A

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

on

IOT Based Smart Precision for Agriculture Application

Submitted to

Amity University Uttar Pradesh

In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical & Electronics
Engineering by
Arka Chakraborty (A2324618006)
Yajoushi Sharma(A2324618022)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Kamlesh Pandey
Mrs. Neelam Verma

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR
PRADESH NOIDA, INDIA-201301
DECEMBER 2021
 DECLARATION

We, Arka Chakraborty and Yajoushi Sharma, student of B. Tech.- Electrical & Electronics (2018-
2022 Batch) hereby declare that the Minor Project work titled “IOT based Smart Precision for
Agriculture Application” which is submitted by us to Department of Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh,
Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degreeof B. Tech.- Electrical &
Electronics, has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree,diploma or other
similar title or recognition.

The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material
appearing in the report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in
scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.

Place: Noida

Date: Arka Chakraborty

Yajoushi Sharma

i
 AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, NOIDA
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

On the basis of declaration submitted by Arka Chakraborty and Yajoushi Sharma, student of B. Tech.-

Electrical & Electronics, It is hereby certified that the Minor Project work titled “IOT based Smart Precision for

Agriculture Application” which is submitted to Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University Uttar

Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of B. Tech.- Electrical &

Electronics, is an original contribution with existing knowledge and faithful record of work carried out by them under

my guidance and supervision.

To the best of our knowledge this work has not been submitted in part or full for any Degree or Diploma to

this University or elsewhere.

Mr. Kamlesh Pandey

Assistant Professor,
Department of EEE,
ASET,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the end of this work, we would like to express our sincere thanks to many people who have
contributed to the fulfillment of our degree. First of all, we are extremely grateful to my guide, Mr.
Kamlesh Pandey and Mrs Neelam Verma Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
(EEE), for their valuable guidance, scholarly inputs and consistent encouragement I received
throughout the ISR work.

We are thankful to our H.O.D, Dr. H.P. Singh and program leader, Mr. Kamlesh Pandey for their
guidance throughout the completion of the Minor Project.

We would also like to convey our sincerest gratitude and indebtedness to all other faculty
members and staff of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, ASET, Amity
University, Noida (U.P.) who have bestowed their great effort and guidance at appropriate times
without which it would have been very difficult on our project work.

We are also thankful to our friends who devoted their valuable time and providing me necessary
technical suggestions for the successful completion of dissertation. We extend our gratitude to the
researchers and scholars whose hours of toil have produced the papers that we have utilized in my
project during this work

Yajoushi Sharma &

Arka Chakraborty
B.TECH (EEE)

iii
 FEEDBACK FORM

(A) Faculty Guide:

(B) External Examiner:

iv
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgement iii
Feedback Form iv
List of Content v
List of Figures vii
Abstract 1

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 2
1.1 Literature Review 5
1.2 Agriculture in India 6
1.3 Market Size 6
1.4 Government Initiative 7
1.5 Smart Farming 8

CHAPTER 2: IOT Technology & Agriculture 10

2.1 Application of IOT in Agriculture 11

2.1.1 Precision Farming 12

2.1.2 Challenges 12
2.2 IOT based Architecture for Monitoring and control 13

CHAPTER 3: Remote Sensing 15

3.1 Agricultural Remote Sensing Big Data 17
3.2 Remote Sensing Data Visualization 18
3.2.2 Information-primarily based 18
3.3 Use of This Technology 19

CHAPTER 4: Conclusion 20
4.1Future Scope 20
4.2Pert Chart 21

REFERENCES 22
v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Name Page No.

1.1 Overview of an agriculture IoT 2
1.2 IoT for smart agriculture 3
1.3 Smart agricultural environment based on wireless 4
sensor
Network (WSN).
1.4 Smart Farming 8
1.5 Smart Farm using IOT 8
2.1 IoT Applications in Agriculture 11
2.2 A possible configuration of a smartphone-integrated precision 12
agriculture system
2.3 Flow Chart of IOT service 14
3.1 An IOT sensor in action 16
3.2 Life cycle to address big data tasks in remote 18
sensing applications.
4.1 NodeMCUESP8266 21
4.2 Soil Moisture Sensor 22
4.3 DHT11 Sensor 23
4.4 DS18B20 Waterproof Temperature Sensor Probe 24
4.5 Light Dependent Resistor 25
4.6 Submersible Mini Water Pump 26
4.7 12V LED Strip 27
4.8 7805 Voltage Regulator 28
4.9 TIP122 Transistor 29
4.10 Resistor4.7K 30
4.11 Resistor 10K 30
4.12 Capacitor 0.1µF 31
4.13 Capacitor 10 µF 31
4.14 Circuit Design 32
4.15 Model Assembled 34

vii
 Abstract
The fast-growing world population can be expected around 10 billion in the year 2060 as per
the survey [1]. However, the demand for food grain increases abruptly these years due to
population. Unfortunately, the food grain is indirectly proportional to growth in population.
Food production should be improved for this reason in coming years globally [2].
The device defined information about the layout and instrumentation of variable charge
irrigation, Wi-Fi sensor network and actual time in subject sensing and control by means of
the use of suitable software. The entire system became developed the use of 5 in area sensor
stations which collects the information and send it to the base station using worldwide
positioning machine (GPS) wherein vital motion became taken for controlling irrigation
according to the database to be had with the gadget.
The device provides a promising low value wireless solution as well as faraway controlling
for precision irrigation. [4] Inside the research related to Wi-Fi sensor network, researchers
measured soil related parameters inclusive of temperature and humidity. Sensors were placed
below the soil which communicates with relay nodes by using effective verbal exchange
protocol imparting very low obligation cycle and as a result increasing the life time of soil
tracking system. The systematic evaluation provides current and future trends in the
agriculture sector.

Industrialization and technology have made farming more productive and sustainable than
ever before. The use of information technology enables farmers to monitor soil nutrients,
water levels, and provide data about their crops. It has become vitally important for the
farmer to be able to collect data on his/her fields as well as weather patterns in order to
maintain a semblance of sustainability. Most farming implements are now equipped with the
latest technologies that allow them collect data that is essential to farm sustainability.

The advancements in the agricultural industry have made precision agriculture tools available
to the farmer. Precision agriculture gives farmers the ability to account for environmental
factors that can affect their crops. Examples of these are temperature, rainfall, pH levels, etc.
The data collected by these tools is invaluable for maintaining healthy crops and making
management decisions that are based on actual production conditions rather than projections
of current conditions.

IoT smart farming solutions is a device that is built for tracking the crop discipline with the
help of sensors (mild, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop fitness, and so forth.) and
automating the irrigation gadget. The farmers can monitor the sector situations from
everywhere. They also can pick between manual and automatic alternatives for taking
important actions based totally in this information. For instance, if the soil moisture degree
decreases, the farmer can set up sensors to begin the irrigation.

1
 CHAPTER-1

Introduction

The fast-growing world population can be expected around 10 billion in the year 2060 as per
the survey [1]. However, the demand for food grain increases abruptly these years due to
population. Unfortunately, the food grain is indirectly proportional to growth in population.
Food production should be improved for this reason in coming years globally [2]. Figure 1
shows the overview of IoT-based smart agriculture factors.

Fig 1.1Overview of an agriculture IoT

The IoT has also recently given a strong impression of the agriculture sector with a wide
range of sensors used for various smart agriculture targets. The IoT applications are increased
exceedingly year by year.
The IoT applications are increased exceedingly year by year. Figure 1.1 show monitoring
control of IoT devices for smart agriculture. Different sensors in the agriculture sector play a
significant role in IoT technologies [3].

2
 . Fig 1.2 IoT for smart agriculture

In numerous domains, the technology of Wi-Fi sensor network (WSN) [1,2,3] has been utilized
in an efficient manner to improve network performances. The primary motive to makes use
of extraordinary sensors within the environmental field due to their plausible and clean
configuration setup [4,5,6,7]. Moreover, the sensor nodes function autonomously and assemble the
network infrastructure in an advert-hoc manner. In such infrastructure, nodes have now not a
strong network topology and they can join the greater suitable neighbor for records transmission
based on some elements.
The sensor nodes feel the watching information and forward toward BS with the help of a
few gateway and cluster heads. These cluster heads have a function of aggregating
the received statistics packets and relay toward BS. The cluster heads successfully assemble a
unmarried-hop or multi-hop course to BS and paintings as a focal point in entire records
transmission. Moreover, the cluster heads store the received records in its reminiscence and
comply with the shop and forward mechanism. The cease-users get right of entry to the
centralized BS through the internet or one-of-a-kind web-based totally packages to retrieve the
desired staring at information [8,9,10,11]. All through information transmission, the deployed
sensors can be static or cellular.
The routing tables are frequently updated whilst any alternate incurs within the community
topology. The static routing solutions are greater at ease when compared to dynamic
routing; however, the answers which can be based totally on the static algorithms are
not appropriate for big regions and network scalability [12, 13]
. In current years, the technology of
IoT has been merged a lot with different fields to advanced conversation in phrases of
community throughput, useful resource usage, and load distribution [14,15,16].
In IoT,many bodily items are connected to transform the information whilst the use of the
internet. Furthermore, the era of WSN presents the foundation for IoT systems and helps in
staring at and forwarding

3
the situations for the bodily environment. Figure below illustrates the situation for smart
agriculture based on various sensors, sink nodes, BS, internet, and customers.

Fig 1.3 Smart agricultural environment based on wireless sensor network (WSN).

4
 1.1 Literature Review:
The more modern scenario of decreasing water tables, drying up of rivers and tanks,
unpredictable environment gift an urgent need of proper utilization of water. To cope up with
this use of temperature and moisture sensor at appropriate places for tracking of vegetation is
carried out in. An set of rules advanced with threshold values of temperature and soil moisture
can be programmed right into a microcontroller- primarily based gateway to manipulate water
amount. The device can be powered by means of photovoltaic panels and will have a duplex
conversation hyperlink based totally on a cellular Internet interface that allows records
inspection and irrigation scheduling to be programmed thru an internet web page. [2]
The technological development in Wi-Fi Sensor Networks made it possible to apply in
monitoring and control of greenhouse parameter in precision agriculture.[3]
After the research in the agricultural field, researchers discovered that the yield of agriculture
is reducing day via day. But, use of technology in the field of agriculture. Performs essential
position in growing the production in addition to in lowering the greater guy electricity efforts.
Some of the research attempts are done for betterment of farmers which gives the systems that
use technology helpful for growing the agricultural yield
.A far flung sensing and control irrigation gadget using disbursed Wi- Fi sensor community
aiming for variable fee irrigation, real time in field sensing, controlling of a web page unique
precision linear move irrigation system to maximize the productivity with minimal use of
water become evolved by using Y. Kim. The device defined information about the
layout and instrumentation of variable charge irrigation, Wi-Fi sensor network and actual time
in subject sensing and control by means of the use of suitable software.
The entire system became developed the use of 5 in area sensor stations which collects the
information and send it to the base station using worldwide positioning machine (GPS) wherein
vital motion became taken for controlling irrigation according to the database to be had with the
gadget. The device provides a promising low value wireless solution as well as faraway
controlling for precision irrigation [4].
Inside the research related to Wi-Fi sensor network, researchers measured soil related
parameters inclusive of temperature and humidity. Sensors were placed below the soil which
communicates with relay nodes by using effective verbal exchange protocol imparting very low
obligation cycle and as a result increasing the life time of soil tracking system. The system
become evolved the use of microcontroller, typical asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART)
interface and sensors while the transmission became achieved with the aid of hourly sampling
and buffering the information, transmit it and then checking the reputation messages. The
drawbacks of the system have been its cost and deployment of sensor beneath the soil which
reasons attenuation of radio frequency (RF) signals. [5]

5
1.2 Agriculture in India:
Agriculture is the primary supply of livelihood for approximately 58% of India’s population.
Gross value brought by way of agriculture, forestry, and fishing turned into envisioned at
Rs.
19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20. Share of agriculture and allied sectors in
gross price delivered (GVA) of India at modern prices stood at 17.8 % in FY20.
Consumer spending in India will return to increase in 2021 post the pandemic-led
contraction, expanding through as a great deal as 6.6%.

The Indian meals enterprise is poised for big boom, increasing its contribution to
international meals trade every year due to its massive ability for value addition, in particular
inside the meals processing industry. Indian meals and grocery marketplace is the arena’s
sixth largest, with retail contributing 70% of the income. The Indian meals processing
industry bills for 32% of the USA’s overall grocery store, one in all the biggest industries
in India and is ranked fifth in terms of production, intake, export and expected boom. Major
agricultural commodities export for April 2020 - January 2021 become US$32.12billion.

1.3 Market size:

The financial Survey of India 2020-21 report stated that in FY20, the whole meals grain
production inside the United States of America became recorded at 296.65 million tons— up
by means of eleven.44 million tons as compared with 285.21 million tons in FY19. The
government has set a target to shop for 42.74 million tons from the important pool in FY21;
this is 10% extra than the quantity purchased in FY20. For FY22, the authorities have set a
record target for farmers to elevate meals grain manufacturing by using 2% with 307.31
million tons of meals grains. In FY21, production became recorded at 303.34 million tons in
opposition to a target of 301 million tons.
Production of horticulture crops in India changed into predicted at a record 326.6 million
metric tons (MMT) in FY20 as in line with 1/3 strengthen estimates, and boom of five.81
million metric tons over FY20. India has the most important cattle population of round
6
535.78 million, which translates to round 31% of the arena populace. Milk production within
USA . Is anticipated to increase to 208 MT in FY21 from 198 MT in FY20, registering an
increase of 10% y-o-y. Region below horticulture is projected to upward thrust via 2.7% in
FY21.

Sugar production in India reached 26.46 MT between October 2019 and May 2020 sugar
season according to Indian sugar mills affiliation (ISMA).

India is a few of the 15 main exporters of agricultural products within the global. Agricultural
export from India reached US$ 38.54 billion in FY19 and US$ 35.09 billion in FY20.

in keeping with Inc42, the Indian agricultural zone is expected to increase to US$ 24 billion
by using 2025.

The personal sector's percentage in seed manufacturing improved from 57.28% in 2017 to
64.46% in FY21.

1.4 Government Initiatives:

Some of the recent important authorities’ initiatives inside the area are as follows:
 With a budget folks$ 1.46 billion, the ‘manufacturing-related Incentive
Scheme for food Processing enterprise (PLISFPI)’has been accredited to
broaden n international meals manufacturing champions commensurate with
India's herbal aid endowment Indian food brands in international markets.
 As in step with Union budget 2021-22, Rs. 4,000 crore (US$ 551.08
million) was allocated towards imposing Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana (PMKSY-PDMC).
 The Ministry of meals processing has been allotted Rs. 1,308.66 Crore
(US$ one hundred eighty.26 million) within the Union price range 2021-22.
Beneath Pradhanmantri Formalization of
Micro meals Processing organizations (PM FME), an outlay of Rs. 10,000
crore (US$ 1.34 billion) over a duration of 5 years from FY21 to FY25 has
been sanctioned.
 To reinforce farmer earning and boom of the agricultural economic system,
the Indian authorities launched price range in June 2021 for farm
mechanization together with establishment of custom hiring centers,
farm equipment financial institution and excessive-tech hubs in exclusive
states.
 In April 2021, the authorities of India accepted a PLI scheme for
the meals processing region with an incentive outlay of Rs 10,900 crore (US$
1,484 million) over a period of six years beginning from FY22.
 In November 2020, the authorities inaugurated a mega food park in
Punjab well worth Rs. 107.83 crores (US$ 14.6 million) that
will be unfold throughout over 55 acres of land.

7
1.5 Smart Farming:

Industrialization and technology have made farming more productive and sustainable than
ever before. The use of information technology enables farmers to monitor soil nutrients,
water levels, and provide data about their crops. It has become vitally important for the
farmer to be able to collect data on his/her fields as well as weather patterns in order to
maintain a semblance of sustainability. Most farming implements are now equipped with the
latest technologies that allow them collect data that is essential to farm sustainability.

Fig1.4 Smart Farming

Integrated solutions are necessary for these instruments to continue collecting data.
Standardized protocols must be established so that they can collect the same data.
Implementing initiatives have made it easier to gather information about irrigation systems,
pesticides, plant health and soil amendments all of which play a significant role in crop
productivity. An integrative approach enables these machines to gather data by using
standard protocols.

Fig 1.5 Smart Farm using IOT

The advancements in the agricultural industry have made precision agriculture tools available

8
to the farmer. Precision agriculture gives farmers the ability to account for environmental
factors that can affect their crops. Examples of these are temperature, rainfall, pH levels, etc.
The data collected by these tools is invaluable for maintaining healthy crops and making
management decisions that are based on actual production conditions rather than projections
of current conditions.
Precision farming has advanced so much so that it’s possible to use sensors to track every
plant in a field individually. These sensors are capable of monitoring plant health, soil
moisture, nutrient levels, water levels and even measure light intensity at different points on a
plant canopy. Information is collected based on the environmental conditions of the area.
Information such as light intensity, air temperature, light quality, and moisture levels are
measured and relayed back to a cloud based interface using low power Wireless sensor nodes
(Low PAN). The cloud platform allows these different types of data to be combined into
meaningful representations.
The combination of standalone sensors and cloud data analytics enables farmers to optimize
yields and makes their decisions more efficient.
The IOT concept has always been vastly underestimated and is now starting to come into its
own in the agricultural industry. Pre-Cloud, most farm companies did not have much control
over their IT infrastructure.

9
 Chapter 2
IOT Technology & Agriculture

IoT solutions are targeted on assisting farmers near the deliver demand gap, via ensuring high
yields, profitability, and protection of the surroundings. The method of using IoT technology
to make sure surest software of resources to achieve excessive crop yields and reduce
operational fees is called precision agriculture. IoT in agriculture technology contain
specialized device, Wi-Fi connectivity, software and IT services.
AI Intelligence survey expects that the adoption of IoT devices inside the agriculture industry
will attain 75 million in 2020, developing 20% yearly. On the same time, the global clever
agriculture marketplace length is anticipated to triple by using 2025, reaching $15.three
billion (compared to being slightly over $5 billion lower back in 2016).
Smart farming based totally on IoT technology enables growers and farmers to lessen waste
and enhance productivity starting from the quantity of fertilizer utilized to the quantity of
journeys the farm cars have made, and allowing green usage of sources along with water,
energy, etc.
IoT smart farming solutions is a device that is built for tracking the crop discipline with the
help of sensors (mild, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, crop fitness, and so forth.) and
automating the irrigation gadget. The farmers can monitor the sector situations from
everywhere.
They also can pick between manual and automatic alternatives for taking important actions
based totally in this information. For instance, if the soil moisture degree decreases, the
farmer can set up sensors to begin the irrigation. Clever farming is notably green whilst
compared with the traditional approach.
 IoT have the capability to convert agriculture in lots of elements and those are the
primary ones.
 Statistics collected via clever agriculture sensors, in this method of farm
management, a key element are sensors, manage systems, robotics, independent
motors, automatic hardware, variable fee era, motion detectors, button digital, and
wearable devices. This data can be used to track the kingdom of the enterprise in
fashionable in addition to staff overall performance, equipment efficiency. The
capacity to foresee the output of production lets in to plot for higher product
distribution.
 Agricultural Drones ground-primarily based and aerial-based totally drones are
being used in agriculture that allows you to enhance numerous agricultural
practices: crop fitness evaluation, irrigation, crop tracking, crop spraying,
planting, and soil and area analysis.
 Cattle monitoring and geo fencing Farm proprietors can utilize Wi-Fi IoT
packages to gather records regarding the vicinity, nicely-being, and health of their
livestock. This data allows to save you the spread of disorder and additionally
lowers labor charges.
 Smart Greenhouses A clever greenhouse designed with the help of IoT
10
 Intelligently video display units in addition to controls the weather, getting rid of
the need for guide intervention. Predictive analytics for smart farming Crop
predication perform a key position, it allows the farmer to decide future plan
regarding the manufacturing of the crop, its storage, marketing techniques and
hazard control. To expect production charge of the crop artificial community use
facts amassed through sensors from the farm.

 This fact includes parameters together with soil, temperature, stress, rainfall, and
humidity. The farmers can get a correct soil statistics either via the dashboard or
customized mobile software.

2.1 Application of IOT in agriculture:

Smart agriculture is a wide time period that collects Ag and food production practices
powered by means of internet of things, large records and advanced analytics generation.
While we talk about IoT, we generally consult with including sensing, automation and
analytics generation to modern agricultural procedures. The most commonplace IoT
programs in smart agriculture are:
Sensor-based structures for monitoring crops, soil, fields, livestock, garage centers, or
essentially any essential component that affects the production. Smart agriculture motors,
drones, self-sustaining robots and actuators. Linked agriculture areas such as clever
greenhouses or hydroponics. Facts analytics, visualization and management systems.
Predictive modelling and making plans.

Fig 2.1 IoT Applications in Agriculture

11
2.1.1 Precision Farming

An statistics and generation-based totally farm control gadget identifies, analyses and
manages variability in fields through engaging in crop manufacturing practices on the right
area and time and in the right manner, for maximum profitability, sustainability and
protection of the land aid.
Despite the fact that a giant studies attempt has been expended, it's far still handiest a portion
of farmers who've practiced any sort of precision agriculture (PA) technologies gadget
approach to re-organize the full device of agriculture closer to low-input, excessive-efficiency
and sustainable agriculture.
Precision farming is a method in which inputs are utilized in particular amounts to get
elevated common yields, in comparison to conventional cultivation strategies. In India, one
most important trouble is the small discipline length.
Extra than 58 in keeping with cent of operational holdings within the use of a wave length
less than one hectare (ha).
Best inside the states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat do greater than 20 according
to cent of agricultural lands have an operational maintaining size of more than 4 ha.
Commercial as well as horticultural vegetation additionally display a much broader scope for
PA in the cooperative farms.

Fig 2.2 A possible configuration of a smartphone-integrated precision agriculture system

Sustainable PF is that this century’s most treasured innovation in farm management that is
based totally on the usage of statistics and communique technologies (ICTs). That is the
maximum latest innovation technology primarily based on sustainable agriculture and
wholesome meals production and it consists of profitability and growing production,
financial performance and the discount of side effects at the environment.

12
 2.1.2 Challenges:

Research recommend academic and economic challenges as the maximum critical inside the
software of precision agriculture. A number of the variables that make a contribution to
educational challenges, loss of nearby specialists, budget, informed studies and extension
employees have extra of an impact compared to others. PA and initial prices have extra of an
impact some of the financial demanding situations compared to the other problems.Why
precision farming
 To boom agriculture productivity
 Prevents soil degradation
 discount of chemical utility in crop production
 efficient use of water sources
 Dissemination of cutting-edge farm practices to improve quality, quantity and
reduced fee of manufacturing
 developing beneficial attitudes
 Precision farming converting the socio-financial fame of farmers.

2.2 IoT based Architecture for Monitoring and Control:

There are several levels of IoT implementation. Some applications use a single node under
simple conditions and some applications use multi nodes.
We are based on a multi-node level in our architecture. The function and its design and flow
are illustrated in Figure 2. App layer includes linked elements to collect parameter
information such as pressure from the sensors and temperature.
The weather information is gathered by node MCU which intern connected to the Raspberry
pi- module serially. It will process and submit the monitored information to cloud for analysis
and management. Data can be monitored and securely processed data is made available to the
end user.

13
Fig 2.3 Flow Chart of IOT service

14
 Chapter-3
Remote
sensing
Remote sensing is the art and technological know-how of collecting facts approximately the
gadgets or region of the real world at a distance without coming into direct physical touch
with the item beneath have a look at. Remote sensing is a device to screen the earth’s
resources the usage of area technologies in addition to floor observations for higher precision
and accuracy. The precept at the back of remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic
spectrum (visible, infrared and microwaves) for assessing the earth’s features.
Remote sensing plays an extensive function in crop type, crop monitoring and yield
evaluation. The usage of remote sensing is essential in the discipline of agronomical research
reason due to the fact they're enormously prone to variant in soil, weather and other physio-
chemical modifications.
The tracking of agricultural production system follows sturdy seasonal patterns on the
subject of the organic lifestyles cycle of plants. These kinds of factors are pretty variable in
area and time dimensions.
Furthermore, the rural productiveness can change within quick time intervals, because of
unfavorable developing conditions. Tracking of agricultural systems must be observed in
well timed. Remote sensing is crucial gear.
In timely tracking and giving an accurate image of the rural quarter with excessive revisit
frequency and excessive accuracy. For sustainable agricultural control, all the elements which
can be influencing the rural area want to be analyzed on spatiotemporal basis.

The remote sensing in conjunction with the other advanced strategies consisting of worldwide
positioning structures and geographical records systems are playing a main function within
the assessment and control of the agricultural sports. those technology have many fold
programs in the area of agriculture which include crop acreage estimation, crop increase
monitoring, soil moisture estimation, soil fertility assessment, crop pressure detection,
detection of diseases and pest infestation, drought and flood situation monitoring, yield
estimation, weather forecasting, precision agriculture for preserving the sustainability of
the rural systems and enhancing the financial boom of the country.

15
Fig 3.1 An IOT sensor in action

16
3.1 Agricultural Remote Sensing Big Data:

Remote sensing generation has been developing with new, excessive-overall performance
sensors with better spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. Agricultural remote sensing is a
noticeably specialized subject to generate pix and spectral facts in big extent and excessive
complexity to power selections for agricultural improvement.
Inside the agricultural location, remote sensing is carried out for monitoring soil properties and
crop strain for decision aid in fertilization, irrigation and pest management for crop
manufacturing. regular agricultural remote sensing structures encompass visible-NIR (near
infrared) (0.four–1.five mm) sensors for plant flowers research, SWIR (brief wavelength
infrared) (1.five–3 mm) sensors for plant moisture research, TI (thermal infrared) (three–15
mm) sensors for crop area surface or crop cover temperature research, and microwave sensors
for soil moisture studies (Moran et al. 1997; Bastiaanssen et al. 2000; Pinter et al. 2003; Mulla
2013).
LiDAR (light Detection and ranging) and SAR (synthetic Aperture Radar) have been enabled
to measure plants structure over agricultural lands (Zhang and Kovacs 2012; Mulla 2013).
Faraway sensing is the cornerstone of modern-day precision agriculture to comprehend site
specific crop area control to account for inside-area variability of soil, plant strain and impact of
treatments.
With the speedy development of far off sensing technology, especially the use of new sensors
with higher resolutions, the extent of far flung sensing statistics will dramatically growth with a
miles higher complexity.

Now, primary problem is determining away to correctly extract useful statistics from much huge
re cords for customers to beautify evaluation, solution questions, and solve troubles. Far flung
sensing facts are a form of big facts (Metal.2015). garage, rapid processing, information
extraction, facts fusion, and programs of huge remote sensing information have end up studies
hotspots at present (Rathore et al. 2015; Jagannathan 2016).
Agricultural remote sensing big information have the identical functions as all faraway sensing
huge facts.

17
3.2 Remote Sensing Data Visualization:

Visualization of remote sensing facts and products are critical for users to interpret
and analyse. GIS as a platform of remote sensing facts visualization has
been growing in the last decade in four components
 Modularization:
Modular GIS is prepared of components with sure standards and protocols.
 Net allowing:
web GIS (Fu and sun 2010) has been advanced to publish geospatial facts
for customers to view, question and analyze via net.
 Miniaturization and mobility:
Although computer GIS applications still dominate, cell
GIS clients were adopted with private virtual assistant
(PDA), capsules and smart phones.

Fig 3.2 Life cycle to address big data tasks in remote sensing applications.

3.2.2 Information-primarily based:

GIS spatial statistics management has been developed from flat document management,
file/data b ase control, to spatial database control. Spatial facts control provides the talents of
large facts management, multi-user co- contemporary operation, records visit permission
control, and co-present day go to and systematic applicability of database clusters. The mixing
of faraway sensing facts with GIS has been advanced inside the beyond two decades. Strategies
along with machine gaining knowledge of and deep studying provide top notch capacity for
higher extraction of geographical statistics from remote sensing records and photos. However,
issues continue to

18
be as statistics business enterprise, set of rules production and error and uncertainty managing.
With the improved quantity and complexity of remote sensing records acquired from
multiple sensors using multispectral and per spectral devices with multi- perspective
perspectives with the time, new development is needed for visualization tools with spatial,
spectral and temporal evaluation.

3.3 Use of this technology:

Human living conditions will be altered as a result of natural events and unequal
environmental changes. It is difficult to track various weather parameters by means of wired
network architects and analog device in the agricultural zone during such hazardous envy and
vital situations. Essential feature of this technique is that it benefits from real-time access data
of solar panel to network low maintenance data storage memory like GPRS battery charging.
It is very necessary that the weather parameters of the agricultural region are determined by
the farmers who prepare their farms based on the weather conditions. Wireless network
sensors can take certain steps and problems, even in the worst case, in order to resolve a
monitoring weather parameter through wireless devices.

19
 Chapter 4
Conclusio
n
This project gave me the chance to learn new technologies and work with new tools, this was a
real proof that AUI has taught us to be long-life learners and to master self-learning before
teaching us other class materials. Of course, this project is a combination of what I learned
from all my computer science classes, the programming languages, the database systems and
the engineering process that is important in any engineering project, all together with what I
learned from other disciplines and also by myself about IoT and the use of Arduino helped me
to build an embedded system. In general, the project was successful and worked properly and
succeeded in delivering the prototype on due time. I am proud and happy for this achievement
especially that this is my first real big theoretical and practical project. It enabled me to get
concrete results and to realize that I can indeed build products that would be beneficial in real
life and that I can customized upon demand as future projects.

Future work: For future work there are many features to develop or add to the prototype:
• Adding a Mobile Application for Android to make it easier to access data remotely and
where data can be stored easily.
• Develop an IOS version of the previous application
• Add other Arduino components or increasing sensors for more features, and to fetch
more data that can be collected.
• Add an artificial intelligent system to predict the production of goods.
• Integrating a GPS module to enhance this Agriculture IoT Technology to full-
fledged Agriculture Precision ready product.

4.1 Future Scope

This concept has so much promise that it has the ability to revolutionize the way we look at two-
wheelers. In the future, this idea might be tested on a real two-wheeler so that other functions, such
as a voice assistant or a screen wiper that could wash the screen continually while riding in the rain,
could be added to the project. Furthermore, if possible, the controller might be replaced by a smaller
controller or a chip to lower the size of the project. Similarly, the sizes of the other components
might be lowered to take up less total area. To increase the cooling effect, a more powerful fan might
be utilized instead of the one used in this project.

20
4.2 Pert Chart

21
 References

4.2.9 Heena M. Sangtrash and Anand S. Hiremath, "Review on IoT for Indian farmers",
Internal Journal of scientific research in computer science engineering & information
technology, vol.2, May-June 2017.Google Scholar.

4.2.10 Huma Jamal, Abhilasha Lal, Shashank Singh, R. Sai Swaplin, Shamim Bano
and Shailendra Singh, "IoT Based Auto Irrigation System Using Soil Moisture Sensor",
International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and
Information Technology, vol. 2, no. 21, May 2017.Google Scholar.

3. M.U. Farooq, Muhammad Waseem, Sadia Mazhar, Anjum Khairi and Talha Kamal, "A
Review on Internet of Things", International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 113,
March 2015.CrossRef Google Scholar.

4. M.K. Deshmukh, S.S. Deshmukh, Modeling of cross breed sustainable power source
frameworks, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2008,
Pages 235-249, ISSN 1364-0321.

5. Kremers, P. Viejo, O. Barambones and J. G. d. Durana, “A Complex Systems Modelling

Approach for Decentralised Simulation of Electrical Microgrids," 2010 15th IEEE
International Conference on Engineering of Complex Computer Systems, Oxford, 2010, pp.
302-311. 10.

6. P. Shamsi, H. Xie, A. Longe and J. Y. Joo, "Financial Dispatch for an Agent-Based

Community Microgrid," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 2317-2324, Sept.
2016. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2487422.

7. Python, [online L. Tsung-Jen, 2007. Solidness and Performance of an Autonomous Hybrid

Wind- PV-Battery System. in Intelligent Systems Applications to Power Systems, 2007. ISAP
2007. Worldwide Conference on. 2007.Rashad, M. Kamel and B. Kermanshahi, 2010.

8. Effect of Wind Speed Fluctuation and Irradiance Variation on Dynamic Performance of

Farming. In Iranian Journal of Electrical nad Computer Engineering, Vol 9, No 1, Winter
Spring., pp: 34-42.

9. LAMP server, [online] Min and Y. Qao, 2009. Modeling and Simulation of the
Superconductor Prototype in China in Advances in Power Systems Control, Operation and
Management (APSCOM 2009), 8th International Conference on Nov 8-11 2009.

10. M. S. Mahmoud, M. Saif Ur Rahman and F. M. A. L. - Sunni, "Theory of NodeMCU," in

IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1064-1078, 11 2015. doi: 10.1049/iet-
22
 rpg.2014.0171.S. Attar and K. N. Sudhakar, Real-Time Monitoring Of Agricultural Activities
UsingWireless Sensor Network.

11. Lastminuteengineers. Insight Into ESP8266 NodeMCU Features & Using It With Arduino
IDE.

12. M. Jamshidi, "Arrangement of Systems - Innovations for 21st Century," 2008 IEEE Region
10 and the Third International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, Kharagpur,
2008, pp. 6-7. 3.

13. S.S., Z.X. Lu, Y. Min and Y. Qao, 2009. Modeling and Simulation of the Superconductor
Prototype in China in Advances in Power Systems Control, Operation and Management
(APSCOM 2009), 8th International Conference on Nov 8-11 2009.

14. Lattemann, Sabine; Höpner, Thomas (2008). " Power Systems Control, Operation and
Management (APSCOM 2009), 8th International Conference on Nov 8-11 2009.

23
 Cost Involved in Hardware Implementation

S.no Components Price (In rupees)

1. Breadboard 100

2. NODEMCU-ESP8266 380

3. Water Pump 250

4. Temp Sensor 240

5. LDR 95

6. DHT11 Humidity Sensor 250

7. Soil Moisture Sensor 181

8. Jumper Wire 120

24