GENERAL

BIOLOGY 2
TH
4
QUARTER
VALERIE ROSS
PINLAC
STEM 11 GALILEO
 SIR FEDELIANO
BERNARDO JR.

GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2

Fourth Quarter Week 1

Plant and Animal
Reproduction

ACTIVITY 2: Investigating
Reproductive Strategies
between Plants and Animals
Plant Plant Animal Animal
Organism Organism Organism Organism
that that that that
reproduces reproduces reproduces reproduce
sexually asexually sexually asexually

Relative Complex Simple Simple complex

complexity organism organism organism organism
of the
organism
(including
size)
Number of
parents
2 1 1 1
who
contribute
genetic
information
to
the offspring
Reproductive fragmentatio Vegetative Binary meiosis
Mechanism n reproductio fission
n

Relative
amount of
parental care

Genetic
Variation in
offspring
ACTIVITY 3: Looking Beyond: CLONING in
Animals and Plants
B. Write a position paper on your stand on “Human
Cloning: Is it Biological Plagiarism?”

Human cloning may refer to “therapeutic

cloning,” particularly the cloning of embryonic
cells to obtain organs for transplantation or
for treating injured nerve cells and other
health purposes. Human cloning more
typically refers to “reproductive cloning,” the
use of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to
obtain eggs that could develop into adult
individuals.

Human cloning has occasionally been

suggested as a way to improve the genetic
endowment of mankind, by cloning individuals
of great achievement, for example, in sports,
music, the arts, science, literature, politics,
and the like, or of acknowledged virtue. These
suggestions seemingly have never been taken
seriously. However, some individuals have
expressed a wish, however unrealistic, to be
cloned, and some physicians have on
occasion advertised that they were ready to
carry out the cloning. The obstacles and
drawbacks are many and insuperable, at least
at the present state of knowledge.

Biologists use the term cloning with

variable meanings, although all uses imply
obtaining copies more or less precise of a
biological entity. Three common uses refer to
cloning genes, cloning cells, and cloning
individuals. Cloning an individual, particularly
in the case of a multicellular organism, such
as a plant or an animal, is not strictly possible.
The genes of an individual, the genome, can
be cloned, but the individual itself cannot be
cloned, as it will be made clear below.

Cloning genes or, more generally, cloning

DNA segments is routinely done in many
genetics and pharmaceutical laboratories
throughout the world. Technologies for cloning
cells in the laboratory are seven decades old
and are used for reproducing a particular type
of cell, for example a skin or a liver cell, in
order to investigate its characteristics.

Individual human cloning occurs naturally

in the case of identical twins, when two
individuals develop from a single fertilized
egg. These twins are called identical, precisely
because they are genetically identical to each
other.
 The sheep Dolly, cloned in July 1996, was
the first mammal artificially cloned using an
adult cell as the source of the genotype. Frogs
and other amphibians were obtained by
artificial cloning as early as 50 y earlier.

Cloning an animal by SCNT proceeds as

follows. First, the genetic information in the
egg of a female is removed or neutralized.
Somatic cells are taken from the individual
selected to be cloned, and the cell nucleus
(where the genetic information is stored) of
one cell is transferred with a micropipette into
the host oocyte. The egg, so “fertilized,” is
stimulated to start embryonic development.

Can a human individual be cloned? The

correct answer is, strictly speaking, no. What
is cloned are the genes, not the individual; the
genotype, not the phenotype. The technical
obstacles are immense even for cloning a
human’s genotype.
 GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2
 Fourth Quarter
Week 3
Plants and Animal
Organ System: Gas
Exchange,
Transport and
Circulation
ACTIVITY 2: Plants and Animal
Transport System.

PLANTS ANIMALS
Organs  There are  Animal,
involved five different (kingdom
types of soil Animalia),
microbes: any of a
bacteria, group of
actinomycete multicellular
s, fungi, eukaryotic
protozoa and organisms
nematodes. (as distinct
Each of these from
microbe bacteria,
types has a their
different job deoxyribonuc
to boost soil leic acid, or
and plant DNA, is
health. contained in
a membrane-
bound
nucleus).
They are
thought to
have evolved
independentl
y from the
unicellular
eukaryotes.
Compounds/  Plants are  they
substances composed of secretes
transported/ water, PHEROMONE
circulated carbon- S
containing
organics, and
non-carbon-
containing
inorganic
substances
such as
potassium
and nitrogen.
Transport and  Water and  The
circulation dissolved circulatory
Mechanism/s minerals system is
enter a effectively a
plant's roots network of
from the soil cylindrical
by means of vessels: the
diffusion and arteries,
osmosis. veins, and
These capillaries
substances that emanate
then travel from a pump,
upward in the heart. As
the plant in the heart
xylem beats and
vessels. This the animal
involves moves, the
active hemolymph
transport of circulates
sugars into around the
phloem cells organs within
and water the body
pressure to cavity and
force then reenters
substances the hearts
from cell to through
cell. openings
called ostia.
 GENERAL
BIOLOGY 2
Fourth Quarter
Week 4
Plants and Animal
Organ System: Chemical
and Nervous Control,
Sensory and Motor
Mechanism
ACTIVITY 2: VENN DIAGRAMING
ACTIVITY 3: Health Connect.
DRUGS/COMPOUN SIMILAR EFFECT ON
DS NEUROTRANSMIT NEURON/BODY’S
TER RESPONSE
MARIJUANA DOPAMINE
IT GIVES
EUPHORIC,
RELAXED
FEELINGS
HERION DOPAMINE BINDS
RAPIDLY TO
OPIOID
RECEPTORS
COCAINE DOPAMINE INTERNS
DEPRESSION
, EDGINESS,
AND A
CARVING
FOR MORE
OF THE
DRUG
CANNABINOI SERATONIN PRODUCE
DS EUPHORIA,
ENHANCEME
 NT OF
SENSORY,
AND
IMPAIRMENT
OF MEMORY
NICOTINE SERATONIN USED FOR
SMOKING
CESSATION
TO RELIEVE
WITHDRAWA
L SYMPTOM