The report provides a guide for the design and construc-

tion of fixed reinforced andlor prestressed concrete struc- 2.l-General

tures for service in a marine environment. Only fixed struc- 2.2-Testing
tures which are founded on the seabed and obtain their 2.3-Quality control
stability from the vertical forces of gravity are covered. 2.4-Durability
2.5-Cement
Contents include: materials and durability; dead, defor-
2.6-Mixing
mation, live, environmental, and accidental loads; design 2.7-Aggregates
and analysis; foundations; construction and installation; 2.8-Concrete
and inspection and repair. Two appendixes discuss environ- 2.9-Admixtures
mental loads such as wave, wind, and ice loads in detail, and
the design of offshore concrete structures for earthquake
resistance. 2.12-Grout 2.20-Epoxy

3.2 Design phases

4-Design
4.l-General 4.5-Special
4.2-Strength
4.3-Serviceability 4.7-Structural analysis
4.4-Design conditions

5.2-Stability 5.4-Design

1.1 -scope 1.3-Auxiliary

357R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

6.1- General 6.9- Construction while afloat or

6.2- Buoyancy and floating
6.10- Towing
6.3- Construction joints 6.11- Installation
6.4- Concreting in hot or
6.13- Connection of adjoining
6.5- Curing of concrete
6.6- Reinforcement
6.15- Relocation
6.8- Initial flotation

7.1- General 7.3- Repair of concrete

7.2- Surveys 7.4- Repairs to cracks
= minimum live load

8.1- Standards-type references

A.1- Introduction A.7- Dynamic response analysis

A.2- Wave loads A.8- Wind loads
A.3- Wave diffraction A.9- Ice loads
A.4- Currents A.10- Earthquakes
A.5- Design wave analysis A.11- References
A.6- Wave response

B.1- Introduction B.6- Dynamic analysis

B.2- Overall design B.7- Stress analysis
B.8- Failure modes
B.3- Seismicity study B.9- Ductility requirements
B.4- Site response study B.10- Aseismic design details
B.5- Selection of design B.11- Other factors Y

CHAPTER 1-GENERAL

1.1-Scope

Recommendations for the Design and Construction of

Concrete Sea Structures Federation International de la

-
 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-3

2.4-Durability

tier of engineering knowledge are used, instrumentation

(c) The atmospheric zone, the portion of the structure

crete, corrosion of the reinforcement and hardware, and

Unique operating characteristics of auxiliary systems

2.5-Cement

2.5.2- The tricalcium aluminate content should

2.1-General
forcement. Based on past experience, the maximum tri-

2.2-Testing

2.5.4- Pozzolans conforming to ASTM C 618 may be

2.6-Mixing water
2.6.1- Water used in mixing concrete should be clean
2.3-Quality control
2.3.1- Quality control during construction of the con- forcement. Mixing water should not contain excessive

2.7-Aggregates
357R-4

2.8-Concrete

the concrete on subsequent cooling. Reducing the tem-

2.9-Admixtures

outlined in Section 2.8.6 of this report. When two or

is expected to occur, the minimum specified concrete

 357R-5

2.12-Grout
ACI 318 dealing with mechanical connections. Welded

2.14.3- Mechanical or welded connections should be

2.12.3- Admixtures may be used only after sufficient

2 in. (50 mm) 3 in. (75 mm)

2.5 in. (65 mm) 3.5 in. (90 mm)

2.15.4- Exposed steel work and its anchor systems

2 in. (50 mm) 3 in. (75 mm)

in. (13 mm)

357R-6

2.17.1- Embedments may be anchored by studs, steel

3.2-Design phases
2.20-Epoxy resins

4.1-General
 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-7

Allowable

18.5 23.0
(130 MPa) (160 MPa)

18.5 30
(130 MPa)

23.0
(130 MPa)

17.0
(75 MPa) (120 MPa)

4.2-Strength

4.3-Serviceability

= + + +
quently occurring environmental conditions. Among the = + + +

= minimum live load

=

4.4-Design conditions
Strength requirements-A structure should have
357R-8 ACI COMMlTTEE REPORT

4.4.1-Concrete stress-strain curve

and the load multiplier of 0.9 should be applied to the

structures such as shell structures, stability should be

 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-9

sion for stability sensitive geometries should reflect this

4.5.2 Use of compressed air- When internal air pres-

4.5.6 Minimum reinforcement-The minimum require-

cluding extreme environmental loading), where tensile

4.5.3 Liquid containment- Liquid containment struc-

junctures should be carefully verified with consideration

4.5.5 Temperature load considerations-Temperature

1. Identifying the critical fluid storage pattern of a

ysis (normally using the finite element approach) should

4.5.8 Minimum deck elevation To establish the mini-

mum elevation of decks the following items should be

4.5.5.1 Heat of hydration

357R-10

(h) Long term and elastic settlement of structure

4.7.1 Load distribution-

For prestressing steel actual diagrams as supplied by

the manufacturer should be used. Second order effects

= 1.0.
4.7.3 Dynamic amplifications- increase in load
effects due to dynamic amplification should be consid-

5.1.1 General- Comprehensive knowledge of the soil

latitude than those under the serviceability requirement, sign. Using various geophysical and geotechnical tech-
 (a) Perform at least one miniature vane test on each

tests and field vane tests should also be performed. The

(c) In situ tests (e.g., vane shear and cone penetration

ft (3 m) intervals to a depth of 200 ft (60 m) below the

5.3- Scour

the soil-structure interaction necessary to determine the such a magnitude that scouring of the sea floor will take
357R-12

5.4.2 Bearing

be investigated to identify critical forces acting on the

ses, as indicated by data from tests with repeated cyclic

Both installation and operating conditions should be

6.1-General

properties of the clay. Based on test results or adequate

 357R-13

tions specially relevant to concrete sea structures are in-

6.2.2.3 Temporary tanks must be connected to the

6.1.3 Solid ballast- Solid ballast in the form of rock,

be carefully planned, and should preferably be done at a

6.3.1 Preparation-Construction joints should be pre-

with due regard to the safety of the structure during all

ances, attention should be given to the following factors

(b) The variation with time of the absorption of water

ance of “ Cold Weather Concreting”-ACI 306R or “Hot

Weather Concreting”-
357R-14 ACI COMMlTTEE REPORT

Structures,”
employed in proportioning, mixing, placing, and curing

6.7.4 Grouting- long vertical tendons, the grout

mixes, admixtures, and grouting procedures should be

ing, making up, positioning, tensioning, and grouting

6.7.3 Ducts- Metal post-tensioning ducts should be

 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-15

load by surcharging, or other means. Screeded rock base

even after the relatively few stress cycles occurring dur-

ing a tow, may be a serious consideration in a corrosive

neath the structure may also assist penetration, but soil

desirable, particularly for unusual structures. Where the
pore pressures should be controlled with extreme care to

Checks should be made to insure that the motions of the

term stability, strength, modulus of elasticity, minimum

bleed, acceptable temperature rise during hydration, and
ment must be evaluated. Tie downs of equipment, etc.,

6.11.1 General- All aspects of the installation of the

allowed to freeze unless means are incorporated into the

cracks, construction joints, and prestress tendon ducts,

357R-16 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

7.2.2 -Visual signs which indicate the need for future

materials should be inhibited, provided that they can be

7.3.2 Resins- Where resin materials are used, they

formulation suitable for the particular application (e.g.,

damp concrete, low temperature, etc.) and the manufac-

7.3.3 Cement-The cement for repair shall conform

 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-17

tion 2.5, and shall be similar to that used in the original

Specification for Low-Alloy Steel De-

Structural Welding Code-Steel

“ Recommendations for The Design and Construction of

357R-18

NORWAY

ENGLAND

should properly define the wave spectrum for a given

A linear relationship between wave heights and wave

arbitrary geometry. For circular, cylindrical structures

approximate methods by Gran6 and McCamy7 may be
 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-19

The dynamic analysis should be based on an accurate

typical offshore and onshore structures. The earthquake

1. Ippen, A. T., Estuary and Coastline Hydrodynamics,

shore installations. Ground shaking is usually the most

357R-20 ACI COMMlTTEE REPORT

The most important difference between designing for

site. These analyses usually assume that the earthquake

albeit with some damage. For certain types of structure

alignment of faults, the source mechanism for energy

 FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-21

The differences between the shaking characteristics of

quake” must provide an adequate representation of this

ated with the generation of free surface gravity waves is

ing a large submerged caisson with a limited number of

and dynamic analyses are conducted. The smoothed un-

fied for the ranges of Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter

ground motions. A report in preparation by the Ad Hoc

357R-22 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT

engineer to select a method appropriate to the problem

inforced concrete and soil. Such analyses have been at-

B.6.4 Structural damping- selection of damping

can be used for the survivability event but the structur-

FIXED OFFSHORE CONCRETE STRUCTURES 357R-23