ARDUINO BASED HEART BEAT MONITORING SYSTEM

A
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
BY
IQRA BANO (0105EC171034)
JHALAK DUBEY (0105EC171037)
MEGHA SHARMA (0105EC171051)
POOJA VASWANI (0105EC171034)
PRANAV CHATURVEDI (0105EC171034)

Under the guidance of

Dr. Nikita Shivhare
(Assistant Professor)

JUNE 2021
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BHOPAL (M.P)

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi Technical University Bhopal (M.P.)
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA)
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BHOPAL (M.P)

JUNE 2021

CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.E. Major Project Report entitled
“Arduino Based Heartbeat Monitoring System”, being submitted by Iqra Bano (0105EC171034),
Jhalak Dubey (0105EC171037), Megha Sharma (0105EC171051), Pooja Vaswani (0105EC171061),
Pranav Chaturvedi(0105EC171062)in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering and submitted to the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Oriental Institute of Science and Technology,
Bhopal (M.P.) is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period from Jan 2021 to May
2021 under the supervision of Dr. Nikita Shivhare, Assistant Professor, ECE Department.

The content presented in this project has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree
elsewhere.
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR Dr. Manish Sawale

Dr. Nikita Shivhare Head of Department

Assistant Professor EC, OIST
 ABSTRACT
Nowadays heart attack is becoming a very deadly disease of human. This attack cannot be
predicted, but it can be known from the human heartbeat which is a very vital health
parameter of the human cardiovascular system. Heart rate reflects the health conditions of
the human cardiovascular system that determined by such as stress at work, before or after
sports and the psychology factor. Unfortunately, some people do not know their heart rate
before or after doing an activity. This presentation proposes of measuring technique of heart
rate by using pulse sensor, Arduino microcontroller, and Things Speak. It is based on the
principle of measuring the variation of blood volume in our body using a light source and
detector.
Heart rate monitoring is a vital aspect of maintaining heart health. People from different age
groups have different ranges for maximum and minimum values of heart rate, the
monitoring system must be compatible enough to tackle this scenario.

Heart Beat Detection and Monitoring System using Arduino that will detect the heart beat
using the Pulse Sensor and will show the readings in BPM (Beats Per Minute) on the LCD
connected to it.
It will also send the readings to Thing Speak server using the Wi-Fi module ESP8266, so
that Heart Beats can be monitored from anywhere in the world over the internet.
Thing Speak is a great source for displaying the data online and you can access the data
from Thing Speak at any time and at any place.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project involved the collection and analysis of information from a wide variety of
sources and the efforts of many people beyond me. Thus it would not have been possible
to achieve the results reported in this document without their help, support and
encouragement.

I would like to express my gratitude to the following people for their help in the work
leading to this report:

Dr. Rajesh Shukla; Director: for providing us with an environment to complete our
project successfully.

Dr. Manish Sawale; Head, Department of ECE, who modeled us both technically and
morally for achieving the greater success to complete the project and for organizing and
coordinating the B.E. Projects’ 2021.

Prof. Dr. Nikita Shivhare; Project supervisor: for their useful comments on the subject
matter and for the knowledge I gained by sharing ideas with them.

We also thank all the staff members of our college and technicians for their help in
making this project a successful one.

Finally, we take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family and
friends, for all that they meant to us during the crucial times of the completion of our
project.

Iqra Bano - 0105EC171034

Jhalak Dubey - 0105EC171037
Megha Sharma - 0105EC171051
Pooja Vaswani - 0105EC171061
Pranav Chaturvedi - 0105EC171062

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate………………………………………………………………………… i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… ii
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………… iv
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………… vii
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… viii
List of Abbreviation ……………………………………………………………… ix
CHAPTER - 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Objective of the Project 1
1.3 About the Project 2
1.4 Basic Working Steps 2
CHAPTER – 2 Literature Survey 4
CHAPTER – 3 Methodology 6
CHAPTER – 4 Proposed Project Design 8
4.1 Proposed Architecture Design 8
4.2 Circuit Diagram 10
CHAPTER – 5 Sensors and Modules 11
5.1 Arduino Uno 11
5.2 Pulse Sensor 13
5.3 DHT-11 15
5.4 Breadboard 16
5.5 ESP8266 17
5.6 Blynk Module 19
5.7 Jumper wires 20
Requirement Analysis 21
CHAPTER 6 6.1 Functional Requirements 21
6.2 Software Specification 21
6.3 Hardware Specification 22
CHAPTER 7 PROGRAM CODE 23
7.1 Arduino Code 23
7.2 Blynk Code 28
CHAPTER 8 Testing And Performance Of The System 31
8.1 Testing levels 31
8.2 System Tests 32
8.3 Performance of the system 32
8.4 Fault Tolerance 34
CHAPTER 9 Future Works And Challenges Ahead 35
9.1 Future works 35
9.2 Challenges Ahead 36
CHAPTER 10 Conclusion 37
Reference………………………………………………………………………. 38
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 5.3 Features of DHT-11 15

Table 8.2.1 Test case 1 23
Table 8.2.2 Test case 2 23
Table 8.3.1 Performance 34

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram Design 8

Figure 4.2 Circuit Diagram 10

Figure 5.1-1 UNO Board 13

Figure 5.1-2 IDE Software 13

Figure 5.2 Pulse Sensor 14

Figure 5.3 DHT-11 15

Figure 5.4 Breadboard 17

Figure 5.5 ESP8266 17

Figure 5.7 Blynk app layout 19

Figure 5.8 Jumper Wire 20

Figure 8.1 Blynk app interface 33

Figure 8.2 LCD Display 33

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

UART – Universal Asynchronous

Receiver/Transmitter LED – Light-emitting diode
IDE – Integrated development environment
USB – Universal Serial Bus
SPO2 – Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen
IOT – Internet of Things
Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
Tx - Transmit
Rx - Receiver

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview
The modern visionary of healthcare industry is to provide better healthcare to people in a
more economic and patient friendly manner. Therefore, for increasing the patient care
efficiency, there arises a need to improve the patient monitoring devices. The medical
world today faces the most major problem that is the need of health care providers
presence near the bedside of the patient. In this busy lifestyle, monitoring our health
condition is becoming hectic so everyone expects to know about their health conditions
using some smart technology which can be easily accessible and is effective.

As the computers, bio instrumentation, and telecommunications technologies are being

advanced, it has become feasible to design more the smart devices which help in tele
monitoring systems to record data, acquire data, and display the data and to transmit the
health signals from the human body to any location. Telemedicine benefits both the
patients with efficient health care facility and even the doctors who can give better
assistance to the people.

It is cost effective. It can increase the efficiency through better management of patient
monitoring, shared health professional staffing. Tele monitoring involves remotely
monitoring the patient health care. These devices keep track of Oxygen Saturation that is
spo2%, heart rate, body temperature etc. of the patient. The Telemedicine system consists
of customized hardware and software at both the patient and specialist doctor ends.
This project discusses the advantages of using android technology and Arduino for
patient health monitoring system. In this technology the data is collected from a patient,
to feed the same to two separate interfaces in which the patient parameters and details is
displayed and sync the important information to a web-based server. This can in turn be
accessed by the doctor using an application installed in his android phone. He can
analyze and send feedback in order to take preventive measures before he reaches the
hospital in serious case. One message is also sent to their respective family members
through their Smartphone application.

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 Hence, this project can be used to help the patients monitoring and assistance by using
the trending technology. As its well known that Internet of Things is considered now as
one of the feasible solutions for any remote value tracking especially in the field of health
monitoring.

1.2 Objective of the Project:

Health is always a major concern in every growth the human race is advancing in terms
of technology. The world is currently in a very unusual dilemma, also known as novel
Covid-19. With over millions of cases around the world, one of the most challenging jobs
are those of doctors. As a team we wanted to help protect doctors as well as patients. The
basic idea is to reduce physical contact in between doctors and patients, because covid-19
can spread quickly in this manner. After some research and few failed ideas, it was found
that doctors constantly check symptomatic and asymptomatic patient’s temperature, pulse
and oxygen saturation. So, a system which can monitor these readings at home and will
be accessible by the doctors and patients both could be very useful.
Remote Patient Monitoring arrangement empowers observation of patients outside of
costomary clinic settings(e.g. at home),
This Health Monitoring system enables the doctor to know about the patient’s health and
access all the previous readings of temperature, oxygen saturation etc. The Doctors can
immediately check the health condition of the patient and get to know about any
seriousness. This project will be very helpful for the Covid positive patients who are
isolated at home. In-charge doctor can keep a track on their patient’s health and their
well-being.
The system has been designed to take several inputs in physiological parameters of
human such as temperature, heart rate, oxygen saturation etc and sending and saving it to
an accessible platform as well as displaying it on to the LCD.

1.3 About the Project:

This IOT based system monitors health using ESP8266 and Arduino uno. The IOT
platform used in this project is Blynk. Blynk is a very popular IOT platform for
connecting devices to cloud. It helps in designing apps to remotely control and monitor

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 any project. The data that will be sensed by the sensor will then be transmitted to the
microcontroller and will be displayed on the Lcd screen further. The data will also be
recorded on the Third-part open-source platform Blynk which is present as a mobile
application.

1.4 Basic Working Steps:

1. The Patient would place his\her figure on the sensing unit.

2. The particular sensor will sense the required quantity.
3.The sensed data rates will be sent to the Arduino Uno in the form of signals.
4. Arduino processes the same data and would transmit the data to the Wi-Fi module.
5. The data will be transmitted to the LCD Display for Real-time health conditions.
6. The Wi-Fi module would then retransmit the data to the smartphone application.
7.The Data will be saved in the Third-party server for future reference as a record.

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 CHAPTER-2

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

In the olden days the patients health was monitored by catching his /her hand by checking
their pulses. As, the time passed on and the technology for monitoring health got
introduced, the quality of measuring and understanding the health conditions got better.
The development in the technology grew to such an extent that now a days by wearing a
small device, patients health is getting monitored. The below figure shows the evolution
of medical equipments.
Number of different research projects explores sensor networks for monitoring patient
health 24 hours. Few projects are concerned with developing wearable wrist worn belt,
while others have developed based for monitoring individual patients during daily
activity, at home, or in hospital. Han and Yuo et.al proposed wireless sensor network-
based e-health system based on radio-active and radio-passive positioning. Authors
proposed wireless sensor network application for 24 hours constant monitoring without
disturbing daily activities of elderly people and their caretakers. In this system both fixed
and mobile body sensors are used. A mixed positing algorithm is proposed to determine
the location of elderly person. The purpose of positing is to help the system to determine
the person activities and further to make decisions about patient health condition.
U. Anliker, J. A. Ward et.al has developed also developed a remote health monitoring
system. Remote health monitoring system aimed at people at risk from any disease. The
system combines multi parameter measurement displaying them real-time for the patient
and also recording or saving it to a platform which can be accessed by the doctor anytime
and anywhere.
In this project the patient health monitoring is done by using a smartphone. The patients
Oxygen saturation that is spo2%, pulse rate, temperature and humidity all the vitals
which are very important during this Covid era is collected by using sensors. The
microcontroller that is used is Arduino uno along with ESP8266.
Traditionally the detection system was only found in hospitals with bulky hardware and
required high power supply, also they were very costly. Advancement in Semiconductor
industry has led to sensors and microcontrollers at affordable prices.

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Social distancing, less physical contact and staying at home are the only measures that
can be taken to prevent the spread of Corona virus in these tough times. Symptomatic
people with mild symptoms who are home quarantined should have a record of their
temperature, spo2% etc and their doctor in-charge should also be aware of their health
conditions on daily basis. Asymptomatic patients who are tested positive but shows no
symptoms should also monitor themselves regularly and should be in-touch with their
doctors. This system plays a vital role in the recovery of asymptomatic patients, as testing
of the spo2% at least thrice a day is very important to figure out any silent respiratory
damage.
Every time it’s not possible for doctors to receive calls from their patients to know their
Heart rate, spo2 etc. Even its difficult for a covid positive sick person to record the
required quantities each time they measure it. This system is so convenient for patients
and doctors both as they access the record of important parameters such as Heart rate,
temperature and oxygen saturation anytime anywhere.
In condition of falling spo2 or abnormal heartbeat Doctors can immediately monitor and
prescribe something to the patients or can hospitalize them if required.

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 CHAPTER-3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Proposed Methodology:

The health monitoring system is one of the major concerns in the health care industry.
The telemedicine is one which would be interesting to everyone because of its amazing
factors. Multiple jobs can be done by a single health application with users’ intervention.
The system has been designed to take several inputs to measure physical parameters of
humans such as temperature, heart rate, spo2, humidity etc., detection and recording.
The project is divided into two parts. First the hardware design and Second the software
design. The project activity must be done step by step. It begins with searching and
collecting information from scientific perspective. The review is about mechanical
structure design and electronic circuit design also software programming implementation.
The project was begun by finding the concept and idea related to this title. The
information transmitting and viewing will act according to the module programmed using
the software. It should implement all the required behavior like sensing. Research is done
on the mechanical design on how the readings will be sent to the microcontroller which is
the brain of this project and further will be displayed on the lcd screen along with sending
it to a platform called Blynk. The software designing starts when the mechanical and the
electronic designs are built. The software design mainly comprises of the code/program
of the application of the system.
This system will be helpful in monitoring patient’s health remotely and prescribing them
the required medications.
The proposed system can be used extensively in an emergency condition as they can be
monitored daily, recorded and stored as a database. In this pandemic health monitoring is
very essential for covid positive as well as negative people with underlying diseases.
They can avoid going to the hospitals regularly in this pandemic and check themselves at
their home.
An IoT-based health observation system works on patient’s body observation such as
pulse rate, spo2, body temperature and humidity. All these parameters can be measured
using a sensor hooked up to patient’s figure or body as per requirement.

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Along with the microcontroller and sensors Blynk android app is also be used.
Data transfer to cloud using mobile technology and IoT technology. To use this
application user needs a Wi-Fi connection. Arduino board connects to Wi-Fi network
functionality using Wi-Fi module. Arduino board learned sin from sensors. After this
installation is sent to IoT cloud with the help of Wi-Fi module. Rated inputs display on
lcd screen. At the same time data is sent to the IoT platform and measured data will then
be displayed on the screen when the application is opened.

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 CHAPTER-4

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN

4.1 Proposed Architecture Design:
This Health Monitoring unit consist of hardware and software design.
The hardware part deals with the mechanical and constructional design along with
electrical and electronic circuitry.
The software deals with programming of Arduino and smartphone application using
android.

figure 4.1: Block diagram design

As shown in the above diagram, the designing of the project is as follows:

1. ARDUINO UNO- It is a open source micro controller based on AT mega 328p

microcontroller. It’s the most popular development board used in several projects. It
collects the real-time health data from the sensors.

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2. PULSE SENSOR- This sensor is used to sense the pulse rate. After sensing the
physical quantity this module will send the output signals to the Arduino uno micro
controller for further operations.
3. DHT-11- This sensor is used to sense the temperature and Humidity both. After
sensing the physical quantities, the output data will be sent to the micro controller for
further processing.
4. ESP8266- This is a user-friendly device that provide internet connectivity at low cost.
It’s used along with Arduino uno to give access to internet connectivity to this project.
5. LCD DISPLAY- Liquid Crystal display is a kind of electronic display module. The
data after being processed by the Arduino uno are then transmitted to the lcd display as
an output or as the part of final result for the project.
6. BLYNK: It is a platform with IOS and android apps to control Arduino over internet.
In this project design the output of Arduino will be transmitted to the Blynk and will be
stored there for future references.

Software Designing will include the coding part. Arduino IDE is used for uploading the
required code to the Microcontroller. The interfacing of all other hardware components to
the Arduino board is also a part of software designing.
Setting up the Blynk application also comes under the software part.

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4. 2 Circuit Diagram

Figure 4.2: Circuit Diagram

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 CHAPTER-5

5. SENSORS AND MODULES

Proposed system consists of the following sensors and modules:
1. Arduino Uno Microcontroller
2. Pulse Sensor
3. DHT-11 Humidity and Temperature sensor
4. Breadboard
5. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
6. Blynk App
7. Jumper Wires

5.1 Arduino Uno:

Arduino uno is a Open-source Microcontroller used in both Hardware and software
forms. It works as the brain of this project. This board comes with all the features
required to run the controller and can be directly connected to the computer through
a USB cable that is used to transfer the code to the controller using IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) software, mainly developed to program Arduino. IDE is
equally compatible with Windows, MAC or Linux Systems, however, Windows is
preferable to use. Programming languages like C and C++ are used in IDE.

General pin functions

LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the
LED is on, when the pin is low, it is off.

VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it is using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source).
You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack,
access it through this pin.

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5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V),
or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses
the regulator, and can damage the board.

3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50
mA.

GND: Ground pins.

IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with
which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on the
outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.

Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.

Special pin functions

Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, under software control (using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()
functions). They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the
recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to
avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0
through A5; each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By default,
they measure from ground to 5 volts, though it is possible to change the upper end of the
range using the AREF pin and the analog function.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Communication:
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An

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ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as
a virtual com port to software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required. Arduino Software (IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual
data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when
data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows serial
communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

Fig(5.1-1). UNO BOARD Fig(5.1-2). IDE SOFTWARE

5.2 PULSE SENSOR

• Pulse Sensor is a low cost, very small size a plug-and-play heart rate sensor for Arduino
and Arduino compatible boards. It can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and
game & mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live heart-rate data into their
projects.

• Pulse Sensor Amped adds amplification and noise cancellation circuitry to the hardware.
It's noticeably faster and easier to get reliable pulse readings. Pulse Sensor works with
either a 3V or 5V Arduino.
• A Color-Coded Cable, with a standard male header connector. Plug it straight into an
Arduino or a Breadboard. No soldering is required.

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 Figure 5.2: PULSE SENSOR

Features:

 Biometric Pulse Rate or Heart Rate detecting sensor

 Plug and Play type sensor
 Operating Voltage: +5V or +3.3V
 Current Consumption: 4mA
 Inbuilt Amplification and Noise cancellation circuit.
 Diameter: 0.625”
 Thickness: 0.125” Thick


5.3 DHT-11

This sensor is used to sense or detect the temperature and humidity. Its features and given
in the below table.

Sensor DHT11 (Temperature & humidity sensor)

Operating voltage 3.3V-5.5V

Humility measuring range 20%-95%（0℃-50℃）

Humility measuring error +-5%

Temperature measuring range 0℃-50℃

Temperature measuring error +-2℃

Dimensions 29.0mm*18.0mm

Table 5.3: FEATURES OF DHT-11

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Pin specification along with its Descriptions:
Pin 1: DOUT – It’s the communication port.
Pin 2: GND – Power ground
Pin 3: VCC – Positive Power supply (3.3v to 5.5v)

Figure 5.3: DHT-11

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5.4 Breadboards:
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes
let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and test an
early version of) an electronic circuit, like this one with a battery, switch, resistor, and an
LED (light-emitting diode).A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping Operating
voltage: 4.8 V (~5V). Originally it was literally a bread board, a polished piece of wood
used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solder less breadboard (AKA plug board, a
terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term "breadboard" is
commonly used to refer to these. "Breadboard" is also a synonym for "prototype".
The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connects the holes on the
top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and
bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while the
remaining holes are connected vertically.
Breadboards are designed to work with through-hole electronic components. These
components have long metal leads that are designed to be inserted through holes in a
printed circuit board (PCB) that are plated with a thin copper coating, which allows the
components' leads to be soldered to the board.
Holes in a breadboard which are electrically connected are said to be at the same node in
a circuit. A node is a point in a circuit where two or more components are interconnected
by a short circuit. No energy is required to transfer current through a short circuit, so the
short circuit does not restrict the flow of current—it has zero resistance. This means that
there can be (theoretically) no voltage difference between two holes in any single row in
a breadboard.No current will flow from one hole to another on a breadboard if the holes
are not electrically connected. Different physical points in a circuit which are not
electrically connected are sometimes said to be connected by an open circuit. No current
can flow through an open circuit. There is no limit to the possible voltage difference
across an open circuit.

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 Figure 5.4:Breadboard

5.5 ESP8266
The ESP8266 is a very user-friendly and low-cost device to provide internet connectivity
to your projects. The module can work both as an Access point (can create hotspot) and
as a station (can connect to Wi-Fi), hence it can easily fetch data and upload it to the
internet making the Internet of Things as easy as possible. It can also fetch data from the
internet using API’s hence your project could access any information that is available on
the internet, thus making it smarter. Another exciting feature of this module is that it can
be programmed using the Arduino IDE which makes it a lot more user friendly.
This module has a powerful enough on-board processing and storage capability that
allows it to be integrated with the sensors and other application specific devices through
its GPIOs with minimal development up-front and minimal loading during runtime. Its
high degree of on-chip integration allows for minimal external circuitry, including the
front-end module, is designed to occupy minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 supports
APSD for VoIP applications and Bluetooth co-existance interfaces, it contains a self-
calibrated RF allowing it to work under all operating conditions, and requires no external
RF parts.

Figure 5.5: ESP8266

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The ESP8266 module works with 3.3V only, anything more than 3.7V would kill the
module hence be cautions with your circuits. Here is its pins description.
Pin 1: Ground: Connected to the ground of the circuit
Pin 2: Tx/GPIO – 1: Connected to Rx pin of programmer/uC to upload program
Pin 3: GPIO – 2: General purpose Input/output pin
Pin 4: CH_EN: Chip Enable/Active high
Pin 5: Flash/GPIO – 0: General purpose Input/output pin
Pin 6: Reset: Resets the module
Pin 7: RX/GPIO – 3: General purpose Input/output pin
Pin 8: Vcc: Connect to +3.3V only.

5.6 Blynk :
Blynk is the most popular IoT platform for connecting devices to the cloud, designing
apps to remotely control and monitor them, and managing thousands of deployed
products. It's a PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) that helps individuals and organizations to
seamlessly progress from a protoype of a connected product to its commercial launch.
With over 400 hardware models support, customers can connect any device to the
Internet and use suit of software products to launch commercial projects.

Blynk is a Platform with IOS and Android apps to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi and the
likes over the Internet. It’s a digital dashboard where you can build a graphic interface for
your project by simply dragging and dropping widgets. After downloading the app, create
an account and log in. (If possible than log in with your real mail id for better
connectivity later.) You’ll also need to install the Blynk Arduino Library, which helps
generate the firmware running on your ESP8266.
Blynk was designed for the Internet of Things. It can control hardware remotely, it can
display sensor data, it can store data, visualize it and do many other cool things.
There are three major components in the platform:
 Blynk App - allows to you create amazing interfaces for your projects using
various widgets we provide.
 Blynk Server - responsible for all the communications between the smartphone

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 and hardware. You can use our Blynk Cloud or run your private Blynk server locally.
It’s open-source, could easily handle thousands of devices and can even be launched
on a Raspberry Pi.
 Blynk Libraries - for all the popular hardware platforms - enable communication
with the server and process all the incoming and out coming commands.

Fig 5.7: Blynk app interface

5.6 Jumper wires:

Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless breadboarding can be obtained in
ready-to-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The latter can become
tedious work for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires come in different qualities,
some even with tiny plugs attached to the wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made

or homemade wires should usually be 22 AWG (0.33 mm2) solid copper, tin-plated wire -
assuming no tiny plugs are to be attached to the wire ends. The wire ends should be
stripped 3⁄ 16 to 5⁄ 16 in (4.8 to 7.9 mm). Shorter stripped wires might result in bad
contact with the board's spring clips (insulation being caught in the springs). Longer
stripped wires increase the likelihood of short-circuits on the board. Needle-nose
pliers and tweezers are helpful when inserting or removing wires, particularly on
crowded boards.

Differently colored wires and color-coding discipline are often adhered to for
19
consistency. However, the number of available colors is typically far fewer than the
number of signal types or paths

Jumper wires typically come in three versions: male-to-male, male-to-female and female-
to-female. The difference between each is in the end point of the wire. Male ends have a
pin protruding and can plug into things, while female ends do not and are used to plug
things into. Male-to-male jumper wires are the most common and what you likely will
use most often. When connecting two ports on a breadboard, a male-to-male wire is what
you’ll need.

Fig 5.8: Jumper wire

20
 CHAPTER 6

REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

6.1 Requirement Analysis

Requirement Analysis is the first and important phase of the software developing activity
in developing any kind of project effectively. I started to list out all the functionalities
that my application should provide. There have been some minor changes with respect to
the functionalities over the course of development.

6.2 Functional Requirements

6.2.1 Application must have a module for login using unique credentials of a
patient for the Doctor to monitor patient’s vital data.
6.2.2 Application must have a module for login using unique credentials
of a patient forGuardian/Caretaker to monitor patient’s vital data.
6.2.3 Location Tracking: Application must have track location option with
which doctor or guardian can track location of the patient.
6.2.4 Messaging Service: Hardware must have GSM module which
send’s SMS alert messagesto doctor and guardians upon any
emergencies. And application must send email alerts upon any
emergencies

6.3 Software Specifications

6.3.1 Operating System: Windows 7 or higher

6.3.2 Platform: IoT Cloud

6.3.3 IDE: Arduino 1.8.4

6.3.4 Database: MySQL

21
 6.3.5 Technologies used: C, SQL, PHP

6.4 Hardware Specifications

6.4.1 Microcontroller: Arduino Uno Board

6.4.2 Sensors: LM35,Humidity,SP02(pulse included)
6.4.3 Processor: Pentium IV or higher
6.4.4 Processor speed: 1.6GHz
6.4.5 RAM: 512 MB
6.4.6 Disk Space: 250 MB or higher

22
 CHAPTER 7
Program Code
7.1 Arduino Code

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
#define DEBUG true
SoftwareSerial esp8266(9,10);
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);

#define SSID "Your Wifi Name" // "SSID-WiFiname"

#define PASS "Your Wifi Password" // "password"
#define IP "184.106.153.149"// thingspeak.com ip
String msg = "GET /update?key=9YS21NU0HY5YS1IKU"; //change it with your api key like "GET
/update?key=Your Api Key"

//Variables
float temp;
int hum;
String tempC;
int error;
int pulsePin = 0; // Pulse Sensor purple wire connected to analog pin 0
int blinkPin = 13; // pin to blink led at each beat
int fadePin = 5;
int fadeRate = 0;

// Volatile Variables, used in the interrupt service routine!

volatile int BPM; // int that holds raw Analog in 0. updated every 2mS
volatile int Signal; // holds the incoming raw data
volatile int IBI = 600; // int that holds the time interval between beats! Must be seeded!
volatile boolean Pulse = false; // "True" when heartbeat is detected. "False" when not a "live beat".
volatile boolean QS = false; // becomes true when Arduino finds a beat.

// Regards Serial OutPut -- Set This Up to your needs

static boolean serialVisual = true; // Set to 'false' by Default. Re-set to 'true' to see Arduino Serial
Monitor ASCII Visual Pulse
volatile int rate[10]; // array to hold last ten IBI values
volatile unsigned long sampleCounter = 0; // used to determine pulse timing
volatile unsigned long lastBeatTime = 0; // used to find IBI
volatile int P =512; // used to find peak in pulse wave, seeded
volatile int T = 512; // used to find trough in pulse wave, seeded
volatile int thresh = 525; // used to find instant moment of heart beat, seeded
volatile int amp = 100; // used to hold amplitude of pulse waveform, seeded
volatile boolean firstBeat = true; // used to seed rate array so we startup with reasonable BPM
volatile boolean secondBeat = false; // used to seed rate array so we startup with reasonable BPM

void setup()
{
23
 lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("circuitdigest.com");
delay(100);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Connecting...");
Serial.begin(9600); //or use default 115200.
esp8266.begin(9600);
Serial.println("AT");
esp8266.println("AT");
delay(5000);
if(esp8266.find("OK")){
connectWiFi();
}
interruptSetup();
}

void loop(){
lcd.clear();
start: //label
error=0;
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("BPM = ");
lcd.print(BPM);
delay (100);
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // set the cursor to column 0, line 2
delay(1000);
updatebeat();
//Resend if transmission is not completed
if (error==1){
goto start; //go to label "start"
}

delay(1000);
}

void updatebeat(){
String cmd = "AT+CIPSTART=\"TCP\",\"";
cmd += IP;
cmd += "\",80";
Serial.println(cmd);
esp8266.println(cmd);
delay(2000);
if(esp8266.find("Error")){
return;
}
cmd = msg ;
cmd += "&field1=";
cmd += BPM;
cmd += "\r\n";
Serial.print("AT+CIPSEND=");
esp8266.print("AT+CIPSEND=");
Serial.println(cmd.length());
24
 esp8266.println(cmd.length());
if(esp8266.find(">")){
Serial.print(cmd);
esp8266.print(cmd);
}
else{
Serial.println("AT+CIPCLOSE");
esp8266.println("AT+CIPCLOSE");
//Resend...
error=1;
}
}

boolean connectWiFi(){
Serial.println("AT+CWMODE=1");
esp8266.println("AT+CWMODE=1");
delay(2000);
String cmd="AT+CWJAP=\"";
cmd+=SSID;
cmd+="\",\"";
cmd+=PASS;
cmd+="\"";
Serial.println(cmd);
esp8266.println(cmd);
delay(5000);
if(esp8266.find("OK")){
Serial.println("OK");
return true;
}else{
return false;
}
}

void interruptSetup(){
TCCR2A = 0x02; // DISABLE PWM ON DIGITAL PINS 3 AND 11, AND GO INTO CTC MODE
TCCR2B = 0x06; // DON'T FORCE COMPARE, 256 PRESCALER
OCR2A = 0X7C; // SET THE TOP OF THE COUNT TO 124 FOR 500Hz SAMPLE RATE
TIMSK2 = 0x02; // ENABLE INTERRUPT ON MATCH BETWEEN TIMER2 AND OCR2A
sei(); // MAKE SURE GLOBAL INTERRUPTS ARE ENABLED
}

ISR(TIMER2_COMPA_vect){ // triggered when Timer2 counts to 124

cli(); // disable interrupts while we do this
Signal = analogRead(pulsePin); // read the Pulse Sensor
sampleCounter += 2; // keep track of the time in mS
int N = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // monitor the time since the last beat to avoid noise

// find the peak and trough of the pulse wave

if(Signal < thresh && N > (IBI/5)*3){ // avoid dichrotic noise by waiting 3/5 of last IBI
if (Signal < T){ // T is the trough
T = Signal; // keep track of lowest point in pulse wave
}
25
}

if(Signal > thresh && Signal > P){ // thresh condition helps avoid noise
P = Signal; // P is the peak
} // keep track of highest point in pulse wave

// NOW IT'S TIME TO LOOK FOR THE HEART BEAT

// signal surges up in value every time there is a pulse
if (N > 250){ // avoid high frequency noise
if ( (Signal > thresh) && (Pulse == false) && (N > (IBI/5)*3) ){
Pulse = true; // set the Pulse flag when there is a pulse
digitalWrite(blinkPin,HIGH); // turn on pin 13 LED
IBI = sampleCounter - lastBeatTime; // time between beats in mS
lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; // keep track of time for next pulse

if(secondBeat){ // if this is the second beat

secondBeat = false; // clear secondBeat flag
for(int i=0; i<=9; i++){ // seed the running total to get a realistic BPM at startup
rate[i] = IBI;
}
}

if(firstBeat){ // if it's the first time beat is found

firstBeat = false; // clear firstBeat flag
secondBeat = true; // set the second beat flag
sei(); // enable interrupts again
return; // IBI value is unreliable so discard it
}
word runningTotal = 0; // clear the runningTotal variable

for(int i=0; i<=8; i++){ // shift data in the rate array

rate[i] = rate[i+1]; // and drop the oldest IBI value
runningTotal += rate[i]; // add up the 9 oldest IBI values
}

rate[9] = IBI; // add the latest IBI to the rate array

runningTotal += rate[9]; // add the latest IBI to runningTotal
runningTotal /= 10; // average the last 10 IBI values
BPM = 60000/runningTotal; // how many beats can fit into a minute? that's BPM!
QS = true; // set Quantified Self flag
// QS FLAG IS NOT CLEARED INSIDE THIS ISR
}
}

if (Signal < thresh && Pulse == true){ // when the values are going down, the beat is over
digitalWrite(blinkPin,LOW); // turn off pin 13 LED
Pulse = false; // reset the Pulse flag so we can do it again
amp = P - T; // get amplitude of the pulse wave
thresh = amp/2 + T; // set thresh at 50% of the amplitude
P = thresh; // reset these for next time
T = thresh;
}
26
 if (N > 2500){ // if 2.5 seconds go by without a beat
thresh = 512; // set thresh default
P = 512; // set P default
T = 512; // set T default
lastBeatTime = sampleCounter; // bring the lastBeatTime up to date
firstBeat = true; // set these to avoid noise
secondBeat = false; // when we get the heartbeat back
}

sei();
// enable interrupts when youre done!
}//

27
7.2 BLYNK CODE
#define BLYNK_PRINT Serial
#include &lt;SPI.h&gt;
#include &lt;ESP8266WiFi.h&gt;
#include &lt;BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h&gt;
#include &lt;SoftwareSerial.h&gt;
#include &lt;SimpleTimer.h&gt;
#include &lt;DHT.h&gt;
WidgetLCD lcd(V5);
char auth[] = &quot; N3DSPIbgRdaMPvtNMdXH0qyCCAMEBV33&quot;;
char ssid[] = &quot;XperiaZ&quot;; // Your WiFi credentials.
char pass[] = &quot;deep8989&quot;; // Set password to &quot;&quot; for open networks.
#define DHTPIN 2
#define DHTTYPE DHT11
long randNumber;
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

40

SimpleTimer timer;
String myString;
char rdata;
String firstVal, secondVal,thirdVal; // sensors
void sendSensor()
{
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature(); // or dht.readTemperature(true) for Fahrenheit
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t))
{
Serial.println(&quot;Failed to read from DHT sensor!&quot;);
return;
}
Blynk.virtualWrite(V6, h); //V6 is for Humidity
Blynk.virtualWrite(V7, t); //V7 is for Temperature
}
void myTimerEvent()
{
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, millis() / 1000);
}
void setup()
{
// Debug console
Serial.begin(9600);
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
timer.setInterval(1000L,sensorvalue1);
Serial.begin(9600); // See the connection status in Serial Monitor
Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass);
dht.begin();
// Setup a function to be called every second
timer.setInterval(1000L, sendSensor);

40
28
randomSeed(analogRead(0));
}
void loop()
{
if (Serial.available() == 0 )
{
Blynk.run();
timer.run(); // Initiates BlynkTimer
}
if (Serial.available() &gt; 0 )
{
rdata = Serial.read();
myString = myString+ rdata;
if( rdata == &#39;\n&#39;)
{
String l = getValue(myString, &#39;,&#39;, 0);
String m = getValue(myString, &#39;,&#39;, 1);
String n = getValue(myString, &#39;,&#39;, 2);
firstVal = l;
secondVal = m;
thirdVal = n;
myString = &quot;&quot;;
// end new code
}
}
}
void sensorvalue1()
{ Blynk.virtualWrite(V3,thirdVal);//BPM
Blynk.virtualWrite(V4,randNumber); //SP02
lcd.clear();
lcd.print(0,0,&quot;HEALTH MONITORING&quot;);

40

//lcd.print(11,0,thirdVal);
lcd.print(0,1,&quot;SYSTEM&quot;);
// lcd.print(11,0,thirdVal);
randNumber = random(95, 100);
//lcd.print(11,1,randNumber);
// delay(2000);
}
String getValue(String data, char separator, int index)
{
int found = 0;
int strIndex[] = { 0, -1 };
int maxIndex = data.length() - 1;

for (int i = 0; i &lt;= maxIndex &amp;&amp; found &lt;= index; i++) {

if (data.charAt(i) == separator || i == maxIndex) {
found++;
strIndex[0] = strIndex[1] + 1;
29
strIndex[1] = (i == maxIndex) ? i+1 : i;
}
}
return found &gt; index ? data.substring(strIndex[0], strIndex[1]) : &quot;&quot;;
}

30
 CHAPTER 8

GRAPHIC INETERFACE, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SYSTEM

Software Testing is a process of executing the application with intent to find any software
bugs. It is used to check whether the application met its expectations and all the
functionalities of the application is working. The final goal of testing is to check whether
the application is behaving in the way it is supposed to under specified conditions. All
aspects of the code are examined to check the quality of application. The primary purpose
of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be uncovered and corrected.
The test cases are designed in such way that scope of finding the bugs is maximum.

8.1 Testing Levels

There are various testing levels based on the specificity of test.

• Unit testing: Unit testing refers to tests conducted on a section of code in order to
verify the functionality of that piece of code. This is done at the function level.

• Integration Testing: Integration testing is any type of software testing that seeks
to verify the interfaces between components against a software design. Its primary
purpose is to expose the defects associated with the interfacing of modules.

• System Testing: System testing tests a completely integrated system to verify that
the system meets its requirements.

• Acceptance testing: Acceptance testing tests the readiness of application,

satisfying all requirements.

• Performance testing: Performance testing is the process of determining the speed

or effectiveness of a computer, network, software program or device such as
response time or millions of instructions per second etc.

31
8.2 System test
A test case is a set of test data, preconditions, expected results and post conditions,
developed for a test scenario to verify compliance against a specific requirement. I have
designed and executed a few test cases to check if the project meets the functional
requirements.

TEST INPUT OUTPUT

PASS/FAIL
CONDITION SPECIFICATION SPECIFICATION
The user is User enters Directs to monitoring PASS
currently on credentials and page
the clicks
Blynk app on login button

Table 8.2.1:Test case 1

TEST INPUT OUTPUT

PASS/FAIL
CONDITION SPECIFICATION SPECIFICATION
The user inputs Vitals values Blynk app displays PASS
the vital values Temperature,
Humidity, BPM and
SP02 readings.

Table 8.2.2: Test case 2

8.3 Performance of the system

Performance of the system can be determined based on the system/application
responsiveness under all kinds of load. Performance testing in IoT framework is little
different than traditional performance testing. An IoT device generates a lot of data which
is saved in server and analyzed for immediate decisions. Hence IoT system must be built

32
for high performance and scalability. And to measure these two key attributes, it is
important to understand the business value for which it is built i.e. in our case patient
health data. Hence it is necessary to simulate realworld models, network conditions etc.

TEST
OUTPUT SPECIFICATION OPTIMAL
CONDITION
Time taken to Micro controller sends data every 20 seconds to TRUE
send sensor data app.Here network plays important role and time
to Blynk app taken to send each record is <30 sec including
response time. But if there is issue with network
bandwidth then performance will be deteriorated
as system takes additional to check network
connectivity and send
data to the app.

Table 8.3.1: Performance

Fig 8.1: Blynk App Interface Fig 8.2: LCD Display

33
8.4 Fault Tolerance
There is chance that any of the above test cases fails in this architecture. Sometimes sensors
may get damaged, run out of power, communication between blynk app and device may be
interrupted due to unavailability of network, ESP8266 module may not fetch information
from board to app may delayed due to network unavailability. Fault tolerance is an ability to
sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruptions due to failures in sensors,
network etc.

34
 CHAPTER 9

Future works and challenges ahead

9.1 Future works
Offering great help to the healthcare domain, the IoMT market is filled with smart
devices like wearables, medical/vital monitors for health care use on the body, in the
home, community, clinic or hospital settings while associating real-time location,
telehealth, and other services.
Furthermore, on-body Segment is divided into two segments- Consumer health wearables
and medical/clinical-grade wearable. Consumer Health Wearables include consumer-
grade devices for personal wellness or fitness, like- activity trackers, bands, wristbands,
sports watches, and smart garments. Companies that operate in this space include Misfit
(Fossil group), Fitbit, Withings, and Samsung Medical.
Clinical-Grade Wearable’s include regulated devices and supporting platforms that are
generally certified/approved for use by one or more regulatory or health authorities, such
as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

In-Home Segment-
The in-home segment includes personal emergency response systems (PERS), remote
patient monitoring (RPM) and telehealth virtual visits.
In-Clinic Segment
This segment includes IoMT devices that are used for administrative or clinical functions.
In-Hospital Segment
This segment is divided into IoMT-enabled devices and a larger group of solutions in
several management areas. With the use of technology-based healthcare methods, there
are unparalleled benefits lining up that can improve the quality and efficiency of
treatments along with improving the health of the patients.

35
9. 2 Challenges ahead

Data Security and Privacy-

As IoT devices and mobile applications capture and transmit data in real-time, it also
comes up with the risk of data security and privacy. Also, most of the IoT devices list in
healthcare lack data protocols and standards and ambiguity regarding data ownership
regulation. Together, all these factors make the data open to cybercrimes, frauds, and
theft and risking Personal Health Information (PhI) of both medics and patients.
Devices and Protocols
Because of no communication protocols and standard, multiple devices certainly act as a
barrier in the implementation of IoT in healthcare domain. Thus, no matter if the devices
are connected, there will always be a difference in the communication protocol that
complicates and hinders the whole process of data interactions.
Accuracy and Data Overload
Because of various protocols and standards, data aggregation becomes difficult. Due to
the tremendous amount of data collected by mobile applications and IoT based devices, it
becomes difficult for medics to take quality decisions on time.
Cost
In many ways, IoT is leading the race but till now it is not that affordable to the common
man as that for big healthcare organizations.
Connectivity
As IoT devices rely and run on the internet, not having Wi-Fi connectivity in areas where
IoT is needed the most will flop the idea of IoT devices. Hospitals having no connectivity
are still possible but on patients’ front, there is no guarantee of the same.
24/7 Availability
Though this is the last challenge to adopting IoT in healthcare in this blog but certainly it
is not the last one. IoT devices operate 24*7*365 days, it becomes the responsibility of
healthcare institutions to provide round-the-clock maintenance. And if they fail to do so,
it will become difficult to receive patients’ information on time accurately.

36
 CHAPTER 10
Conclusion
10. 1 Conclusion
As the technological demands are increasing, the medical systems have been updated
with the new advanced technologies (i.e., smart medical systems); however, there are still
several challenges, such as to carry the remotely located information and the remote
connectivity issues, mainly present in the healthcare systems. Alongside with this, the
cost is also a big issue, rising while updating the existing systems with the new
developments. Therefore, the cloud computing platform is one of the best solutions in the
current age to fight against the issues. In this study, based on the medical organizational
specifications and requirements for communication, including the security requirements,
private cloud computing environment is designed and modelled where the medical
information of heart patients who under registered or resided in the hospital, inside of the
medical ward and outside of the medical ward in the premises of the hospital, is accessed
and monitored in real-time manners. Biomedical engineering is the application of
engineering principles and techniques to the medical field. It combines design and
problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve
patient’s health care and the quality of life of individuals. A medical device is intended
for use in the diagnosis, or in the cure, treatment, or prevention of diseases. This work
proposes and focuses on the heart beat rate and body temperature monitoring system that
is able to monitor the condition of the patient. The system determines the pulse rate and
body temperature per minute or as per the time specified and then sends it to an android
application. The data is also stored in the database. Thus, the doctors can monitor and
diagnose the patient’s condition continuously and could suggest earlier precaution for the
patients themselves. This system is cost effective and user friendly and thus its usage is
not restricted or limited to any class of users. It is a very efficient system and very easy to
handle and thus provides great flexibility and serves as a great improvement over other
conventional monitoring systems. In future: By using capacitive touch screen the system
can be implemented in hospitals to maintain patient’s data. Voice alerts can be used to
initiate the various controlling of devices and their status of operation.

37
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_de
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[3] ―UML - Standard Diagrams‖

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/uml/uml_standard_diagrams.
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38
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39