
c. precision.
d. rigor.
ANS: A

In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?
a. Correlational
b. Descriptive
c. Experimental
d. Quasi-experimental
ANS: C

A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding in
which data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns after
discharge home from the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting?
a. Highly controlled, field
b. Highly controlled, laboratory
c. Natural, field
d. Partially controlled, laboratory
ANS: C
When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all first grade students from
two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by:

a.assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control
group.
b.exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to
pretreatment data.
c.randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the
control group.
d.using all of these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of
subjects from a similar study.
ANS: C

Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are called:
a. assumptions.
b. hypotheses.
c. limitations.
d. variables.
ANS: B
To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researcher
might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known as a/an:
a. abstract.
b. exploratory design.
c. pilot study.
d. proposal.
ANS: C

The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will include:
a. what relationships among key variables will be examined.
b. which various theories provide context for the research problem.
c. what is currently understood about the research problem.
d. why the research is necessary to help close a gap in knowledge.
ANS: A

How is theory tested in quantitative research?

a. Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated.
b. Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested.
c. Relationships among concepts are tested.
d. The entire theory is proven or disproven.
ANS: C

An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will be:
a. given theoretical meaning.
b. linked to other variables or concepts.
c. measured or manipulated.
d. understood in context of a theoretical framework.
ANS: C

In a research proposal, when describing a research design, the researcher would include:
a. discussion of a theoretical framework.
b. evaluation of the researcher’s expertise.
c. methods for measurement of variables.
d. purpose of the study.
ANS: C

The methodology portion of the research report is used to:

a. describe the study design.
b. discuss the implications of the study.
c. provide a theoretical framework for the study.
d. summarize the purpose, methods, and results.
ANS: A

When a researcher describes an instrument as being valid this indicates that the instrument:
a. accurately measures a variable.
b. consistently measures variables across studies.
c. has been described as high quality by other researchers.
d. has been routinely used in other, similar studies.
ANS: A

To learn whether there is a statistically significant difference between the control group and the
experimental group in a study, the nurse would review which section of the research report?
a. Introduction
b. Methods
c. Purpose
d. Results
ANS: D

The author of a research report describes the research problem in order to:
a. conceptualize the research project.
b. guide the development of the study methods.
c. determine the goals and focus of the study.
d. identify gaps in knowledge.
ANS: D

What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)?

a.Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to
EBP.
b.It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.
c.It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that
affect patient care.
d.It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols.
ANS: B

A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport

with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key
members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher develops theories
about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this
represent?
a. Ethnographic
b. Grounded theory
c. Historical
d. Phenomenological
ANS: A

A researcher develops a study to examine various phenomena that contribute to theory

development. This is an example of which type of research?
a. Ethnographic research
b. Grounded theory research
c. Historical research
d. Phenomenological research
ANS: B

What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research?

a. Studies are rigorous only when results are quantifiable.
b. Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied.
c. Scientific rigor is not applicable with qualitative studies.
d. Scientific rigor is only used with random-controlled trials.
ANS: B

What is true about grounded theory research?

a.It is a method used to quantify theoretical constructs in theory development.

b.It is used to further research in areas where much concrete data is already known.
c.Study designs use a theoretical basis to develop the research questions.
d. Theory is developed from the data collected during the research.
ANS: D
A researcher wishes to understand how inner-city Somali immigrants adapt health care
practices into their experiences with the U.S. health care system. Which type of study approach
will the researcher use?
a. Descriptive-qualitative
b. Ethnographic
c. Grounded theory
d. Phenomenological
ANS: B

The goal of grounded theory research is to:

a. develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings.
b. establish an ethnographic perspective on subjects.
c. provide validity checks for constructs.
d. test theoretical constructs and hypotheses.
ANS: A

What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called?

a. Experimental subjects
b. Participants
c. Primary sources
d. Secondary sources
ANS: B

How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies?

a. As volunteers through advertising for subjects
b. Based on knowledge or experience
c. By random sampling methods
d. Through convenience sampling
ANS: B

What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research?

a.Attaching personal meanings of the researcher to subjects’ responses

b. Controlling subjects’ responses by stating the aims of the study
c. Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects
d. Keeping a distance to avoid skewing research findings
ANS: C

What type of data collection method is most common in qualitative research?

a. Distribution and review of questionnaires from subjects
b. Interviews with and observation of subjects
c. Participation and immersion in the lives of subjects
d. Review of historical documents and literature about subjects
ANS: B

To maximize collection of pertinent information when conducting an observational study, the

researcher records field notes:
a. after the observation has concluded.
b. during or immediately after the observation.
c. prior to beginning the observation.
d. when writing the research discussion.
ANS: B

What is the purpose of qualitative research?

a. To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies
b. To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified
c. To describe experiences and insight from the subject’s perspective
d. To establish causal relationships among subjective data
ANS: C

How are findings from qualitative studies used to add to the body of nursing knowledge?
a. Findings are useful only for describing study subjects.
b. Findings may be generalized to a wide variety of population groups.
c. Findings provide a broad overview from which meaning is derived.
d. Findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory.
ANS: D

Which study exemplifies qualitative research?

a.A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility and correlates this
data with whether or not residents are rooming together with their spouses.
b.A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents’ descriptions of hunger in a long-
term care facility.
c.A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility.
d.A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to
eat on the residents’ quality of appetite in a long-term care facility.
ANS: C

If a nurse wishes to critically appraise a study’s sampling criteria and measurement tools, the
nurse will read which part of the study report?
a. Abstract
b. Introduction
c. Methods
d. Results
ANS: C

A new registered nurse has formed a close relationship with an experienced nurse so that she
might learn facets of nursing practice by imitating the behaviors of the expert nurse. This is an
example of a way of acquiring knowledge for nursing practice called: role modeling
The title of chapter 2 of your textbook book:Grove, Gray & Burns, 6th ed, Understanding
Nursing

Research is: introduction to quantitative research

An example of inductive reasoning is?

going from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.

Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because
they:
Balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.

Florence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?
Data collection and analysis

The Practice of nursing is:

generate scientific knowledge to guide nursing practice, The ultimate goal of nursing research is
the generation of an empirical knowledge base to guide practice.

Scientific knowledge is generated through:

research

A research problem is defined as a (an): gap in knowledge

A doctorally prepared nurse is prepared to do which of the following?

Translate scientific knowledge for use in practice, develop, implement, evaluate an devise EB
guidelines,protocols, algorithms, and policies for practice

What is the main purpose of studying research for a BSN student?

understand the basic principles of research.

The word empirical is defined as: knowledge derived from research

A study conducted to determine which palliative care measures patients prefer. Statistical
analysis revealed that most of them ranked evening back rubs and calming music the highest in
helpfulness. This research would most likely fall under which of the following categories?
Quantitative research
The purpose of quasi experiment: to examine casual relationships or determine the effect of one
variable on another.

EXAM 2
The purpose of an institutional review board (IRB) in a university or clinical agency is to:
a. approve funding for studies based on ethical standards.
b. critically appraise ethical aspects of published studies.
c. define ethical standards for the institution.
d. protect the human rights of subjects in proposed studies.
ANS: D

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study violated several ethical principles in which way?

a. Coercion of subjects to participate in the study in exchange for treatment

b. Failing to inform subjects about the purpose and procedures in the study
c.Failing to inform in the Centers for Disease Control about the results of the study
d. Not informing the subjects’ physicians that they were in the study
ANS: B

The ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are considered essential
elements in research involving human subjects. In which document are these principles
identified?
a. Declaration of Helsinki
b. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare regulations
c.National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects in the Belmont Report
d. Nuremberg Code
ANS: C

To safeguard the right to self-determination among research subjects, the researcher will ensure
that subjects:
a. are afforded anonymity to the researcher and the reader.
b. are allowed to choose whether to be in a control or a study group.
c. may choose whether or not to participate in a study.
d. receive a large monetary reward for participating in the study.
ANS: C

When a researcher indicates that assent for participation was gained in a study involving 10
year-old children, this indicates which has occurred?
a. The children gave informed consent to participate in the study.
b. The children have agreed to be subjects in the study.
c. The parents granted approval for their children to participate.
d.The parents do not need to give consent because the children gave
consent.
ANS: B

A researcher wishes to study the effects of antiseizure medications on adult subjects who have
severe cognitive impairments. Which statement is true about using these subjects in research?

a.Assent must be gained from the subjects and is sufficient for participation.
b. A legally authorized guardian must give informed consent.
c. These adults cannot be used as subjects for this study.
d.The subjects’ physicians must give consent for participation in the study.
ANS: B

When obtaining informed consent from study subjects, the researcher will ensure that subjects
freely choose whether or not to participate and will provide subjects:
a. general knowledge and overview of the study.
b. information about the study methods and design.
c. reports about the study results and conclusions.
d.the right to choose whether to be in the control versus the study group.
ANS: A

In a study about pregnant women’s use of tobacco, the researcher is able to link individual
subjects’ identities to their responses on a questionnaire, but does not share this information
with others. This is an example of:
a. anonymity.
b. breach of confidentiality.
c. confidentiality.
d. privacy.
ANS: C

A subject’s right to fair selection and treatment in a study is related to which ethical principle?
a. Beneficence
b. Justice
c. Privacy
d. Respect for persons
ANS: B

The most important initial step when developing a research study is to:
a. develop the problem statement.
b. explore the background for the research problem.
c. identify the research problem.
d. state the research purpose.
ANS: C

When writing a proposal for a research study, the researcher includes a problem statement that
serves to:
a. define the specific focus of a study.
b. describe what is known about the research problem.
c. identify a gap in knowledge needed for practice.
d. indicate the importance of the problem to nursing.
ANS: C

In a research proposal, the researcher states that the proposed study will explore children’s
feelings about chemotherapy side effects. This statement describes the:
a. problem background.
b. problem significance.
c. research problem.
d. research purpose.
ANS: D

The statements in the introductory paragraphs of a research report that cite results of previous
studies about a research problem represent the:
a. problem background.
b. problem significance.
c. problem statement.
d. research purpose.
ANS: A

Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis:

“Mothers of infants born with spina bifida who participate in support groups report higher levels
of confidence when caring for their infants than do mothers who do not participate in support
groups.”
a. Confidence in caring for their infants
b. Infants with spina bifida
c. Mothers of infants with spina bifida
d. Support group participation
ANS D

In a research proposal, the author describes what is already known about the research topic.
This would be included in the discussion of the study’s:
a. background.
b. feasibility.
c. purpose.
d. significance.
ANS: A

The statement, “Do patients who receive care in a Patient-Centered Medical Home have fewer
emergency department visits than those who do not?” is an example of a research:
a. aim.
b. hypothesis.
c. method.
d. question.
ANS: D

The statement, “In this study, elevated blood glucose is a value greater than 110 mg/dL,” is an
example of a(n):
a. associative hypothesis.
b. conceptual definition.
c. operational definition.
d. problem statement.
ANS: C

The statistical (null) hypothesis in a research study states that there is:
a. a causal relationship between variables.
b. a statistically significant relationship between variables.
c. an implied relationship between variables.
d. no relationship between variables.
ANS D
A researcher wishes to study the effects of a low-fat diet on self-esteem, weight, and energy
levels among obese women over age 40. Which is the independent variable in this study?
a. Low-fat diet
b. Obesity
c. Self-esteem, weight, and energy levels
d. Women over 40
ANS: A

Which is an example of a conceptual definition of a dependent variable in a study evaluating the

effects of home nursing on coping among patients with chronic illness?

a.“Coping is a set of actions and strategies used by individuals to reduce the stressors
associated with chronic disease management.”
b.“Coping skills were measured using a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating
higher coping skills.”
c.“Home nursing can include registered nurse and nursing assistant management of treatments
provided at home.”
d.“Home nursing was measured in the number of hours per week and the number of hours per
day of in-home care.”
ANS: A

In a research proposal, a statement about expected relationships among variables is the:

a. conceptual definition.
b. operational definition.
c. research hypothesis.
d. research problem.

ANS: C

In a study of adolescent children using a group of high school football players and junior-high
school cyclists, researchers compared the length of recovery from concussion between those
wearing brand X helmets and those wearing brand Y helmets. In this study “high school football
players” represent which type of variable?
a. Demographic
b. Dependent
c. Independent
d. Research
ANS: A

What is an important limitation of secondary sources in literature reviews?

a. The authors do not have high levels of expertise.
b. They are usually not peer-reviewed sources.
c. They do not contain unique or original information.
d. They may contain misinterpreted information.
ANS: D

When reviewing articles in a peer-reviewed publication, the reader is assured that the articles
are:
a. landmark studies.
b. primary sources.
c. seminal studies.
d. trustworthy sources.
ANS: D

Some studies cited in a literature review may be decades old. The researcher may decide to
use studies from this far back because these studies:
a. are groundbreaking or landmark studies.
b. are particularly well-written studies.
c. are peer-reviewed, relevant studies.
d. are still considered current studies.
ANS: A

When conducting a literature review for a thesis or dissertation and deciding how far back in the
available literature to search, what will the student do?
a. Ask the instructor to specify necessary publication years for articles cited.
b. Base the decision on the number of articles necessary for the assigned task.
c. Locate any seminal or landmark studies on the topic of research.
d. Look for sources no older than 10 years prior.
ANS: C
The following hypothesis was stated in a study: "Nurses with experience in caring for
patients with HIV have lower fear of HIV contagion." Which of the following best describes
describes this hypothesis?
Simple associative directional hypothesis

The primary purpose for reviewing relevant literature is to:

delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem.

Patients with cancer using guided-imagery relaxation have less reported pain, use fewer pain
medications, and have less reported anxiety than those cancer patients not using a relaxation
technique. What is the independent variable in the above hypothesis? Guided imagery
relaxation

Drs Obiako and Philipsen's did a study on the effect of topical applications of thermostatic
pad on the sites of IV infiltration. In this study, warm is defined as temperature of 43 degrees
centigrade or higher,cold is defined as a temperature of 5 degrees centigrade or lower. This is
example of which type of definition? Operational definition

Which of the following indexes would provide the largest number of relevant nursing sources?
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature

Identify the type of hypothesis presented in this example: "Children from low-income
families experience more parental abuse."
Simple associative directional hypothesis

The problem statement in a published study is usually identified in the: introduction

The treatment or experimental activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create
an effect on the outcome: independent variable

When developing the outline for a literature review, the researcher's first step is to:
make notes about which sources to site in each section.

A research problem is defined as a (an):? Gap in knowledge

Which of the following would generally be a good way to limit a literature search
Narrowing the keywords
A critical aspect of beginning a database search for relevant literature on a topic of interest
involves identifying: keywords..

The purpose of an operational definition in a quantitative study is to?

Specify how a variable will be defined and measured

The purpose of a quantitative study was to examine the effects of biofeedback on hypertension
in African Americans. Which of the following statements identified below are accurate?
Hypertension is the dependent variable

Humans who have the freedom to conduct their lives as they choose without external control:
autonomous

The purpose of this study was to determine the patients’ rejection responses to cancer cells:
Jewish chronic disease hospital study
It may not be necessary to include which of these in the consent form?* Hypothesis

All of the following are important to consider when writing a review of the literature, except:
When writing you should develop an outline to organize the information from the review, write
each section if the preview, create a reference list, check and review the reference list
Which is not a level of institutional review process:
Levels are exempt from review, expedited review and complete review

EXAM 3

Which type of research design focuses on implementation of a treatment by the researcher?

a. Correlational
b. Descriptive
c. Experimental
d. Longitudinal
ANS: C

A study in which subjects are assigned by the researcher into experimental and control groups
increases:
a. bias.
b. control.
c. manipulation
d. validity.
ANS: A

In a quasi-experimental study examining the effects of nonpharmacologic treatments on

postoperative pain management, the researcher trains nursing staff so that all experimental
group bsubjects receive the same types of treatments. This is an example of:
a. bias.
b. manipulation.
c. reliability.
d. validity.
ANS: B

A researcher wishes to evaluate the management of chemotherapy side effects in children with
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Children with ALL are an example of which of the following?
a. Accessible population
b. Element of the population
c. Sample population
d. Target population
ANS: D

A researcher wishes to conduct a survey of attitudes about illness among young adults with
cystic fibrosis. The researcher contacts a nearby regional medical cystic fibrosis clinic, where
250 young adults who have cystic fibrosis are seen. A group of 50 young adults are selected to
complete the survey. These 50 people are the:
a. accessible population.
b. elements of the population.
c. sample population.
d. target population.
ANS: C

A researcher wishes to conduct a study to determine the effects of an intervention on high

school students. In this study, high school students represent the:
a. accessible population.
b. elements of the population
c. sample population
d. target population.
ANS: D

A researcher wishes to study the effects of a nursing intervention on children with cancer and
obtains a sample of school-age children hospitalized for cancer treatment in a local hospital.
This sample represents the:
a. accessible population.
b. general population
c. target population.
d. theoretical population.
ANS: A

In a study of patients who have dementia, a researcher wishes to examine the effects of
moderate exercise on patients’ abilities to perform self-care. The researcher decides to use
subjects between 70 and 80 years of age who have been diagnosed with dementia for less than
1 year. A patient who is 65 years old meets:
a. eligibility criteria.
b. exclusion criteria.
c. inclusion criteria.
d. sampling criteria.
ANS: B

A researcher uses a sample whose members have characteristics similar to those of the
population from which it is drawn. This is an example of a:
a. cluster sample.
b. purposive sample.
c. random sample.
d. representative sample.
ANS: D

A researcher begins a study with 250 subjects, and 50 subjects drop out before the study is
concluded. The researcher will declare 20% as the sample:
a. acceptance rate.
b. attrition rate.
c. refusal rate.
d. retention rate.
ANS: B

A nurse conducts a study to examine the effects of a new intervention on FEV1 levels in
patients with COPD and uses all patients admitted to a hospital during a 2-month period. This is
an example of which type of sampling method?
a. Convenience
b. Network
c. Quota
d. Random
ANS: A
A nurse researcher compares the outcomes of administration of a bronchodilator either via
nebulizer or by metered-dose inhaler and collects data on subjects in a pediatric inpatient
hospital unit. This is an example of which type of setting?
a. Controlled
b. Field
c. Natural
d. Partially controlled
ANS: D

Which type of setting is most commonly used in qualitative research?

a. Controlled
b. Multiple
c. Natural
d. Partially controlled
ANS: C

Which setting is the most highly controlled setting?

a. A nursing home unit
b. A research sleep lab
c. A school-based clinic
d. An intensive care unit
ANS: B

Which is a type of nonprobability sampling?

a. Purposeful
b. Simple random
c. Stratified random
d. Systematic
ANS: A

Question 46
Which is a type of nonprobability sampling? Convenience and quota sampling,

Which statement is true about a descriptive study design?

a. It is not possible to operationally define variables in this type of study.
b. Sample selection and size cannot be controlled in descriptive studies.
c. This type of design is used to identify problems occurring in practice.
d. Variables may be manipulated to avoid bias in this type of study.
ANS: C

In order to attribute causality of a posttest measure in an experimental study, the independent

variable will be:
a. administered to control group subjects only.
b. administered to subjects selected by the researcher.
c. administered to treatment group subjects.
d. defined loosely to avoid bias.
ANS: C

Which of these sampling techniques is least likely to produce findings that are generalizable to a
larger population?
a. Cluster
b. Convenience
c. Quota
d. Systematic
ANS: B

A researcher conducting a qualitative study knows that saturation of information has occurred
when:
a. additional sampling reveals redundant information.
b. data collected confirms theoretical models.
c. subjects participating are representative of the general population.
d. the desired sample size has been reached.
ANS: A

Which is a type of probability sampling?

a. Cluster
b. Convenience
c. Network
d. Quota
ANS: A

Question 32
Which is a type of probability sampling? Simple and stratified random, cluster sampling and
systematic

Which of the following is true about sample size in a qualitative study?

a. It is determined by the sensitivity of the measurement tools.
b. It is considered adequate when the researcher detects no new knowledge.
c. It is influenced by the expected effect size and the probability of a type II error.
d. It is determined by the number of variables and data analysis techniques.
ANS: B

A Researcher in Johns Hopkins Moore Clinic carefully selects 50 patients who are enrolled in
HIV care; patients are then assigned to each of two groups for a study on a new antiretroviral
drug. This is: Stratified random sampling

Bias is a serious problem in a study because its effect is to: distort the findings
Accessible population is a subset of which? Target population

Purposive sampling is mostly used in what kind of study? Qualitative

In experimental research, the researcher's control of the "treatment" is referred

as: manipulation.

Most phenomena in nursing would be considered: multicausal.

A researcher wonders where geographically the highest incidence of home births occurs and
what type of care the mothers who deliver at home have. Additional questions include how old
these mothers are,whether or not they tend to be married, and what kind of complications are
encountered. What type of study design would this researcher select to best answer these
questions? descriptive

In a quasi-experimental study design, the group that receives placebo or nothing is usually
referred to as the: control group

Distortion of study findings or to deviate from the true or expected is: bias

Another name for purposive sampling is: judgemental or selective sampling

To Examine the relationship among variables, we will use: correlational design

All of the following statements are true about correlational designs, except
they look at cause and effect

Individual unit of a target population is called?? Element

Standing in front of HHSB building, every 4th student who entered the building was selected for
a study about students’ opinion about safety on campus. This process was continued until a
sample of 150 was reached. This is an example of: convenience sampling pg264 (right place @
right time)

The blue print for conducting a research study is: the study design

The purpose of control in a study design is to: decrease bias

Which of the following is not a requirement for an experimental study? Blinding pg229

The goal of appropriate sampling in research is to: generalization

Which of the following sampling strategies is most often used in nursing research studies?
Convenience

All the potential subjects/ elements that meet the criteria for inclusion in a study are:
Inclusion criteria

In a design to test causality, it is essential that the: subjects be randomly assigned to groups
In order for a study to be classified as an experimental design, which three (3) elements must
be present? Control group and experimental group, Researcher-manipulated variable, Random
assignment

Which statement is true about the hypothesis in a research study?

It makes a statement about specific relationships among variables.

In a study about childhood obesity, the researcher discusses the concept of overweight in terms
of weight for height measures, body mass index (BMI), body image, self-esteem, and social
norms. The researcher states that a BMI > the 95th percentile represents overweight. This
statement is a(n):
operational definition

The statement that heart disease is caused by stress, high cholesterol, gene expression, and
dietary patterns reflects the perspective of: multicausality

EXAM 4
Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest relationship?? It will be
whatever number is greater despite the minus or plus sign; -0.8 will be the answer over 0.7 and
0.6

A nurse is critiquing a published study. Which of the following questions is not an appropriate
question to ask when examining the study? What preparation did the researcher have to
conduct the study?

A statistically significant finding means that: our results are not due to chance

A tool with perfect reliability will have a reliability coefficient of: 1.0

If a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis, he/she has committed a: type 2 error

If a study measurement is not reliable, it has no: validity

A researcher notes that 3 of 30 subjects had extreme anxiety scores when compared with the
other subjects. These three subjects would be treated as: outliers
Which of the following Cronbach alpha coefficients would be the lowest value you would accept
in evaluating the reliability of a well-developed measurement tool? 0.8

Which of the following is an example of direct measurement? Direct measures involve

determining the value of concrete factors such as weight, waist circumference, temperature,
heart rate, blood pressure and respirations. Technology is available to measure (ex: BP used w/
quality stethoscope & sphygmomanometer

A Type I error may occur when the: reject the null when its true

Which is not a question to ask when appraising variables in a study?

-are the operational definitions equal to the conceptual definitions

Pearson product-moment correlation: calculates the relationship among variables or inferential

analysis technique calculated to determine relationships among variables

A critical appraisal of a study is: critique / examination of the quality of a study to determine
credibility

A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer
children. This represents which type of relationship? Negative relationship

Under what condition would the mean, median, and mode be equal? Normal distribution

In a normal distribution, what percent of scores will be within three standard deviation above or
below the mean? 99.7

A Type II error may occur as a result of: flaws in research methods and small sample
-all of the above…. See why?

A blood hemoglobin measurement of 13.5 g/100 mL would be which level of measurement?

Ratio

Which of the following will be most affected by scores that are extremely high or extremely low?
mean

What percent of scores will be within one standard deviation above or below the mean? 68.3

The likelihood that a statistical value obtained through analysis of the data is likely to occur in
any two samples selected from the same population is called: probability

What is a type 2 error?

Type 2 error occurs when the null hypothesis is regarded as true but is in fact false.
Often caused by flaws in the research methods
Saying something is not significant when it is

A researcher conducts a study to examine the effects of breastfeeding on infant weight at age 6
months.Which type of measurement is used to measure the infants’ weight?
a. Direct
b. Indirect
c. Nominal
d. Ordinal
ANS: A
A researcher conducts a study to identify the relationship of lifestyle choices to the development
of chronic diseases. The researcher surveys subjects and identifies diabetes mellitus, coronary
artery disease, and renal disease in study subjects. These measures represent which level of
measurement?
a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
ANS: B

Among subjects with coronary artery disease, a researcher identifies three levels of symptoms
which can be categorized by severity. This represents which level of measurement?
a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
ANS: C

A study measuring the effects of a new diuretic medication records hourly urine output of
subjects. This measure represents which level of measurement?
a. Interval
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Ratio
ANS: D

A researcher reviews study data about head circumference in newborns and notes that study
personnel are measuring from the end of the measuring tape and not from the zero point, which
is 1 cm from the end. This is an example of which type of measurement error?
a. Indirect
b. Random
c. Reliability
d. Systematic
ANS: D

A researcher performs a series of pilot studies to evaluate whether a measurement tool

produces consistent results. This is an evaluation of:
a. accuracy.
b. precision.
c. reliability.
d. validity.
ANS: C

It is important to know the demographic variables among study subjects in order to:
a. calculate central tendency and standard deviation of study scores.
b. ensure that control and experimental subjects are different.
c. ensure that outcomes are not caused by independent variables.
d. understand how well the sample represents the target population.
ANS: D

An appropriate level of significance for nursing research is either:

a. 0.5 or 0.1.
b. 0.03 or 0.003.
c. 0.05 or 0.01.
d. 0.005 or 0.001.
ANS: C

An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to:

a. analyze and describe data collected during a study.
b. determine whether theoretical constructs are valid.
c. generalize results from the study to the target population.
d. measure the reliability and validity of measurement tools.
ANS: C

An important goal of inferential statistical analysis is to:

address objectives, questions and hypothesis in studies to allow inference from the study
sample to the target population, identify relationships, examine predictions and determine group
differences in a study In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to:
a. describe the degree of generalizability of the findings.
b. determine the risk of a Type I error.
c. reveal whether the p value meets criteria for statistical significance.
d. speculate on the frequency distribution of study values.
ANS: C

In statistical analysis of data, the alpha value is used to: test the level of significance
A researcher studies the effects of a nursing intervention on a desired patient outcome and
discovers a statistically significant difference between groups receiving the intervention and
those not receiving the intervention. The researcher concludes that the intervention is effective.
This researcher has made a:
a. generalization.
b. statistical inference.
c. Type I error.
d. Type II error.
ANS: B

In a data set that has a normal distribution what percent of scores will be within two standard
deviations above or below the mean?
a. 34
b. 68
c. 95
d. 99
ANS: C
In a data set that has a normal distribution what percent of scores will be within two standard
deviations above or below the mean? 95.5

A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer
children. Inthis example, the r value is likely to be:
a. = 0.
b. <0.
c. >0.
d. not definable.
ANS: B

A review of demographic data shows that mothers with higher levels of education have fewer
children. In this example, the r value is likely to be: less than 0

A researcher calculates a Pearson product-moment coefficient of 0.2. The reviewer understands

that this value represents:
a. a moderate positive correlation.
b. a moderate negative correlation.
c. a weak positive correlation.
d. a weak negative correlation.
ANS: C

In a study comparing weight gain between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants who were
breastfed and SGA infants who were fed formula, researchers noted increased weight gain in
infants who were held more regardless of how they were fed. This finding is an example of a:
a. mixed result.
b. nonsignificant result.
c. serendipitous result.
d. significant result.
ANS: C

How do practicing nurses participate in critical appraisal of research?

a. By adhering to evidence-based practice guidelines and best practices
b. By presenting findings from their own outcomes research
c. By questioning the quality, credibility, and meaning of studies
d. By reading research journals to keep current in knowledge and practice
ANS: C
How do practicing nurses participate in critical appraisal of research?
Determine what studies are valid and which ones are not

A reviewer is asked to critically appraise a report to help determine whether funding will be
allocated for a research study. This reviewer will be appraising a research:
a. abstract.
b. article.
c. literature review.
d. proposal.
ANS: D

What is the goal of an intellectual critical appraisal of a research study?

a. To determine whether a study should be replicated
b. To identify strengths and weaknesses in a study
c. To determine whether a study should be implemented into practice
d. To weed out and discard studies that are flawed
ANS: B

An intellectual critical appraisal differs from other kinds of critiques because it:
a. focuses solely on the strengths of the study.
b. evaluates the quality and meaning of empirical evidence.
c. judges the researcher’s ability and credentials.
d. regards both the work itself as well as the study author.
ANS: B

A reviewer is critically appraising a study’s variables. What will the researcher evaluate?
a. Conceptual and operational definitions of variables
b. Relationships of demographic variables to key concepts in the study framework
c. Whether variables and key concepts are linked
d. Use of all types of variables, including independent, dependent, and research variables
ANS: A
A reviewer reads through a study from beginning to end, noting whether the title and abstract
are clear, if relevant terms are defined, and if the introduction, methods, results, and discussion
are plainly identified.This represents which part of a critical appraisal?
a. Analysis of the study methods
b. Comprehension of the study outcomes
c. Evaluation of the literature review
d. Identification of the steps of the research process
ANS: D

During an initial review of a study, the reviewer will expect the methods section of the research
report to include:
a. a description of the study design and sampling methods.
b. the limitations and generalizations of the study.
c. tables and figures representing study results.
d. the framework and definitions of study variables.
ANS: A

All nurses need to have expertise in which skill regarding research?

a. Critical appraisal
b. Interviewing techniques
c. Literature review
d. Statistical analysis
ANS: A

A researcher studying subjects who have pulmonary disease presents a data set to describe the
different conditions the subjects experience and reports the following data. Which number
represents the mode for this data set?
Asthma 4
COPD 6
Chronic bronchitis 4
Pulmonary hypertension 7

a. 4.0
b. 5.25
c. 6.5
d. 7.0
ANS: A

A researcher collects the following scores on a set of ranked data. Which is the median score?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
e. 10
f. 15
g. 18
h. 21

a. 7
b. 10
c. 8.5
d. 10.5
ANS: C

What is the mean value in the following set of scores?

a. 128
b. 128
c. 130
d. 135
e. 144

a. 128
b. 130
c. 133
d. 132.8
ANS: C

A researcher is analyzing the following data set. Which value represents the range?
a. 43
b. 46
c. 46
d. 57
e. 67
f. 69
g. 78

a. 35
b. 46
c. 57
d. 58
ANS: A