Detailing of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures 17 4 PDF Free

Detailing of Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures
Volume (2)
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

MSc - Ain Shams University MSc - Ain Shams University
Structural design consultant
Detailing of
Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures
Authorship
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib.
MSc - Ain Shams University
١
Detailing of Reinforcement
in Concrete Structures
Volume (2)
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib

Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

Eng. Aly Magdy Abdou

Construction consultant
Eng. Mohamed Abd El_Fattah Bakr
Eng. Ahmed Fouad El-Taib
First Edition
2020
٢
٣
Introduction
In the past 30 years’ new methods of design and construction and materials
have been developed that required new code provisions., and this has been
particularly true of reinforcing steel. "Detailing of Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures" Handbook provides information about the use of steel
reinforcement when embedded in normal reinforced concrete., Post-
earthquake damage investigation over 30 years have provided valuable
lessons over the importance of reinforcement detailing., For severe
earthquake loading, it is inevitable that neglected details lead to major
problems., The designer must be aware of the importance of proper details
for seismic resistance. In addition, the construction practices so that the
structure is built according to design., This book gives recommendations for
detailing practices related to design and construction of reinforced concrete
structures systems (such as, connections, splices, shear reinforcement, etc.).,
this book has permission from Engineering Consulting Office Prof. Dr.
Hesham M. Helmy
This book presents Detailing of Reinforcement using the provisions of ECP
203 / 2007., The book is one Volume "Volume (2)" deals with the
provisions of ECP 203 / 2007 Code,Volume (2) divided into 14 chapters:
Chapter (1) deals with Properties of materials and the general requirements
for reinforcement detailing in concrete, Chapter (2) cover the reinforcement
detailing of stairs, Chapter (3) cover the reinforcement detailing of retaining
walls, Chapter (4) cover the Reinforcement Detailing of Swimming Pools,
Chapter (5) cover the reinforcement detailing of concrete tanks, Chapter (6)
cover Examples of Reinforced Concrete Fences, Chapter (7) cover
Examples of Reinforced Concrete Silos, Chapter (8) cover the
Reinforcement Detailing of FOLDED PLATES, Chapter (9) cover the
Reinforcement Detailing of Domes, , Chapter (10) cover the Reinforcement
Detailing of Deep Beams, , Chapter (11) cover the Reinforcement Detailing
٤
of Girders, , Chapter (12) cover the Reinforcement Detailing of Frames, ,
Chapter (13) cover the Reinforcement Detailing of Slab on Grade and
Grade Slabs, Chapter (14) cover the D
etailing of Joints in Reinforced Concrete Structures,
٥
Acknowledgements
The author wish to express his appreciation to family, wife, friends, Eng.
Esmaeel El Ansary, especially Dr. Hesham Mohamed Helmy who have
assisted in developments of this book by suggesting relevant changes.
The author has received a great deal of assistance, encouragement and
inspiration from practicing engineers and contractors, particularly those
for whom he has act as consultant.
٦
٧
Volume (2)
Provisions of ECP 203 / 2007

Code
٨
٩
TABLE OF CONTENTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter (1)
Properties of materials and general requirements for

reinforcement detailing in concrete
Chapter (2)
Reinforcement Detailing of Stairs
Chapter (3)
Reinforcement Detailing of Retaining Walls
Chapter (4)
Reinforcement Detailing of Swimming Pools
Chapter (5)
Reinforcement Detailing of tanks
Chapter (6)
Examples of Reinforced Concrete Fences
Chapter (7)
Examples of Reinforced Concrete Silos
Chapter (8)
Reinforcement Detailing of Folded Plates
Chapter (9)
Reinforcement Detailing of Domes
Chapter (10)
Reinforcement Detailing of Deep Beams
١٠
Chapter (11)
Reinforcement Detailing of Girders
Chapter (12)
Reinforcement Detailing of Frames
Chapter (13)
Reinforcement Detailing of Slab on Grade and Grade Slabs
Chapter (14)
Detailing of Joints in Reinforced Concrete Structures
١١
١٣
1-REINFORCEMENT STEEL
Steel reinforcement bar is also known as rebar, reinforcing bar,
reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel. It is a versatile constructional
material which is widely used in the construction industry for making of
the reinforced concrete. Reinforcement concrete (RC) is a composite
material made up of concrete and some form of reinforcement – most
commonly steel rods, bars, wires or mesh of steel rods and steel wires.
The steel reinforcement bars usually consist of such shape and size that
they may easily be bent and placed in the concrete so as to form a
monolithic structure., The properties of thermal expansion for both steel
and concrete are approximately the same. This along with excellent bend
ability property makes steel the best material as reinforcement in
concrete structures. Another reason steel works effectively as
reinforcement is that it bonds well with concrete. When steel bars are
employed., The designer needs to determine, not only the amount of
reinforcement to be used, but how it is to be distributed and where it is
to be positioned. These decisions of the designer are critical to the
successful performance of reinforced concrete and it is imperative that,
during construction, reinforcement be positioned exactly as specified by
the designer.
١٤
Chapter (1)
Properties of Materials and General

Requirements for Reinforcement
Detailing in Concrete
١٢
1.1 TYPES OF REINFORCING STEEL
1.1.1Normal Mild Steel " "
Mild steel is smooth and has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and
easy to form.see Fig. (1-1)
1.1.2 High Tensile Steel " , "
High tensile steel is deformed steel bar for concrete reinforcement is also called
ribbed steel bar. This kind of steel bar usually has vertical rib and transverse rib on
surface. see Fig. (1-2)
Figure 1-1. Normal mild steel
١٥
Figure 1-2. High Tensile Steel
1.1.3 Welded Wire Mesh " "
Welded wire mesh, or welded wire fabric, or "weld mesh" is an electric fusion
welded prefabricated joined grid consisting of a series of parallel longitudinal wires
with accurate spacing welded to cross wires at the required spacing.
Machines are used to produce the mesh with precise dimensional control and the
product can result in considerable savings in time, labor and money.
see Fig. (1-3)
١٦
Figure 1-3. Welded Wire mesh
١٧
2-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL TYPES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL TYPES
Ultimate
Yield stress tensile
Bar Elongation
Steel type Grade Symbol N/mm stress
surface percent
(min.) N/mm
(min.)
Normal
smooth 350/240 240 350 20
mild steel
High 520/360 360 520 12
Tensile deformed
Steel 600/400 400 600 10
Cold
Smooth or
formed
deformed 520/450 450 520 8
welded
ribbed
wire mesh
3-STEEL BARS WEIGHT, CIRCUMFERENCE, AND AREAS

STEEL BARS WEIGHT, CIRCUMFERENCE, AND AREAS
Diam. Weight
Circum. Area of cross-sec on in cm2
mm Kg/m
6 0.222 1.88 0.283
8 0.395 2.51 0.503
10 0.617 3.14 0.785
12 0.888 3.77 1.13
14 1.21 4.40 1.54
16 1.58 5.03 2.01
18 2.00 5.65 2.54
20 2.47 6.28 3.14
22 2.98 6.91 3.80
25 3.85 7.85 4.91
28 4.83 8.80 6.16
32 6.31 10.05 8.04
38 8.90 11.94 11.3
40 9.86 12.56 12.56
١٨
4-CONCRETE COVER FOR REINFORCEMENT
Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion
and to provide resistance against fire. The thickness of cover depends on
environmental conditions and type of structural member. The minimum thickness
of reinforcement cover is indicated in the drawings, or shall be obtained from the
relevant code of practice. Below are the specifications for reinforcement cover for
different structural members in different conditions.
4.1 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement to resisting Fire
Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" **
Fire resistance rating 0.5 hr 1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr
Minimum cover for column 20* 20 20 25 25 25
Minimum cover for simple beam 20* 20 30 45 60 70
Minimum cover for cont. beam 20* 20* 25 40 50 60
Minimum cover for simple slab 15 20 25 35 45 55
Minimum cover for cont. slab 15 20 20 25 35 45
Minimum 0.4% << 1% 25 25 25 25 25 25

cover for
wall  > 1% 15 15 25 25 25 25
 = longitudinal reinforcement ratio in wall.
* Minimum cover may be 15 mm, if maximum nominal aggregate not more than
15 mm.
* * Minimum cover for reinforcement related to element dim. And may be
changed according to the aggregate types.
١٩
Minimum cover must be bigger than the max. diameter of reinforcing steel. For
bundled bars, minimum specified concrete cover shall not less than equivalent
diameter of the bundle, (equivalent diameter "e" for 2 bars bundle = 1.4bar and
for 3 bar bundle = 1.7bar).
4.2 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement according to the

degree of exposure of concrete tension surface to the environmental effects.
Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" *
All element except solid

solid slabs and walls
slabs and walls
Category
FcuG25 Fcu>25 Fcu G 25 Fcu>25
One 25 20 20 20
Two 30 25 25 20
Three 35 30 30 35
Four 45 40 40 35
* Minimum cover must be bigger than the max. diameter of reinforcing steel.
For bundled bars, minimum specified concrete cover shall not less than
equivalent diameter of the bundle.
٢٠
5-SPACING AND ARRANGEMENT OF BARS
Spacing of reinforcement and the concrete cover should be sufficient to make
concreting easier; consequently, the concrete surrounding the reinforcement can be
efficiently vibrated, resulting in a dense concrete cover which provides suitable
protection of the reinforcement against corrosion., Spacing (clear distance "s")
between bars must be as follows: Minimum Spacing for members with parallel bars
in a layer, the clear spacing between bars must be at least one bar diameter, or
25mm, or 1.33 times maximum nominal aggregate, whichever is greatest. see Fig.
(1-4 and 1-5)., The limitations on nominal maximum aggregate size may be waived
if the workability and methods of consolidation of the concrete are such that the
concrete can be placed without honeycomb or voids. The licensed design
professional must decide whether the limitations on maximum size of aggregate
may be waived., For reinforcement in two or more layers, bars in the upper layers
must be directly above bars in the bottom layer, with at least 25mm. see Fig. (1-4
and 1-5)., For spirally reinforced and tied reinforced compression members (e.g.
columns), the clear distance between longitudinal bars must be at least 1.5 bar
diameters, but not less than 40mm. These spacing requirements also apply to clear
distance between contact-lap-spliced single or bundled bars and adjacent splices or
bars., Maximum Spacing in walls and slabs other than concrete joists, primary
flexural reinforcement must not be spaced greater than 200mm.
٢١
Figure 1-4. Spacing of steel bars (a) one row, (b) two rows and
(c) column with offset corner bars
Figure1-5. Spacing of steel bars in two rows.
٢٢
6-DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, EMBEDMENT LENGTH AND SPLICES OF
REINFORCEMENT
6.1 Development Length " Ld "
The development length may be defined as the length of the bar required on either
side of the section to develop the required stress (point of maximum stress) in steel
at that section, if this point is in the mid span of the beam then it can develop on
both sides but if the maximum stress is at the end (like cantilevers) then
we need to provide extra length beyond the end support center line. If this extra
anchoring length is straight which is not beyond the nominal cover of the end
support then its same as development length and if this extra anchoring is beyond
the nominal cover of the end support, then it is not straight bar i.e. with hooks then
it is called as anchorage length which is used to provide full development length.
Extra development length is required in case of bundled bars than that required for
an individual bar because the grouping makes it more difficult to mobilize bond
resistance from the core between the bars.
Development Length Ld shall be determined from equation (1-1).
Ld = Fy / s / (4Fbu) (1-1)

Fbu = 0.3√ Fcu / c N/mm2
Where:
 = nominal diameter of bar.
 = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete below it more than 300 mm and 1.0. for other
cases.
 = correction factor for shape of bar end (with or without hooks). see
table (1-2).
٢٣
 = correction factor for type of bar surface (smooth or deformed). see
table (1-3).
Ld- should not be less than "400mm or 35which bigger" for smooth bar and not
be less than "300mm or 40which bigger" for deformed bar.
Development Length "Ld" can be taken from table (1-1), for  = 1.0 and_ Fcu
> 20 N/mm2
TABLE (1-1) Development Length "Ld" as multiplier of  (= 1.0) **
Type of steel
Smooth bars with hooks Fy Deformed bars (straight)

Fcu =240 N/mm2 Fy =360 or 400 N/mm2 *
N/mm2
Bars in Bars in
Bars in tension Bars in tension
compression compression
20 38 35 60 40
25 36 35 55 40
30 35 35 50 40
35 35 35 45 40
40 35 35 42 40
H45 35 35 40 40
* In case of deformed bar ends with hooks Ld multiplied by 0.75.

** The above values should be multiplied by = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete
below it more than 300 mm.
٢٤
TABLE (1-2) values of coefficient
TABLE (1-3) values of coefficient 
Type of steel Bars in tension Bars in compression

Smooth bars 1.00 0.70
Deformed bars  0.75 0.45
Deformed bars within 2 bar bundle 1.10 0.75
Deformed bars within 3 bar bundle 1.20 0.80
٢٥
6.2 Development Length "Ld"for Straight Deformed Bars in Tension Using
Eq. (1-1) in Cm.
Ld = Fy / s / (4 Fbu) (1-1)

Fbu = 0.3√ Fcu / c N/mm2
s = 1.15
c = 1.5
 = nominal diameter of bar.
 = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete below it more than 300 mm and 1.0 for
other cases.
 = from table (1-2) = 1.00 for Bars in tension.
 = from table (1-3) = 0.75 for Bars in tension.
Table (1-4) shows the values of Development Length "Ldt" for Straight Deformed
Bars Using Eq. (1-1) In Cm *
Fcu Fy  = nominal diameter of bar.mm

N/mm N/mm2
2
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
25 48 58 67 77 86 96 105 120
30 44 52 61 70 79 87 96 109
35 360 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 101
40 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100
45 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100
25 53 64 75 85 96 106 117 133
30 49 58 68 78 87 97 107 122
35 400 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 113
40 42 51 59 67 76 84 93 105
45 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 100
* *In case of deformed bar in compression Ldc = 40
* The above values should be multiplied by = 1.3 for top bars. With concrete
below it more than 300 mm.
٢٦
7-REINFORCEMENT SPLICES
Reinforcement splices is not preferable, and must be executed according to
workshop drawing or under engineering supervision, bars must not have spliced in
high stresses zones., Reinforced concrete structures are designed to behave
monolithically. Properly designed splices of individual reinforcing bars are a key
element in transmitting forces through the structure and creating a load path. The
engineer provides location, lap length, and related information on structural
drawings., There are three methods of splicing reinforcing bar: lap splices,
mechanical splices, and welded splices. Lap splices are the most common. Lap
splices are typically used for smaller-diameter method (28mm or smaller)
reinforcing bars., When there is not enough space for a lap splice, mechanical or
welded splices are used.
7.1 Lap Splices
A lap is when two pieces of rebar are overlapped to create a continuous line of
rebar. The length of the lap varies depend on concrete strength, the rebar grade,
size, and spacing.
٢٧
Contact splices in which the bars touch and are wired together are preferred because
they are more secure against displacement during construction. Non-contact lap-
spliced bars should not be spaced too far apart., Where reinforcing bars of two sizes
are lap-spliced in tension, industry practice is to use the larger of the tension lap
splice length for the smaller bar, or the tension development length for the larger
bar. When bars of different sizes are lap-spliced in compression, the lap splice
length must be the larger of the compression development length of the larger bar
or the compression lap splice length of the smaller bar., Lap splices of bundled bars
should be based on the lap splice length recommended for individual bars of the
same size, and individual splices within the bundle should not overlap each other.
The length of lap should be increased 20% for a 3-bar bundle and 33% for a 4-bar
bundle. Bar laps should be securely wire-tied together to maintain the alignment of
the bars and to provide minimum concrete cover. In lap splices, bars may be contact
each other or not contact each other see Fig. (1-6 and 1-7).
For bars subjected to tension forces in flexural, lap splices must be staggered where
the area of spliced bars at any section must be less than 25% of total area of bars at
this section and the distance between the axes of lap splices must not be less than
1.3 splice length as in. Fig. (1-7). It is preferable that reinforcement area at splice
section equals to twice the required area, and the details in Fig. (1-7) should be
considered. see Fig. (1-6 and 1-7).
Length of lap splices (for bars subjected to tension or compression) equals to
development length (Ld), but if reinforcement at splice section is less than twice of
the required reinforcement, in this case length of lap splice is taken (1.3 Ld).
٢٨
It is not preferable to use lap splices for elements subjected to axial tension or
eccentric tension produces tensile stresses all over the section, in this case it is
preferable to splice reinforcement by using weld (if it is allowed) or mechanical
splices.
Figure 1-6. (a) contact bars, (b) non-contact bars
Figure1-7. Lap splices Details.
7.2 Mechanical Splices
There are three basic categories of mechanical splices, "tension-compression,"
which can resist both tensile and compressive forces,"compression only," also
٢٩
known as the "end-bearing" mechanical splice, and "tension only"., There are
various types of mechanical splices are supplied by a number of manufacturers
across many countries (like Shear Screw Coupler Sleeve and Cold-Swaged
Coupling Sleeve). see Fig. (1-8)., Mechanical splice must resist tensile or
compressive stress not less than 125% of the specified minimum yield strength of
the spliced bars., For tensioned bars, mechanical splices must be staggered where
the area of the splices bars at any section must be less than 25% of the total area of
bars at that section.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1-8. (a) Shear Screw Coupler Sleeve, (b) Cold-Swaged Coupling Sleeve
٣٠
7.3 Welded Splices
It is allowed to splice bars by using weld according to standard specifications for
weld at points of interlocking between any two bars taking into consideration that
the axes of the two bars must be on the same line, Weld section must resist tensile
or compressive stress not less than 125% of the specified minimum yield strength
of the spliced bars., Electrical weld is only used in welding the splice., It is not
allowed to use weld in a distance less than 100mm from the start point of bar
rotation, and the inner diameter of rotation must not be less than
(12 times bar diameter)., It is not allowed to use weld splice for cold treated bars
before using a thermal curing for weld zone., it is not allowed to use weld splice in
structures subjected to frequent dynamic load., For tensioned bars, weld splices
must be staggered where the area of the splices bars at any section must be less
than 25% of the total area of bars at that section.
٣١
8-STANDARD HOOKS
The requirements for standard hooks for reinforcing bars are illustrated in Fig. (1-
9) shows the requirements for primary reinforcement while Fig. (1-10) is for
stirrups and ties. The standard hook details for stirrups and ties apply to 25mm and
smaller bar sizes only.
Figure 1-9. Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement
Figure 1-10. Standard Hooks for stirrups and ties
8.1 Minimum Bend Diameter "D "
D = 4 (Normal mild steel)

D = 6 for Bars Diameter G 25mm (High Tensile Steel)
D = 8for Bars Diameter > 25mm (High Tensile Steel)
٣٢
Table (1-5) Addi onal Length "S mm" to form Standard Hooks
Standard Diameter
Hooks mm
Fy 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25
Shape
N/mm2
240 60 80 100 110 130 150 170 180 200 220
360 80 110 130 160 190 210 240 260 290 230
240 70 90 120 140 160 180 200 220 250 280
360 80 100 120 150 170 200 220 240 270 300
240 80 110 130 160 180 210 240 260 290 330
360 90 110 140 170 190 220 250 270 300 340
8.2 Field Bending of Reinforcing Bars
Reinforcing bars partially embedded in concrete are frequently subjected to
bending and straightening in the field., Protruding bars often must be bent to
provide clearance for construction operations., Field bending and straightening
may also be required because of incorrect fabrication or accidental bending., Bars
partially embedded in concrete must not be field bent without authorization of the
licensed design professional unless shown on the plans, any bend should be
limitedto 90 degrees.
٣٣
Chapter (2)
Reinforcement Detailing of
Stairs
٣٤
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF STAIRS
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure.
Staircases consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide
comfort and safety for the users.
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slabs of stairs
For minimum flexural reinforcement, see table (2-1)
Table (2-1) shows the minimum flexural reinforcement values
Fy
minimum flexural reinforcement
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
1.2 spacing of reinforcement
To control flexural cracking in solid slabs, the concrete structural standard required
the maximum spacing of tension reinforcement to be limited.
1.3 common types of stairs
see Fig. (2-1: 2-33).
٣٥
Figure 2-1. straight stair with two flights - spanning longitudinally
Figure 2-2. straight stair with a single flight - spanning longitudinally
٣٦
(case 1)
٣٧
(case 2)
٣٨
(case 3)
٣٩
(case 4)
٤٠
(case 5)
٤١
(case 6)
٤٢
flexible or semi rigid support (case 7)
٤٣
rigid support (case 7)
٤٤
٤٥
٤٦
٤٧
٤٨
(case 10)
٤٩
(case 11)
٥٠
(case 12)
٥١
Figure 2-18. cantilever stairs
٥٢
Figure 2-19. cantilever stairs
٥٣
Figure 2-20. cantilever stairs - Details
٥٤
Figure 2-21. Floating stairs - Details
٥٥
Figure 2-22. Sawtooth stairs
٥٦
Figure 2-23. Sawtooth stairs
٥٧
Figure 2-24. Sawtooth stairs - Details
٥٨
Figure 2-25. traditional staircase
٥٩
Figure 2-26. traditional staircase - Details
٦٠
Figure 2-27. traditional staircase
٦١
Figure 2-28. cantilever stairs from beam
٦٢
Figure 2-29. cantilever stairs from beam – Details
٦٣
Figure 2-30. Helical stairs
٦٤
٦٥
٦٦
Figure 2-33. Helical stairs - Details
٦٧
Chapter (3)
Retaining walls
٦٨
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF RETAINING WALLS
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it
can be retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures
designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a
steep, near-vertical or vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two
different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in
areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for more
specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slabs of retaining walls
Fy
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
1.3 common types of retaining walls
see Fig. (3-1: 2-26).
٦٩
Figure 3-1. Cantilever retaining wall
٧٠
٧١
Figure 3-3. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – RIGID BASE - (case 1)
٧٢
٧٣
٧٤
Figure 3-6. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – FLEXIBLE BASE - (case 1)
٧٥
٧٦
٧٧
Figure 3-9. Cantilever retaining wall – Dowels Details
٧٨
٧٩
Figure 3-11-A. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – RIGID BASE
٨٠
Figure 3-11-B. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – RIGID BASE
٨١
Figure 3-11-C. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – RIGID BASE - (case 1)
٨٢
٨٣
٨٤
Figure 3-12-A. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – FLEXIBLE BASE
٨٥
Figure 3-12-B. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – FLEXIBLE BASE
٨٦
Figure 3-12-C. Cantilever retaining wall – Details – FLEXIBLE BASE - (case 1)
٨٧
٨٨
٨٩
Figure 3-13. Counterfort retaining wall
(permission of Consulting Office, Prof. Dr. Hesham Helmy)
٩٠
Figure 3-14. Counterfort retaining wall
٩١
Figure 3-15 - A. Counterfort retaining wall – Details
٩٢
Figure 3-15 - B. Counterfort retaining wall – Details
٩٣
Figure 3-16. Buttress retaining wall
٩٤
Figure 3-17 - A. Buttress retaining wall – Details
٩٥
Figure 3-17 - B. Buttress retaining wall – Details
٩٦
Figure 3-18. proper basement retaining wall
٩٧
Figure 3-19. proper basement retaining wall – Details (case 1)
٩٨
Figure 3-20. proper basement retaining wall – Details (case 2)
٩٩
Figure 3-21. Retaining Wall Soil Shear Key – Details
١٠٠
Figure 3-22-A. Retaining Wall with two cantilevers – Example
١٠١
Figure 3-22-B. Retaining Wall with two cantilevers – Example
١٠٢
Figure 3-23-A. Retaining Wall with counterfort and two cantilevers – Example
١٠٣
Figure 3-23-B. Retaining Wall with counterfort and two cantilevers – Example
١٠٤
Figure 3-23-C. Retaining Wall with counterfort and two cantilevers – Example
١٠٥
Figure 3-24-A. Retaining Wall with counterfort – Example
١٠٦
Figure 3-24-B. Retaining Wall with counterfort – Example
١٠٧
Figure 3-24-C. Retaining Wall with counterfort – Example
١٠٨
١٠٩
Figure 3-25. proper basement retaining wall – Example
١١٠
Figure 3-26. TYPICAL DETAIL FOR VERTICAL
REINF. IN WALLS WITH HOOKS
١١١
Chapter (4)
Swimming Pools
١١٢
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF SWIMMING POOLS
A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, paddling pool, or simply pool is
a structure designed to hold water to enable swimming or other leisure activities.
Pools can be built into the ground (in-ground pools) or built above ground (as a
freestanding construction or as part of a building or other larger structure), and are
also a common feature aboard ocean-liners and cruise ships. In-ground pools are
most commonly constructed from materials such as concrete, natural stone, metal,
plastic, or fiberglass, and can be of a custom size and shape or built to a
standardized size, the largest of which is the Olympic-size swimming pool.
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slabs of swimming pools
Fy
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
1.3 common types of swimming pools
see Fig. (4-1: 4-6).
١١٣
Figure 4-1. swimming pools
١١٤
Figure 4-2 - A. Rectangular Swimming Pools – Details
١١٥
Figure 4-2 - B. Rectangular Swimming Pools – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١١٦
Figure 4-2 - C. Rectangular Swimming Pools – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١١٧
Figure 4-2 - D. Rectangular Swimming Pools – SEC 2 – 2 - Details
١١٨
Figure 4-2 - E. Rectangular Swimming Pools – SEC 2 – 2 - Details
١١٩
Figure 4-2 – F. Rectangular Swimming Pools – SEC 2 – 2 - Details
١٢٠
Figure 4-2 – G. Rectangular Swimming Pools – HRZ. _RFT. - Details
١٢١
Figure 4-2 – H. Rectangular Swimming Pools – HRZ. _RFT. - Details
١٢٢
Figure 4-3. Cantilever wall – Dowels Details
١٢٣
Figure 4-4 – A. Circular Swimming Pools – Details
١٢٤
Figure 4-4 - B. Circular Swimming Pools – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٢٥
Figure 4-4 - C. Circular Swimming Pools – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٢٦
Figure 4-4 - D. Circular Swimming Pools – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٢٧
١٢٨
١٢٩
Chapter (5)
Concrete tanks
١٣٠
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF CONCRETE TANKS
Concrete Tanks. Using concrete water tanks for storage and protection has many
benefits. It keeps water cool and clean and these structures are almost
indestructible. It can't be blown away, burnt or damaged in any significant way.
In short, concrete tanks are built to last.
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in solid slabs of concrete tanks
Fy
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
1.3 common types of concrete tanks
see Fig. (5-1: 5-12).
١٣١
Figure 5-1 Concrete Tanks
١٣٢
Figure 5-2 - A. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٣٣
Figure 5-2 - B. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٣٤
Figure 5-2 - C. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٣٥
Figure 5-2 - D. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – HRZ. RFT. - Details
١٣٦
Figure 5-3 - A. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٣٧
Figure 5-3 - B. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٣٨
Figure 5-3 - C. Under Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٣٩
١٤٠
Figure 5-4 - A. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٤١
Figure 5-4 – B. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٤٢
Figure 5-4 – C. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٤٣
١٤٤
Figure 5-5 - A. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٤٥
Figure 5-5 – B. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٤٦
Figure 5-5 – C. Rested on Ground - Rectangular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٤٧
١٤٨
Figure 5-6 - A. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٤٩
Figure 5-6 – B. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٥٠
Figure 5-6 – C. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٥١
Figure 5-6 – D. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT BOTT. RFT- Details
١٥٢
Figure 5-6 – E. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT TOP. RFT- Details
١٥٣
Figure 5-7 - A. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٥٤
Figure 5-7 – B. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٥٥
Figure 5-7 – C. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٥٦
Figure 5-7 – D. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT BOTT. RFT- Details
١٥٧
Figure 5-7 – E. Under Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT TOP. RFT- Details
١٥٨
Figure 5-8 - A. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٥٩
Figure 5-8 – B. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 – Details
١٦٠
Figure 5-8 – C. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٦١
Figure 5-8 – D Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT BOTT. RFT- Details
١٦٢
Figure 5-8 – E. Rested on r Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT TOP. RFT- Details
١٦٣
Figure 5-9 - A. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – Details
١٦٤
Figure 5-9 – B. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 – Details
١٦٥
Figure 5-9 – C. Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – SEC 1 – 1 - Details
١٦٦
Figure 5-9 – D Rested on Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT BOTT. RFT- Details
١٦٧
Figure 5-9 – E. Rested on r Ground - Circular Concrete Tanks – RAFT TOP. RFT- Details
١٦٨
Figure 5-10 – A. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٦٩
Figure 5-10 – B. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٠
Figure 5-10 – C. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d – EXAMPLE
١٧١
Figure 5-10 – D. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٢
Figure 5-10 – E. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٣
Figure 5-10 – F. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٤
Figure 5-10 – G. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٥
Figure 5-10 – H. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d – EXAMPLE
١٧٦
Figure 5-10 – K. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٧
Figure 5-10 – L. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٨
Figure 5-10 – M. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (2X100) m /d - EXAMPLE
١٧٩
Figure 5-11-1. Elevated Tanks
١٨٠
١٨١
١٨٢
Figure 5-11 - A. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٣
Figure 5-11 - B. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٤
Figure 5-11 - C. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٥
Figure 5-11 - D. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٦
Figure 5-12 - A. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٧
Figure 5-12 - B. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٨
Figure 5-12 - C. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٨٩
Figure 5-12 - D. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٠
Figure 5-12 - E. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩١
Figure 5-12 - F. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٢
Figure 5-12 - G. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٣
Figure 5-12 - H. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٤
Figure 5-12 - K. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٥
Figure 5-12 - L. Elevated Tanks – Details
١٩٦
Chapter (6)
Reinforced Concrete
Fences
Example
١٩٧
1- REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF CONCRETE FENCES
a fence is a freestanding structure designed to define a boundary or property line,
to prevent access, or to provide a visual screen or both. ... They were made by
pouring concrete into steel trays or “pan” molds which had a pattern on the bottom.
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in footing of concrete fence
Fy
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
To control flexural cracking in footing of concrete fence and columns, the concrete
structural standard required the maximum spacing of tension reinforcement to be
limited.
1.3 for examples of concrete fences
see Fig. (6-1: 6-5).
١٩٨
Figure 6-1 – Concrete Fences
١٩٩
Figure 6-2. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٠
Figure 6-3 – A. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠١
Figure 6-3 – B. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٢
Figure 6-3 – C. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٣
Figure 6-3 – D. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٤
Figure 6-4 – A. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٥
Figure 6-4 – B. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٦
Figure 6-4 – C. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٧
Figure 6-5. Concrete Fences - EXAMPLE
٢٠٨
Detailing of Reinforcement in
Concrete Structures
Volume (2)
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

MSc - Ain Shams University MSc - Ain Shams University
Deposit no 2662 / 2020

ISBN 978-977-90 – 6887-9
Chapter (7)
Reinforced Concrete Silos
Example
٢٠٩
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE SILOS
Reinforced concrete silos and bunkers are commonly used structures for large storage of
different materials. These structures are highly vulnerable when subjected to intense seismic
forces. Available guidelines for analysis and design of these structures require special design
skills and code procedures.
some problems connected with causes of reinforced concrete silos failure. Reinforced concrete
silos and other shells were built for decades. Vitality i.e. durability of cracked silo walls are one
of the most important parameters during designing process, constructional and exploitation
time of these shells. Some reasons of appearance of horizontal and vertical cracks as
temperature, pressure of stored material, live loads e.g. wind, dynamic character of wind,
moisture, influence of construction joints, thermal insulation, chemistry active environmental
etc. reduce the carrying capacity of the walls of the silos and causes lower the state of
reliability. Horizontal and vertical cracks can cause corrosion of concrete and steel bars,
decreasing stiffness of contraction, bigger deflection, increasing of carbonation of concrete
cover and dank of concrete wall. Horizontal and vertical cracks allow condensate water
infiltrates into wall. Local and global imperfactions of concrete shells are increasing according
to greater number of cracks. Taking into account these facts, reducing of strength parameters
reduce the service life of the whole reinforced concrete structure causing failure status.
1.1 Minimum flexural reinforcement in slabs of concrete silos
Fy
N/mm2
240 0.25% *100*T
360 0.167%*100*d
400 0.15%*100*d
٢١٠
To control flexural cracking in slabs of concrete silos, the concrete structural

standard required the maximum spacing of tension reinforcement to be limited.
1.3 for examples of concrete silos
see Fig. (7-1: 7-2).
٢١١
Figure 7-1. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos
٢١٢
Figure 7-2 – A. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos – EXAMPLE
٢١٣
Figure 7-2 – B. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos – Hooper – EXAMPLE
٢١٤
Figure 7-2 – C. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos – COLs & WALLs – EXAMPLE
٢١٥
Figure 7-2 – D. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos – Hooper RFT. – EXAMPLE
٢١٦
Figure 7-2 – E. Reinforced Concrete - Cone-bottom silos – Hooper RFT. - EXAMPLE
٢١٧
Chapter (8)
FOLDED PLATES
٢١٨
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE FOLDED PLATES
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs, inclined in different directions
and joined along their longitudinal edges. In this way the structural system is capable of
carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges. This
technique originated in Germany in the 1920s and became popular in Russia and the United
States during the 1930s to construct roofs for industrial warehouses and public buildings.
Modern folded plate structures are typically made of cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete.
There are several benefits of folded plate construction. They are simpler to manufacture than
other shells such as cylindrical shells, with relatively simple formwork required, and usually
use less material. However, folded plates require more materials than curved shells since there
is normally more bending involved.
Folded plate structures have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-carrying capacity which makes
them economical over long spans that need to be free of internal columns and other
obstructions.
see Fig. (8-1: 8-3).
٢١٩
Figure 8-1. Folded Plates
٢٢٠
Figure 8-2-A. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢١
Figure 8-2-B. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٢
Figure 8-2-C. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٣
Figure 8-2-D. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٤
Figure 8-2-E. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٥
Figure 8-3-A. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٦
Figure 8-3-B. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٧
Figure 8-3-C. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٨
Figure 8-3-D. Folded Plates – Details
٢٢٩
Chapter (9)
DOMES
٢٣٠
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE DOMES
A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve about one
of its
axes. The shape of the dome depends up on the type of the curve and direction of the axis of
revolution. The roof is
curved and used to cover large storey buildings. The shell roof is useful when inside of the
building is open and
does not contain walls or pillars. Domes are used in variety of structures such as roof of circular
areas, circular
tanks, exhibition halls, auditoriums etc. Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber
and reinforced cement concrete.
see Fig. (9-1: 9-3).
٢٣١
Figure 9-1. Concrete Domes
٢٣٢
Figure 9-2-A. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٣
Figure 9-2-B. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٤
Figure 9-2-C. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٥
Figure 9-2-D. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٦
Figure 9-2-E. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٧
Figure 9-2-F. Concrete Domes – Details
٢٣٨
Figure 9-3-A. Concrete Domes – EXAMPLE
٢٣٩
Figure 9-3-B. Concrete Domes – EXAMPLE
٢٤٠
Figure 9-3-C. Concrete Domes – CON. DIM. – EXAMPLE
٢٤١
Figure 9-3-D. Concrete Domes – RFT. – EXAMPLE
٢٤٢
Chapter (10)
DEEP BEAMS
٢٤٣
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS
Reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams are useful in high rise building to support high loading
in a structure. In RC deep beam construction, openings are usually provided in beam for
accessibility purpose and to accommodate essential services such as power supply, ventilation
system and network system access. However, the presence of openings in deep beams may lead
to many problems in the beam behaviour.
see Fig. (10-1: 10-8).
٢٤٤
Figure 10-1. Deep Beams – DETAILS
٢٤٥
Figure 10-2-A. Deep Beams – Top Loaded.
٢٤٦
Figure 10-2-B. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٤٧
Figure 10-2-C. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٤٨
Figure 10-2-D. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٤٩
Figure 10-2-E. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٠
Figure 10-3-A. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded.
٢٥١
Figure 10-3-B. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٢
Figure 10-3-C. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٣
Figure 10-3-D. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٤
Figure 10-3-E. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٥
Figure 10-4. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٥٦
٢٥٧
٢٥٨
Figure 10-7-A. Deep Beams – Top. Loaded.
٢٥٩
Figure 10-7-B. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٦٠
Figure 10-7-C. Deep Beams – Top Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٦١
Figure 10-8-A. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded.
٢٦٢
Figure 10-8-B. Deep Beams – Bott. Loaded. – RFT. DETAILS
٢٦٣
Chapter (11)
GIRDERS
٢٦٤
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDERS
Reinforced concrete (RC). The main difference between a girder and a beam is the size of the
component. In general, workers in the construction industry refer to large beams as girders. ...
If it is the chief horizontal support in a structure, it is a girder, not a beam. If it is one of the
smaller structural supports, it is a beam.
see Fig. (11-1: 11-5).
٢٦٥
Figure 11-1. Girder
٢٦٦
Figure 11-2. Girder & Girder with Real Roller.
٢٦٧
Figure 11-4-A. Girder – RFT. DETAILS
٢٦٨
Figure 11-4-B. Girder – RFT. DETAILS
٢٦٩
Figure 11-5-A. Girder – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٠
Figure 11-5-B. Girder – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧١
Chapter (12)
FRAMES
٢٧٢
1- REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES
Reinforced concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical elements
(columns) connected by rigid joints. These structures are cast monolithically— that is, beams
and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC frames provide
resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending in beams and columns .
see Fig. (12-1: 12-15).
٢٧٣
Figure 12-1-A. Fixed frame subjected to normal force only– RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٤
Figure 12-1-B. Fixed frame subjected to normal force only – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٥
Figure 12-2-A. Fixed frame subjected to normal force & lateral force – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٦
Figure 12-2-B. Fixed frame subjected to normal force & lateral force – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٧
Figure 12-3-A. hinged frame subjected to normal force only – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٨
Figure 12-3-B. hinged frame subjected to normal force only – RFT. DETAILS
٢٧٩
Figure 12-4-A. Fixed frame subjected to normal force & lateral force – RFT. DETAILS
٢٨٠
Figure 12-4-B. Fixed frame subjected to normal force & lateral force – RFT. DETAILS
٢٨١
Figure 12-5. Beam-Column & Beam Connections – RFT. DETAILS
٢٨٢
Figure 12-6. Beam-Column Connections – RFT. DETAILS
٢٨٣
٢٨٤
٢٨٥
٢٨٦
٢٨٧
٢٨٨
٢٨٩
Figure 12-14. Beam-Column Connections Failure
٢٩٠
Figure 12-15. General Connections – DETAILS
٢٩١
Figure 12-16. Real Hinge – Load Plate Hinge - DETAILS
٢٩٢
Chapter (13)
Detailing of slab on grade
and Grade slabs
٢٩٣
1 - REINFORCED CONCRETE – SLAB ON GRADE
Reinforced Slabs which are directly laid on the earth, to support walls and other structural
elements are called as Slab on grade or Grade Slabs.
This type of slab is casted directly on ground level. Grade slab itself acts as a foundation for the
building which does not require further footings.
2 - GRADE SLAB
Grade slabs are framed in areas where the ground doesn’t freeze. This type of slabs may or may
not have reinforcement in it. The decision of inserting reinforcement is based upon the floor
loads and local building codes. The thickness of Grade Slab is kept minimum 10 cm. If there
are concerns regarding soil characteristics like porosity, the thickness of the slab is further
increased. And for safety, a layer of gravel & bitumen is laid on earth before laying concrete
slab to prevent the entry of moisture content into the slab.
3 - Different types of Slab on Grade
There are two different types of Grade slabs
A – Supported slab on grade
B - Monolithic slab on Grade
A - Supported Slab on Grade / Grade Slab:
Supported grade slab or slab on grade foundation is chosen when the traditional footings are
already framed on site to raise the columns. From the below fig, it is clear that the wall stands
on a footing and The grade slab is resting on a layer of gravel and moisture barrier. The formwork
used for plinth beams are acted as batter boards for slab mould. An expansion joint is provided
between concrete slab and wall to relieve the stress during high-temperature days. Control joints
are laid out in a planned grid using chalk lines, these joints help to control random cracking on
the slab.
٢٩٤
B - Monolithic Slab on grade:
Monolithic Grade slab doesn’t have any footings, the concrete slab itself acts as a footing for the
building; and columns, walls are raised from the grade slab. This type of slab is framed by
providing batter boards around the slab as per plan and pouring the concrete inside batter boards.
These batter boards act as a mould to identify the slab corners.
Grade slabs are usually resting on the layers of gravel and moisture barrier. Addition of these
layers helps in preventing entry of water into the slab and forming surface cracks.
The perimeter of the Grade slab is thicker than the rest of surface, this thicker section acts as a
mini footing and helps to distribute top loads more evenly across the surrounding soil.
٢٩٥
4 - Construction of Concrete Slab on grade:
Before casting slab on grade, the earth is excavated up to the required depth and compacted to
expel air voids. Batters are marked and placed in position as per plan before concrete pour. These
boards act as a concrete mould, which helps in identifying slab corners.
And then, soil investigation is done to design the thickness of the slab. As per results, the further
layers of gravel and moisture barriers (bitumen) is poured on the ground. These layers act as a
sub-base for slab and prevent the entry of moisture penetration into the slab.
The concrete is poured thicker at the edges forming like an integral footing and reinforcement
rods are provided to strengthen the edges.
To minimize random cracking on the surface, the concrete is allowed to cure and dry for
several days.
The expansion joint is must be provided between wall and slab. The control joints on the slab
are marked using chalk lines before pouring which helps in controlling random cracking.
5 - Difference between ordinary concrete slabs and concrete slab on

grade:
see Fig. (13-1: 13-7).
٢٩٦
Figure 13-1. Grade Slab
٢٩٧
٢٩٨
٢٩٩
٣٠٠
٣٠١
٣٠٢
Figure 13-7. Grade Slab (without reinforcement) – DETAILS
٣٠٣
Chapter (14)
Detailing of Joints in Reinforced
Concrete Structures
٣٠٤
1 - construction joints
We often encounter construction joints during site construction. Maybe you might wonder what
the purpose of construction joints is and what it is all about. Construction joint is one of the
types of joints in site construction that can be located on walls and slabs. The most popular
usage of construction joint is on suspended slabs. Literally, it is defined as a longitudinal cut in
the slab during the concrete pouring process. It is termination on slab during the concreting
works. This is usually done in wide span areas of the slab being constructed by dividing the
whole slab to a series of pour areas and it is intentionally applied to accommodate the easement
of construction.
Before the start of concreting, the contractor shall submit the slab’s pouring layout to
consultants by which it is showing the sequence of concrete pouring to follow at the site. Here
we can see that the slab pour layout drawings had a series of termination on different pour areas
that is what we call the construction joint
Design Consideration:
Full structurally continuity is assumed in the design at a construction joint with the
reinforcement is fully continuous across the joint. Since we are casting the slab at different
times, shear transfer and a potential crack may occur and thus shear friction check should be
performed.
see Fig. (14-1: 14-7).
٣٠٥
Figure 14-1. construc on joints (Reinforced Concrete) – DETAILS
٣٠٦
Figure 14-2. construc on joints – Dry Joint. (Reinforced Concrete) – DETAILS
Figure 14-3. construc on joints – With Waterstop. (Reinforced Concrete) – DETAILS
Figure 14-4. construction joints – With Waterstop at Bottom. (Reinforced Concrete) – DETAILS
٣٠٧
Figure 14-5. construction joints (Plain Concrete) – DETAILS
٣٠٨
Figure 14-6. Dowel Bars – DETAILS
٣٠٩
Figure 14-7. Can lever Retaining Walls Horizontal Contrac on (control) Joints. – DETAILS
٣١٠
1 - Contraction joints
Once the concrete gets poured and hardened, the water in it starts to evaporate and makes the
concrete to shrink and develop shrinkage cracks, especially on longer slabs. Contraction or
Control joints are provided to avoid this crack from developing to the entire area.
Purpose of Control Joints
Basically, contraction (control) joint is the action of making a saw cut groove and weaken the
slab where we think the crack may occur due to shrinkage (Mostly at the middle of the slab).
Refer the diagram.
This way the cracks developed under the slab find its way at the weak point (the point we have
grooved) and avoid spreading all over the slab.
see Fig. (14-8: 14-14).
٣١١
Figure 14-8. contraction (control) joints in slabs on Grade
Figure 14-9. Reservoirs, tanks and swimming pools contraction (control) joints in slabs on grade –
DETAILS
٣١٢
Figure 14-10. Slab on Grade and Wall Contraction (control) (Dry Joint). – DETAILS
Figure 14-11. Floor Contraction (control) Joint with Joint Filler (Dry Joint). – DETAILS
٣١٣
Figure 14-12. Contraction (control) Joint (Dry Joint). – DETAILS
٣١٤
Figure 14-12. Contraction (control) Joint (With waterstop). – DETAILS
Figure 14-13. Cantilever Retaining Walls Vertical Contraction (control) Joints. – DETAILS
٣١٥
Figure 14-14. Basement Walls Vertical Contraction (control) Joints. – DETAILS
٣١٦
1 - Expansion joints
Expansion Joint on the other hand, as we told earlier, the materials gets expand due to
temperature. If we construct the adjacent structure without providing expansion joint then the
volume change will affect the adjacent structure and gets it defigured. Makes the whole
structure collapsed.
Purpose of Expansion Joints
Providing expansion joints makes room for the structure to allow to move or expand according
to their properties. These gaps will be filled by some allowable materials such as bitumen or
fiberboard. We can see these mainly at Bridge decks and sometimes in a long set of building
units constructed very closely.
see Fig. (14-15: 14-17).
٣١٧
Figure 14-15. Expansion joints
٣١٨
Figure 14-16. Reservoirs, tanks and swimming pools Expansion joints in slabs on grade – DETAILS
٣١٩
Figure 14-17. Cantilever Retaining Walls Expansion Joints. – DETAILS
٣٢٠
REFERENCES
 EGYPTIAN CODES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS - 203 / 2007
 EGYPTIAN CODES FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS - 203 / Construction Detail Guide
 REINFORCED CONCRETE HANDBOOK – Prof. Dr. Shaker El
Behairy
 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE – VOLUME
1 Prof. Dr. mashhour-a-ghoneim
2
3 Prof. Dr. mashhour-a-ghoneim
 STRUCTURAL DETAILS IN CONCRETE – M.Y.H Bangash
 DETAILS AND DETAILING of CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT
(ACI 315-99)
 MANUAL for DETAILING REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES to EC2
 CRSI DESIGN HANDBOOK 2008 - Based upon the 2008 ACI
building code
 STANDARD REINFORCED CONCRETE DETAILS – Concrete
Society Technical Report No. 6
 HANDBOOK CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING –
Bureau of Indian Standards
 Design of Reinforced Concrete Halls Part 1
 Design of Reinforced Concrete Halls Part 2
 Theory And Design Of Reinforced Concrete Tanks Part 1
(Dr. M. Hilal)
 Theory And Design Of Reinforced Concrete Tanks Part 2
(Dr. M. Hilal)
٣٢١
 Deep Beams Reinforcement, National and Eurocode 2 Design
Provisions
 REINFORCED CONCRETE Mechanics and Design, JAMES K.
WIGHT, JAMES G. MACGREGOR
 Design of concrete structures, Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin,
Charles W. Dolan
 Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams, PROFESSOR F.K.
KONGReinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings, Bungale S.
Taranath, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.
 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS FOR
STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY
 CRSI DESIGN HANDBOOK 2008
 ACI SP-17(14) THE REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
HANDBOOK A Companion to ACI 318-
 Earth Retenation System Hand Book, alan Macnab
 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS AND FOLDED
PLATES P.C. Varghese
 Design of Staircase (Examples and Tutorials) by Dr. Sharifah
Maszura Syed Mohsin
 DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHELLS AND FOLDED
PLATES P.C. Varghese
 Design and Analysis of Shell Structures by M.FAR+SHAD
 HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILS,
INDIAN STANDARDS
 Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook, Charles E. Reynolds,
James C. Steedman
 HANDBOOK OF STORAGE TANK SYSTEMS, Wayne B. Geyer,
Jim Wisuri
 CONCRETE STORAGE STRUCTURES, VSL INTERNATIONAL
LTD. Berne / Switzerland
٣٢٢
 Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous -\liquids,
BRITISH STANDARD
 ACI Committee 360, Design of Slabs-on-Ground Reported
 ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE DEAIGN, p.c Varghese
 BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK, Frederick
S. Merritt (Deceased) Editor, Jonathan T. Ricketts Editor
 Design of Reinforced Concrete, Jack C. McCormac Clemson
University, Russell H. Brown, Clemson University Manual for the
design of concrete building structures to Eurocode 2, The Institution
of Structural Engineers
 Design aids for EC2, Design of concrete structures
 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH Number E-C107 October 2006,
Control of Cracking in Concrete
 Anchorage and lap splicing
 Detailing of slabs, columns, beams, footings, José M. Arrieta
 EUROCODE 2: BACKGROUND & APPLICATIONS DESIGN OF
CONCRETE BUILDINGS
 Facing the Challenges in Structural Engineering Proceedings of the
1st GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition, Egypt 2017 on
Sustainable Civil Infrastructures
 DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC FORCES — CODE OF
PRACTICE, Indian Standard
 SeiSmic anD WinD DeSiGn of concrete BuilDinGS, S. K. Ghosh
Prabuddha Dasgupta
 Manual for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures to EC2
٣٢٣
Author
Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib, 1997 – 2002 [ Faculty of Engineering -
Shoubra, Benh University ] [ Cairo] MScv Ain Shams University,
Structural design consultant, Now owner of MEGA STRUCTURES
office - for structural design and contracting "under establishment". He
has extensive experience in the design of concrete and steel buildings.
He has held positions as a senior project engineer in Egypt, UAE and
KSA. He has also served as a senior project manager with a consulting
firm in Egypt. He has conducted research into DYNAMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE
INTERACTION FOR LOW- AND HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. He participated in the design of
many projects in Egypt, UAE and KSA. some of the most notable of these projects ( During
my work with Dr. Hisham M. Helmy - EGSCO office ) are: Design of GRAND MOSQUE -
shell structure - 7000m2 [KSA -ALQASIME], WHEAT SILOS project 60000 tons [QENA -
EGYPT], Design of ELRAJHY HOTEL (H = 85m [KSA], Design of EL-3AKARIA [ 35
TOWERS 3- basment+ground+12 loors ], EL ABED shopping center 20000m2 [ cairo – alix
road ], Design of PIPE LINE FOUNDATION [CADCO company -TOSHKA], Design of
BADER school – suez - (25000m2), Design of MUROOJ YANBU hotel KSA (10000m2),
Design of El MA3ADI tower [3-basment and 12 floor] [H\B = 5 times], DIAMOND PLAZA
Tourist Village sharm el shekh [hotel 4 stars 20000m2, Restaurant 4000m2 (using waffle slabs),
mall, Cinema Buildings, shops, hotels rooms, studios rooms, stuff units, villas, palaces and water
lake 50000m2], Design of NOVAL FACTORY [ shoubra ] production buildings using wafle
slab 7000m2, Design of STEEL TANKS - Ietos company- [EGAS, AIRPORT, ENPPI and
others] 120m3, Design of sewage treatment station [SOUTH ARAE – MILITARY], Design of
RETAINING WALLS [5 km long , its height between 2m & 9m use cantilever. And counter
fort systems], Design of CALVERT OF EL-SOKHNA: EL-ZA3FRANA ROAD , Design of
MANHOLE, PULLHOLE, ELEC.DUCTES, BOND, 400Hz & FUEL PITS, APRON DRAINS,
TRANSFORMER PITS, UTILITY MARKERS and Design of AIR FIELD LIGHTING
COLUMNS AND FOOTING [Cairo International Airport], LIST STATION for industrial
area [Jubail KSA] [ mtm office] [ tanks up to 17m height],.
participated in the design of many projects in United Arab Emirates offices - some of these
projects:
Design of 2 TOWER 4B+G + 40, Design of 3 TOWER 2B+G + 14, Design of 2 residential
building 2B + G + 4 - Shop drawing (reinforcement details of previous projects).
٣٢٤
Deposit no 2662 / 2020

ISBN 978-977-90 – 6887-9

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Detailing of Reinforcement in

Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

Eng. Mohamed Fouad El-Taib

Eng. Rehab M. Nassef Hamada

Eng. Aly Magdy Abdou

Eng. Mohamed Abd El_Fattah Bakr

Eng. Ahmed Fouad El-Taib

etailing of Joints in Reinforced Concrete Structures,

Provisions of ECP 203 / 2007

Properties of materials and general requirements for

Reinforcement Detailing of Stairs

Reinforcement Detailing of Folded Plates

Reinforcement Detailing of Frames

Reinforcement Detailing of Slab on Grade and Grade Slabs

Detailing of Joints in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Steel reinforcement bar is also known as rebar, reinforcing bar,

reinforcing steel and reinforcement steel. It is a versatile constructional

material which is widely used in the construction industry for making of

the reinforced concrete. Reinforcement concrete (RC) is a composite

material made up of concrete and some form of reinforcement – most

they may easily be bent and placed in the concrete so as to form a

monolithic structure., The properties of thermal expansion for both steel

ability property makes steel the best material as reinforcement in

concrete structures. Another reason steel works effectively as

employed., The designer needs to determine, not only the amount of

reinforcement to be used, but how it is to be distributed and where it is

to be positioned. These decisions of the designer are critical to the

successful performance of reinforced concrete and it is imperative that,

during construction, reinforcement be positioned exactly as specified by

Properties of Materials and General

1.1.1Normal Mild Steel " "

easy to form.see Fig. (1-1)

1.1.2 High Tensile Steel " , "

surface. see Fig. (1-2)

Figure 1-1. Normal mild steel

1.1.3 Welded Wire Mesh " "

welded prefabricated joined grid consisting of a series of parallel longitudinal wires

with accurate spacing welded to cross wires at the required spacing.

product can result in considerable savings in time, labor and money.

see Fig. (1-3)

3-STEEL BARS WEIGHT, CIRCUMFERENCE, AND AREAS

and to provide resistance against fire. The thickness of cover depends on

environmental conditions and type of structural member. The minimum thickness

of reinforcement cover is indicated in the drawings, or shall be obtained from the

different structural members in different conditions.

4.1 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement to resisting Fire

Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" **

Fire resistance rating 0.5 hr 1 hr 1.5 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr

Minimum cover for column 20* 20 20 25 25 25

Minimum cover for simple beam 20* 20 30 45 60 70

Minimum cover for cont. beam 20* 20* 25 40 50 60

Minimum cover for simple slab 15 20 25 35 45 55

Minimum cover for cont. slab 15 20 20 25 35 45

Minimum 0.4% << 1% 25 25 25 25 25 25

 = longitudinal reinforcement ratio in wall.

for 3 bar bundle = 1.7bar).

4.2 Minimum Cover Requirements to Main Reinforcement according to the

Minimum cover requirements to main reinforcement "mm" *

240 0.25% 100T

240 0.25% 100T